追施生物炭对稻麦轮作中麦季氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】利用田间定位试验,对比研究生物炭施入土壤经过三年老化及追施新生物炭对稻麦轮作体系中麦季土壤氨 (NH₃) 挥发、氮肥利用率和产量的影响。【方法】试验共设6个处理,其中对照处理2个为N0B0 (不施氮肥+不施生物炭)、N1B0 (单施N 250 kg/hm2);2012年施用生物炭处理2个为N1B1 (N 250 kg/hm2 + 生物炭20 t/hm2)、N1B2 (N 250 kg/hm2 + 生物炭40 t/hm2);2015年追施生物炭处理2个为N1B1 + B (N1B1 + 生物炭10 t/hm2)、N1B2 + B1 (N1B2 + 生物炭20 t/hm2)。【结果】与N1B0处理相比,N1B1和N1B1 + B处理NH₃挥发累积量分别减少36.6%、6.4%,氮肥利用率提高30.1%和14.1%,小麦产量增加55.6%和26.9%;而N1B2、N1B2 + B1处理NH₃挥发累积量分别增加20.3%、40.5%,氮肥利用率提高35.9%和14.3%,小麦产量增加72.5%和18.9%。与老化生物炭处理相比,追施生物炭处理显著增加了小麦季氨挥发累积量,并显著降低了小麦氮肥利用率和产量。【结论】农田中施用生物炭可明显增加小麦季产量和氮肥利用率。老化生物炭低施用量 (20 t/hm2) 处理能显著减少NH₃挥发损失,并且更有效的提高小麦氮肥利用率和产量。     

不同施氮量及施氮方式对水稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响

施用缓控释氮肥是降低稻田土壤氨挥发损失的常用措施之一。将缓控释氮肥与速效氮肥配施,可以解决水稻对氮素的需求与降低氮素损失之间的矛盾。在保证水稻产量的前提下,以减少稻田氨挥发损失、提高氮肥利用效率以及降低环境污染为目的,采用大田裂区试验的方法,设置不施氮肥和施氮量分别为60(N60)、120(N120)、180(N180)、240(N240)kg·hm-2 5个施氮水平,以及氮肥一次性施用(SF)及氮肥一基二追(TF)2种施肥方式,研究不同氮肥用量及运筹模式对水稻田氨挥发、氮肥利用率以及水稻产量的影响:结果表明,氮肥施用方式和施氮量对水稻田氨挥发损失量影响显著,同一施氮方式下,稻田土壤氨挥发损失量随着施氮量增加而增加,SF各处理氨挥发损失量为14.46～23.74 kg·hm-2,TF各处理的氨挥发损失量则为23.3～47.74 kg·hm-2,SF氨挥发损失量比TF降低37.9%～50.3%;氮肥施用方式显著影响氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力,SF和TF的最大氮肥表观利用率均出现在N180,分别为50.02%和38.68%;低施氮量(N60)和高施氮量(N240)时,TF氮肥偏生产力高于SF,而施氮量为120(N120)kg·hm-2、180(N180)kg·hm-2时,SF比TF氮肥偏生产力分别高出3.32和5.58 kg·kg-1;施氮量极显著影响水稻的氮素吸收量和氮肥农学利用率;SF和TF的最高产量分别出现在N180和N240,且SF高于TF,两者相差465.3 kg·hm-2。缓控释氮肥与速效氮肥配施一次性施肥可以有效降低稻田氨挥发损失,同时提升氮肥表观利用率和偏生产力,且能在施氮量较低的情况下获得较高产量,在水稻氮肥管理上具有应用价值。     

Combined biochar and nitrogen fertilizer reduces soil acidity and promotes nutrient use efficiency by soybean crop

Purpose

Soil acidification is universal in soybean-growing fields. The aim of our research was to evaluate the effects of soil additives (N fertilizers and biochar) on crop performance and soil quality with specific emphasis on ameliorating soil acidity.

Materials and methods

Four nitrogen treatments were applied as follows: no nitrogen (N0), urea (N1), potassium nitrate (N2), and ammonium sulfate (N3), each providing 30 kg N ha^?1. Half plot area of the N1, N2, and N3 treatments was also treated with biochar (19.5 t ha^?1) to form N-biochar treatments (N1C, N2C, N3C). Both bulk and rhizosphere soils were sampled separately for the following analyses: pH, exchangeable base cations (EBC), exchangeable acidity (EA), total inorganic N (IN), total N (TN), and microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). Soybean biomass and nutrient contents were also determined. Correlation analysis was applied to analyze the relationships between soil chemical properties and soybean plant parameters.

Results and discussion

With N-biochar additions (N1C, N2C, N3C), soil chemical properties changed as follows: pH increased by 0.6–1.2 units, EBC, IN, and TN increased by 175–419, 38.5–54.7, and 136–452 mg kg^?1, respectively, and PLFAs increased by 23.6–40.9 nmol g^?1 compared to the N0 in the rhizosphere. Microbial PLFAs had positive correlations with soil pH; EBC; exchangeable K, Ca, Na, and Mg; TN; IN; NH₄ ⁺; and NO₃ ^? (r?=?0.66–0.84, p?<?0.01). There were negative correlations between PLFAs and EA or exchangeable Al (r?=??0.64, ?0.66, p?<?0.01), which indicated that the additives increased microbial biomass by providing a suitable environment with less acid stress and more nutrients. The additives increased soil NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? by promoting soil organic N mineralization and reducing NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? leaching. Moreover, the soybean seed biomass and the nutrient contents in seeds increased with N-biochar additions, especially in the N3C treatment.

Conclusions

N-biochar additions were effective in ameliorating soil acidity, which improved the microenvironment for more microbial survival. N-biochars influenced N transformations at the plant–soil interface by increasing organic N mineralization, reducing N leaching, and promoting N uptake by soybeans. The soil additive ammonium and biochar (N3C) were best in promoting soybean growth.

     

不同生物炭对风沙土土壤养分及氮素利用率的影响

风沙土是我国重要耕地之一,具有土质瘠薄、漏水漏肥等特点,易造成肥料利用率低、产量低等问题,急需对其改良,以提高其保水保肥能力。以风沙土为研究对象,采用玉米秸秆生物炭(BM)、水稻秸秆生物炭(BR)及花生壳生物炭(BP),设置生物炭两个不同施用量:0.5%土重和1%土重。采用盆栽试验,研究添加不同来源和数量生物炭对土壤养分和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:不同种类生物炭均可以提高风沙土土壤pH、有机碳、速效钾含量。随着生物炭用量的增加,增加效果越明显;与未施生物炭处理(CK)相比,高量水稻秸秆生物炭处理对土壤有机碳、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量提升效果最显著,分别提高了101.70%、20.30%、14.92%、88.36%;高量花生壳生物炭处理对土壤pH提升效果最显著,提高了0.46个单位。不同种类的生物炭均提高了土壤氮素残留率和利用率,随着生物炭用量的增加,土壤氮残留率提高,其中以高量水稻秸秆生物炭处理和高量花生壳生物炭处理提升幅度最大,与CK相比,分别提高了45.47%、36.10%。而氮素利用率随着生物炭用量的增加却出现降低趋势,低量玉米秸秆生物炭的处理氮素利用率最高,为51.32%。土壤氮残留率与花生籽粒产量、土壤pH、有机碳、有效磷、速效钾呈显著正相关关系,与氮肥利用率呈显著负相关关系。综上所述,施加生物炭能显著改变风沙土土壤有效养分含量。高量水稻秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭短期内可以显著提高氮残留率,而在氮肥利用率提升方面不如玉米秸秆生物炭,高量花生壳生物炭增产效果最好。     

水稻生育后期地上部氨挥发与氮素利用效率的研究

为探讨水稻氮素利用率与地上部氨挥发量之间的关系,采用温室盆栽土培方法,在密闭生长箱中测定不同水稻品种间和不同施氮水平下,水稻生育后期地上部氨挥发损失,计算不同水稻品种间氮肥利用率和不同施氮水平下水稻氮肥利用率。结果表明,不同水稻品种间,氨挥发量与地上部氮积累量、子粒氮积累量和氮素收获指数等指标均存在负相关;其中与地上部氮素积累量呈极显著负相关,相关系数达-0.9913,地上部氮积累量越高,地上部氨挥发量越低。在不同施氮水平下,地上部氨挥发量与氮肥施用量呈显著正相关,而氮素稻谷生产效率和氮肥农学利用率均与水稻地上部氨挥发量存在显著负相关。结果可为筛选低氨挥发量的水稻品种提供借鉴。     

常规灌溉条件下施氮对温室土壤氨挥发的影响

为明确温室土壤的氨挥发特征,探讨适宜的减量施氮措施对氨挥发损失量及黄瓜产量的影响,在常规灌溉条件下设置了3个施氮（尿素）处理,采用通气法测定了冬春季黄瓜地中的氨挥发速率。结果表明：温室土壤在氮肥基施后7 d出现氨挥发速率峰值,但在氮肥追施后,施肥带与非施肥带的氨挥发速率峰值分别在第1 d与第5 d出现,氨挥发速率的峰值比氮肥基施时下降了8.6%～46.3%,施肥带的累积氨挥发量是非施肥带的0.91～1.54倍。冬春季黄瓜地的氨挥发损失量为16.7～26.6 kg/hm2,其中减施氮25%处理N900（900 kg/hm2）与减施氮50%处理N600（600 kg/hm2）与习惯施氮处理N1200（1 200 kg/hm2）相比,氨挥发损失量分别降低了22.1%和37.2%。而2 a黄瓜产量的平均值以处理N600（600 kg/hm2）最高,比处理N1200（1 200 kg/hm2）增加了6.52%。综合考虑氨挥发损失量、黄瓜产量及施氮量,在河北省的温室冬春季黄瓜生产中,比农民习惯氮用量（1 200 kg/hm2）减少25%～50%的措施是可行的。     

秸秆生物炭配施氮肥对潮土土壤碳氮含量及作物产量的影响

【目的】探讨玉米秸秆生物炭配施氮肥对华北潮土区土壤理化特性和作物产量的影响,阐明土壤和植株对生物炭和氮肥施用的响应,旨在为该区域秸秆资源高效利用、培肥土壤及作物增产提供科学依据。【方法】以华北冬小麦–夏玉米轮作区为研究对象,研究玉米秸秆生物炭 (缺氧条件下 450℃ 热裂解 1 小时获得) 配施氮肥对土壤养分含量、微生物量以及作物产量的影响。试验采用裂区设计,以秸秆生物炭施用量为主区,施氮量为副区。秸秆生物炭用量设 0、7.5 和 22.5 t/hm2 3 个水平 (以 BC₀、BC_7.5、BC_22.5 表示);氮肥用量设 0、150、225 和 300 kg/hm2 4 个水平 (以 N₀、N₁₅₀、N₂₂₅、N₃₀₀ 表示)。小麦在 2014 年 10 月 9 日播种,次年 6 月 8 日收获;玉米在 2015 年 6 月 10 日播种,当年 9 月 28 日收获。在作物成熟期进行产量测定,并采集 0—20 cm 土壤样品以及采用常规方法进行土壤有机碳 (SOC)、全氮 (TN)、可溶性有机碳 (DOC)、铵态氮 (NH₄+-N)、硝态氮 (NO₃–-N)、土壤微生物量碳 (MBC) 和微生物量氮 (MBN) 的测定。【结果】生物炭对土壤养分含量、微生物量碳氮及作物产量有极显著影响。生物炭用量增加,土壤 SOC、TN、DOC、NO₃–-N 含量以及土壤 SOC/TN 比值均显著增加,较 BC₀ 最大增加幅度分别为 165.0%、74.1%、39.1%、75.1% 和 44.0%。MBC、MBN 含量和作物产量均以 BC_7.5 处理达最大值,较 BC₀ 最大增加幅度分别为 49.2%、57.6% 和 46.1%,BC_22.5 较 BC_7.5 处理平均降低 12.1%、7.3% 和 9.7%;施用生物炭降低 NH₄+-N 含量,BC_7.5 和 BC_22.5 处理较 BC₀ 分别下降 18.4% 和 23.7%。随着氮肥施用量的增加,SOC、DOC、NH₄+-N、MBC、MBN 含量均先增后减,在施氮水平为 150 kg/hm2 时,其含量均达最大值,较 N₀ 最大增加幅度分别为 29.7%、22.9%、44.8%、79.4% 和 115.3%。所有施氮的处理作物产量较 N₀ 均显著增加,而三个施氮处理间其产量差异不显著 (P>0.05)。【结论】在维持作物产量不降低的情况下,短期内 N₁₅₀BC_7.5 处理对提升土壤肥力的效果最佳,是较为理想的施肥方式,但其有效机制及长期效果还需进一步试验研究。     

专用缓释肥的土壤氨挥发特性及其对辣椒氮磷钾吸收利用的影响

采用室内扩散模拟试验研究了施用大颗粒尿素(PUR)、辣椒专用复混肥(LCCF)、辣椒专用缓释复混肥(LSRF)土壤的氨挥发特性,并采用土培试验研究了LSRF、LCCF、普通复合肥(OCCF)、市场非包膜缓释复合肥(MSRF)对‘渝椒五号’和‘改良早丰’辣椒产量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用、土壤有机质及酶活性的影响,探讨LSRF的应用效果。结果显示,室内扩散模拟试验中,前28 d氨释放速率总体表现为PURLCCFLSRF不施肥(CK),28 d以后LSRF的氨释放速率略高于PUR和LCCF处理。培养70 d时,PUR、LSRF和LCCF的氨挥发量分别为71.87 mg·kg-1、54.29 mg·kg-1和63.49 mg·kg-1,LSRF比PUR和LCCF分别降低了24.5%和11.7%。土培试验中,LSRF处理显著提高了2个辣椒品种的果实重量,‘渝椒五号’和‘改良早丰’分别较OCCF处理增产64.7%和33.8%。与OCCF处理相比较,LSRF处理增加了土壤有机质含量、土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,提高了辣椒对氮磷钾养分的吸收利用。‘渝椒五号’和‘改良早丰’LSRF处理的氮素表观利用率较OCCF处理分别增加62.5%和123.1%,‘改良早丰’和‘渝椒五号’LSRF处理的磷素表观利用率分别较OCCF处理提高了14.0倍和3.2倍,钾素表观利用率分别较OCCF处理提高了28.7%和120.9%。     

Effects of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) straw and its biochar application on NH3 volatilization and N use efficiency in a drip-irrigated cotton field

Reducing ammonia (NH₃) volatilization is a practical way to increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency (NUE). In this field study, soil was amended once with either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) straw (6 t ha^?1) or its biochar (3.7 t ha^?1) unfertilized (0 kg N ha^?1) or fertilized (450 kg N ha^?1), and then soil inorganic N concentration and distribution, NH₃ volatilization, cotton yield and NUE were measured during the next two growing seasons. In unfertilized plots, NH₃ volatilization losses in the straw-amended and biochar-amended treatments were 38–40% and 42–46%, respectively, less than that in control (i.e., unamended soil) during the two growing seasons. In the fertilized plots, NH₃ volatilization losses in the straw-amended and biochar-amended treatments were 30–39% and 43–54%, respectively, less than that in the control. Straw amendment increased inorganic N concentrations, cotton yield, cotton N uptake and NUE during the first cropping season after application, but not during the second. In contrast, biochar increased cotton N uptake and NUE during both the first and the second cropping seasons after application. Furthermore, the effects of biochar on cotton N uptake and NUE were greater in the second year than in the first year. These results indicate that cotton straw and cotton straw biochar can both reduce NH₃ volatilization and also increase cotton yield, N uptake and NUE. In addition, the positive effects of one application of cotton straw biochar were more long-lasting than those of cotton straw.     

优化施肥条件下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系的土壤氨挥发

采用密闭室间歇通气法研究优化施肥条件下华北冬小麦/夏玉米体系的土壤氨挥发损失。结果表明,肥料氮素氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后的14 d 内, 冬小麦和夏玉米两个生长季氨挥发损失总量及其损失率均表现出随施氮量的降低而降低,玉米季氨挥发损失高于小麦季。习惯施肥小麦季和玉米季氨挥发总量是氮肥减量后移的2.28和2.03倍,而氮肥减量后移处理的小麦和玉米产量显著高于习惯施肥。氮肥后移可节省氮肥30%,是降低氨挥发损失的理想施肥方式。     

不同施氮水平对库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发损失的影响

为探究不同施肥处理对库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发的影响,选取6年生库尔勒香梨树为研究对象,在香梨年生育期内,设置了不施肥(N_0P_0K_0)、不施氮肥(N_0PK)、低氮量(N_1PK)、中氮量(N_2PK)、高氮量(N_3PK)5个处理,采用密闭式集气法对不同施肥处理的氨挥发进行田间定位测定。结果表明,不同施肥处理氨挥发速率在一天内的表现为:晚上(20:00～08:00)上午(08:00～12:00)中午(12:00～16:00)下午(16:00～20:00)。日积量夜间白天。不同施肥处理氨挥发年生育期累积量表现为:N_0P_0K_0N_0PKN_1PKN_2PKN_3PK。温度、灌水、施氮对库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发均有显著影响,施氮对库尔勒香梨园土壤的氨挥发影响最大。施氮处理N_1PK、N_2PK、N_3PK的氨挥发年生育期累积量分别为34.94、36.38、44.42 kg·hm~(-2)·年~(-1),氨挥发净损失率分别为4.48%、2.72%、3.60%。N_2PK处理的库尔勒香梨产量最高,达到6 213.50 kg·hm~(-2),且氨挥发净损失率最小,为2.72%。综合生产及环境效益,推荐本区域库尔勒香梨园的最佳施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)。     

生物炭与氮肥配施对植烟土壤微生物及碳氮含量特征的影响

土壤健康和化肥减施是实现绿色农业发展的基础,探究减施氮肥的同时添加生物炭对植烟土壤的影响对科学施肥具有重要意义.以烤烟K326根际土壤为研究对象,通过大田试验研究了烟株生育期内生物炭配合减氮措施对土壤养分、碳含量和土壤微生物群落的影响.生物炭配合减氮措施能够增加土壤中的有效磷含量,且以T3处理的增幅最大,达82.2...     

生物炭提高花生干物质与养分利用的优势研究

【目的】 以秸秆为原料生产生物炭可用于改良土壤和提高养分利用率,其与秸秆直接还田以及传统的制作堆肥后还田相比是否具有优势需要用试验来验证,本研究可为生物炭的高效利用提供理论依据。 【方法】 以传统猪厩肥和秸秆直接还田为对照,连续进行了8年的花生田间微区 (2 m2) 试验。在氮磷钾总投入量相等的条件下,共设4个处理,分别为秸秆还田 (CS)、猪厩肥 (PMC)、生物炭 (BIO) 和基于生物炭的炭基花生专用肥 (BF),每个处理重复3次,随机区组排列。试验于2016年在花生苗期、开花下针期、结荚期和饱果成熟期进行采样,测定植株茎叶、根和荚果的干物质和氮磷钾养分积累量,并计算对应的分配情况,探讨其对花生产量的影响。 【结果】 生物炭处理的花生产量显著高于其它处理,达到7231.7 kg/hm2;生物炭复合肥和猪厩肥处理则相对较低,分别是生物炭处理的82.4%和83.8%,秸秆处理产量最低,为5623.9 kg/hm2。猪厩肥处理的出仁率显著高于其它处理。生育前期各处理的干物质和养分主要在茎叶中积累,从结荚期开始逐渐向荚果中转移。与对照处理相比,复合肥处理的干物质和氮磷钾养分整株积累量在各时期均较高,尤其在结荚期以前保持了良好的荚果干物质和养分分配系数;生物炭处理则至饱果成熟期时呈现出明显优势,干物质积累量达到6295.0 kg/hm2,分别高出专用肥、秸秆和猪厩肥处理43.1%、36.1%和50.8%,茎叶分配比例高达34.5%,氮、磷、钾积累量持续增长至236.4 kg/hm2、 21.7 kg/hm2、77.8 kg/hm2,显著高于其它处理,但此时期荚果的氮、钾分配系数仅有0.83和0.52,低于对照处理(CS、PMC处理) 0.02～0.03和0.15～0.21。 【结论】 在氮磷钾养分投入量相等、不考虑有机碳投入量的前提下,施用生物炭、炭基复合肥和猪厩肥效果均显著好于秸秆直接还田;生物炭可显著提高花生整株的干物质量和氮磷钾积累量,特别是提高生育后期的干物质和养分分配量,促进产量的提高,对花生高产增效有良好的促进作用;炭基复合肥在花生进入结荚期后,对花生干物质及养分积累分配的促进作用减弱,效果与施用猪厩肥相当。因此,在本试验条件下,生物炭直接施用具有维持其养分长期稳定释放,提高花生产量和肥料养分利用率的作用。      

Liming reduces nitrogen uptake from chemical fertilizer but increases that from straw in a double rice cropping system

Liming materials are widely applied to alleviate soil acidification and increase rice yield in acidic soils, but their effects on nitrogen (N) use efficiency are still unclear. Here, we conducted a field-, pot-, and micro-plot experiment to investigate how the application of slaked lime (i.e., Ca(OH)₂) affects the fate of chemical fertilizer-N and straw-N in a double rice cropping system. In the field experiment, liming increased grain yield and N uptake by an average of 9.0% and 10.6%, respectively. In contrast, CaCl₂ application did not affect rice yield and N uptake, suggesting that the effects of lime application were not related to the addition of Ca²⁺. Results from a ¹⁵N tracer experiment (i.e., ¹⁵N-labeled urea and straw) indicated that liming reduced N uptake from fertilizer (−5.7%), but increased N uptake from straw (+31.3%). Liming also reduced soil retention of both urea- and straw-N and increased their loss rates. Taken together, our results indicate that although liming increases rice yield and N uptake, it lowers the use efficiency of fertilizer N and facilitates N losses. In addition, our results emphasize the need for long-term studies on the impact of liming on soil N dynamics in paddy soils.     

好氧发酵猪粪部分替代化肥提高夏玉米氮素利用率和土壤肥力

  【目的】  化肥及畜禽粪便的不合理施用不仅影响作物增产,还严重威胁土壤健康和环境安全。探究不同发酵方式猪粪有机肥及有机肥替代化肥的比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳、氮含量的影响,为规模化养猪场粪便快速处理,及制定其与化肥的适宜配比提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘先玉335’为供试材料,在中国农业大学丰宁动物试验基地进行田间试验。设置5个处理:不施肥 (CK),100%化肥氮 (CF),100%自然堆肥猪粪氮 (PM),100%好氧发酵猪粪氮 (PC),50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮 (FM)。分析猪粪不同发酵方式及有机氮替代比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳氮的影响。  【结果】  在等氮条件下,与CF处理相比,FM处理产量、穗粒数、千粒重均以FM处理最高,其中FM处理显著增产13.2%,PC、PM处理与CF处理差异均不显著。FM处理玉米氮素积累量最高,两年平均为304.6 kg/hm2,较CF处理氮素累积量显著提高15.5%;PC、PM处理与CF处理氮素积累量差异不显著。与CF 处理相比,FM处理的氮素当季回收率、氮素农学利用率和偏生产力两年平均分别显著提高85.9%、59.5%和13.2% (P < 0.05),PC、PM处理与CF 处理之间无显著差异。在玉米拔节期和抽穗期,FM处理0—40 cm土壤无机氮含量均最高,与 CF 无显著差异;在成熟期,FM处理土壤无机氮含量较CF处理显著增加41.8%,而PC和PM处理与CF处理无显著差异。此外,施用有机肥可不同程度地增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,与CF处理相比,PC和FM处理使有机碳含量分别显著提高13.3%和9.8%;FM处理土壤全氮含量显著提高33.4%。  【结论】  在等氮条件下与单施化肥相比,50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮配施不仅显著提高了夏玉米产量和氮素累积吸收量,还提升了土壤全氮和有机碳含量以及0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量。单独施用自然堆肥、好氧发酵猪粪及化肥在产量和氮素积累方面没有显著差异,但可增加土壤全氮和有机碳含量,有利于土壤培肥,而施用好氧发酵猪粪的效果又优于施用自然堆肥。     

不同生态稻作区氮肥增产效应及其利用率

在4个典型生态粳稻区,以广适性的5个品种为材料,研究氮肥对不同稻区产量影响,并分析氮肥利用率及其不同稻区施氮效果的差异。结果表明:氮肥施用显著提高不同稻区产量,施氮增产率及其贡献率大小顺序为温暖粳稻区寒冷粳稻区籼粳交错区冷凉粳稻区,寒冷粳稻区产量提高主要是有效穗数和千粒重的增加,而其它3个稻区产量的提高主要是有效穗数和每穗粒数的增加所致。生产等量的稻谷氮肥需要量的大小顺序为寒冷粳稻区冷凉粳稻区籼粳交错区温暖粳稻区。不同稻区对氮肥的利用效率存在差异,氮肥农学利用率大小顺序为温暖粳稻区籼粳交错区冷凉粳稻区寒冷粳稻区,氮肥吸收利用率大小顺序为籼粳交错区温暖粳稻区冷凉粳稻区寒冷粳稻区,4个稻作区的土壤氮素贡献率在61.10%~66.09%之间,说明各稻作区吸收的氮肥主要来自土壤,通过培肥地力,维持较高的地力水平对稻谷的超高产、高效具有重要意义。     

控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻氮肥利用效率和氨挥发的影响

为探究控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻产量、氮素吸收、施肥经济效益和氨挥发损失的影响,该研究以扬籼优418为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（Farmer''s Fertilization Practice,FFP）、优化施氮（Optimized Nitrogen Application,OPT）、控释掺混肥（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer,CRBF）和控释掺混肥结合增密（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer Combined with Dense Planting,CRFDP）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的水稻产量及构成因子、氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率、经济效益和氨挥发损失的差异。结果发现,CRFDP处理的水稻有效穗数和每穗实粒数显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）,较FFP分别增加26.1%和18.7%。CRFDP处理较FFP处理水稻增产33.3%。与FFP相比,CRFDP的氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率分别提高160%、22.8 kg/kg、16.27 kg/kg。CRFDP较CRBF处理的氮肥吸收利用率显著提高10.0个百分点,氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率和氮素生理利用率则没有显著差异（P>0.05）;与FFP处理相比,3个优化施氮处理（OPT、CRBF和CRFDP）在氮肥用量降低20%的情况下,水稻每公顷净收益增加3 328～8 968元,其中CRFDP处理的水稻产值和净收益最高。施氮显著提高了水稻生长季的田面水铵态氮浓度和土壤脲酶活性,与FFP处理相比,CRFDP处理的氨挥发强度和累积氨挥发损失分别降低62.5%和46.3%。综上,控释掺混肥与增密结合可兼顾水稻高产、氮肥高效利用和氨减排。研究结果可为水稻高产及环境友好和资源高效的水稻种植新模式数据支持和理论支撑。     

Effect of straw management, tillage timing and timing of fertilizer nitrogen application on the crop utilization of fertilizer and soil nitrogen in an irrigated cereal rotation

In irrigated grain-growing soils on Canada's prairies, straw management can affect nitrogen (N) fertility and long-term soil organic matter reserves. We conducted a 2-year field experiment in southern Alberta, on a Dark Brown Chernozemic Lethbridge loam (Typic Boroll), to determine the effects of straw removal, tillage, and fertilizer timing on crop uptake of soil and fertilizer N. During the study (1991 and 1992), the crop was oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), respectively, in an experiment that had been in a wheat-wheat-oat-wheat rotation since 1986. Five straw-tillage treatments were: straw-fall plow, straw-pring plow, no straw-fall plow, no straw-spring plow and no straw-direct seeding. Fertilizer N was applied in fall or spring. Ammonium nitrate (5 at.% ¹⁵N) was added at 100 kg N ha⁻¹ in fall 1990 or spring 1991. For oat (1991), plant N derived from soil was higher under fall plow than under spring plow, higher with tillage than direct seeding, and unaffected by straw removal. The plant N derived from fertilizer was not affected by straw removal in fall plow treatments, but under spring plow, it was higher with straw removal. The plant N derived from fertilizer showed a significant straw-tillage × fertilizer timing interaction; with fall incorporated straw, plant N derived from fertilizer was 44.0 kg N ha⁻¹ for spring-applied, and 30.6 kg N ha⁻¹ for fall-applied N, but in other straw-tillage treatments there was no effect of fertilizer timing. Cumulative fertilizer N recovery (plant + soil) over the 2 years averaged 64.2%, and was unaffected by straw-tillage treatment. Fertilizer N recovery, however, was less with fall-applied N (61.3%) than spring applied N (66.8%). At mid-season, fall plow treatments had higher soil inorganic N and inorganic N derived from fertilizer than spring plow treatments, apparently because of less immobilization. The fall plow treatments also retained higher inorganic N after harvest. Straw removal and fertilizer timing did not influence soil inorganic N and soil inorganic N derived from fertilizer. N removal in straw (16 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) could deplete soil N in the long-term. Long-term effects of tillage timing on soil N will depend on the relative amount of N lost by leaching with fall plowing and that lost by denitrification under spring plowing. With direct seeding, crop yield and uptake of soil N was less, and N losses by denitrification could be greater. Application of N in spring, rather than fall, should enhance crop N uptake, reducing N losses and enhancing long-term soil organic N.     

水氮量对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响

为了提高氮肥和水分利用效率,该文在甘肃河西灌区试验地点,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同氮水平（0、225、450 kg/hm²）和灌水量（750、1125、1500 m ³/hm²）对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥和灌水量对小麦带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量影响较小,对玉米带影响显著。随氮肥用量增加,玉米带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量增加,随灌水量和氮肥用量增加,0～60 cm土壤硝态氮相对累积量增加,60～140 cm土层降低。氮肥当季利用率、氮肥生产率、氮肥产投比都是以225 kg/hm²氮水平较高,但不同灌水量差别不大。WUE（水分利用效率）以W₇₅₀N₂₂₅最高,W₁₅₀₀N₀最低,随灌水量增加WUE降低。     

包膜复合肥对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率与土壤速效氮的影响

以郑单958为材料,比较研究了复合肥(CF)与包膜复合肥(CCF)对华北平原夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及土壤速效氮与土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明,1)玉米产量随施氮量增大而增大,施N.180.kg/hm2时,CCF处理高于CF处理,施N.90.kg/hm2时表现相反;2)与CF处理比较,CCF处理施N.180.kg/hm2时,氮肥利用率高5.3个百分点,施N.90.kg/hm2时低2.4个百分点;3)土壤速效氮含量一般随施氮量增大而提高,各时期表土层CCF处理较CF处理高,中、下土层表现相反。大喇叭口期之前,CF处理中、下土层土壤速效氮含量高于上土层(020.cm或040cm),而CCF180处理060.cm土层高于60120.cm土层;4)不施氮,各生育阶段均出现土壤氮素表观亏缺,且吐丝后亏缺量占总亏缺量近80%;土壤氮素表观亏缺量随施氮量增大而降低,两种肥料表现一致;同等施氮量下CCF处理亏缺量较CF处理低。包膜复合肥氮素释放较平稳,对土壤速效氮向下运移的控制较好,有利于减少氮素潜在的淋洗损失。综合考虑产量、氮肥利用与氮素损失等因素,包膜复合肥用量N.180.kg/hm2是吴桥试区夏玉米季较为理想的选择。