不同粗纤维水平饲粮对妊娠母猪与采食有关的行为规癖的影响

通过给妊娠长白母猪饲喂粗纤维含量分别为5．67％、11．58％、16．53％，而其他营养成分基本相同的饲粮．研究其对采食有关的行为规癖的影响。结果表明：高纤维饲粮减少了妊娠母猪与采食有关的行为规癖的发生，且以粗纤维含量为16．53％的饲粮效果最佳。     

Feeding motivation and plasma metabolites in pregnant sows fed diets rich in dietary fiber either once or twice daily

The present study investigated the effects of source and level of dietary fiber (DF) and feeding frequency (once vs. twice daily) on feeding motivation and plasma metabolites at 4 different time points post feeding. Sixty pregnant sows (Sus scrofa, 4 blocks of 15 sows) were allocated to 1 of 5 diets within blocks. Four diets were restricted (approximately 35 MJ ME/d): a barley and wheat control diet (171 g DF/kg DM; 12 g DF/MJ ME), and 3 fiber diets formulated to contain 35% DF by including pectin residue (323 g DF/kg DM; 25 g DF/MJ ME), potato pulp (404 g DF/kg DM; 29 g DF/MJ ME), or sugar beet pulp (367 g DF/kg DM; 25 g DF/MJ ME). The fifth diet was a mixture including an equal amount of the 3 fiber diets offered semi ad libitum (ad libitum access to feed during 6 periods of 1 h starting at 0300, 0600, 1100, 1500, 1800, and 2300; 354 g DF/kg DM; 25 g DF/MJ ME). The experimental period included 2 periods of 4 wk each. Restricted-fed sows were fed once daily (0800 h) during the first period and twice daily (0800 and 1500 h) during the second period, or vice versa. Semi ad libitum fed sows had access to feed 6 times a day in both periods. In each period, the feeding motivation was assessed in an operant conditioning test, and samples of peripheral blood were taken in a balanced design, at 0900, 1200, 1900, and 0700 h, corresponding to 1, 4, 11, and 23 h after feeding for restricted sows fed once daily. No differences in the feeding motivation were found between the 4 restricted diets at any of the time points post feeding, but semi ad libitum fed sows had a decreased feeding motivation (P < 0.001). Among the restricted-fed sows, feeding twice daily resulted in decreased feeding motivation at 1900 h (P < 0.001) and at 0700h (P < 0.05) compared with feeding once daily, but not at 0900 and 1200 h, indicating that feeding twice daily reduced feeding motivation during the night compared with feeding once daily. Among restricted-fed sows, plasma concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were greater in sows fed high-fiber diets compared with the control (P = 0.02). Nonesterified fatty acid was least in sows on the control diet and greatest in sows on the potato diet, whereas sows on the pectin and sugar beet diets were intermediate (P < 0.001). Less diurnal variation in glucose (P < 0.001) was seen in sows on high-fiber diets. In spite of the found effects on plasma metabolites, the applied level of fiber in the diet of restrictedly fed sows did not reduce their feeding motivation irrespective of fiber source.     

The fermentative capacity of growing pigs and adult sows fed diets with contrasting type and level of dietary fibre

Adult sows have a more developed gastro-intestinal system than young growing pigs resulting in a superior capacity to digest fibrous components. The main objective of this study was to describe the capacity of sows and growing pigs to digest the fibre components in concentrated low dietary fibre (DF) diet and two high DF diets similar in DF but with contrasting DF solubility. Six sows and four growing pigs were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Each balance experiment consisted of a 7-day initial period followed by a 3-day collection of faeces and a 2 or 3-day collection of ileal digesta for growing pigs and adult sows, respectively. When feeding diets with high proportions of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), the difference in fermentation capacity between growing pigs and adult sows was small. The adult sows showed a higher fermentative capacity, evidenced by a higher fermentation and a higher methane production, when high fibre diet with high amount of insoluble fibre was fed.     

Feeding high fibre diets changes luminal environment and morphology in the intestine of sows

Sows were fed three diets varying in type and level of dietary fibre (DF). The low fibre diet (LF; 17% DF) was based on wheat and barley. In the two high DF diets (HF1, high in soluble DF and HF2, high in insoluble DF;  44% DF), the cereal part of the diet was substituted with different co-products (sugar beet pulp, potato pulp, pectin residue, pea hull, brewer's spent grain, and seed residue). The diets were fed for a four-week period to 12 sows (4 for each diet). Sows were stunned 4 h post-feeding, and digesta and tissue samples were collected from various parts of the small and large intestines. The carbohydrate load to the large intestine was 538–539 g/d when feeding the high DF diets and 190 g/d when feeding diet LF. Feeding sows the high DF diet containing large proportion of soluble DF resulted in a lower dry matter content of digesta (23 contra 28%), a higher tissue weight (2.9 contra 2.0 kg), and a higher crypt depth (492 contra 330 μm) and area (23,201 contra 15,751 μm²) in the colon compared with the low DF diet. In conclusion, increasing the amount of DF in the diet for sows resulted in an increased amount of digesta entering the large intestine which influences the functional properties of digesta. Furthermore, a high DF diet with a high proportion of soluble DF increases tissue weight, crypt depth and crypt area in the midcolon compared to a low fibre diet.     

不同粗纤维水平日粮对妊娠母猪生殖激素水平的影响

为研究不同粗纤维水平日粮对妊娠母猪生殖激素水平的影响,选用30头胎次、配种时间及体况均相近的经产PIC配套系父母代母猪,随机分成5组,妊娠期间分别饲喂含3%、5%、7%、9%和11%的苜蓿草粉粗纤维日粮,通过调节各组的饲喂量,使其所摄入的能量、蛋白、钙、磷等水平基本一致。3%为对照组,日粮中不另加粗纤维。研究结果显示:提高日粮中粗纤维水平会降低妊娠各阶段母猪雌二醇的浓度,但增加妊娠后期孕酮和催乳素的浓度,且当日粮中粗纤维含量达到9%时效果最佳。     

Effect of dietary fibre on reproductive performance of sows during the first two parities

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fibre on reproductive performance during the first two parities. Gilts were randomly allocated to receive three fibrous diets from days 1-90 of gestation, including low fibre [low fiber (LF), 10.8% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), n=132], middle fibre [middle fiber (MF), 15.8% NDF, n=132] and high fibre diet (HF, 20.8% NDF, n=135), until completion of the second parity. Response criteria included backfat measurements, litter size and pig weight at parturition and day 22 of lactation, weaning-oestrus-interval, oestrus rate, sow farrowing and culling rate, uniformity of newborns and relative organ weights. The results showed sows fed LF diet in parity 1 gained more backfat (p<0.05) during gestation but lost more (p<0.05) during lactation than sows fed HF diet. Furthermore, sows fed LF diet farrowed more pigs (+0.7-1.1 pigs, p<0.05) and pigs born alive (+1.0 pigs, p<0.05) relative to sows fed HF diet. Likewise, sows fed LF and MF diets had greater litter weights at parturition (both p=0.06) and day 22 after lactation (both p<0.05). In parity 2, yet, it was MF diet to increase both total pigs born and pigs born alive (+0.9-1.1 pigs, p<0.05) and litter weight (p=0.05) relative to other diets. After 22 d of lactation, intriguingly, sows fed HF diet had most pigs alive (p<0.01-0.07) and heavier litter weight (p=0.07 or 0.2). Feeding HF diet also increased internal organs weight of newborns (p<0.05). Collectively, feeding LF and MF diets had beneficial effects on litter weight at parturition and day 22 of lactation in parity 1, and feeding MF diet until parity 2 was able to improve litter size and weight at parturition, but this positive effect disappeared after 22 days of lactation, instead feeding HF diet showed the optimal litter performance.     

High-fiber diets in pregnant sows: digestive utilization and effects on the behavior of the animals

Twelve pregnant, multiparous sows were assigned during gestation to three dietary treatments in a 3 x 3 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of crude fiber (CF): a conventional diet low in CF (L, 15.8 MJ DE/kg of DM, 3.3% CF), a diet with a medium level of CF (M, 14.4 MJ DE/kg of DM, 10.6% CF), and a high-fiber diet (H, 12.9 MJ DE/kg of DM, 18.1% CF). The daily feed supply was adjusted to provide the same 33.4 MJ of daily digestible energy (2.4, 2.7, and 3.0 kg/d for diets L, M, and H, respectively). Over the day, a shorter time standing was spent when sows received the H diet (291 min/d) compared with the L (363 min/d) and M diets (324 min/d). Duration of feeding was longer with the high-fiber diet. Mastication represented the main part of the feeding activity in sows fed the H diet (56%) and was reduced with the M and L diets (40% and 25%, respectively). Feeding rate increased when fiber level decreased (67, 120, and 152 g/min for the H, M, and L diets, respectively). Feeding the fibrous diet reduced the incidence of nonfeeding oral behaviors. These results show that high-fiber diets can reduce apparent feeding motivation of pregnant sows and, thus, improve the welfare of sows subjected to feed restriction.     

Energy and protein metabolism in pregnant sows fed two levels of dietary protein

The present study was performed to quantify the energy and nutrient metabolism of pregnant sows fed high (HP) or low (LP) dietary protein [18.3 vs. 13.5% of dry matter (DM)]. A total of nine sows (four on HP and five on LP diet) were subjected to balance and respiration trials four times during their second pregnancy (approximately on days 30, 61, 80 and 104 of gestation). The digestibility of protein (83.0 vs. 79.9) (p < 0.01) and energy (84.9 vs. 83.7%) (p < 0.05) was higher for the HP diet. Daily intake of metabolizable energy (ME) and retained energy (RE) were similar for the two groups, with an average of 28.37 MJ ME and 3.94 MJ RE, respectively. Heat production (HE) measured according to the respiratory quotient (RQ) and carbon-nitrogen (CN) method was similar (464 vs. 454 kJ/kg 0.75/day, respectively). Sows fed HP retained more energy in protein (3.33 vs. 2.00 MJ/day) (p < 0.001) and tended to retain less energy in fat (1.59 vs. 2.50 MJ/day) than LP sows. Retained nitrogen (N) (22.3 vs. 13.4 g/day) (p < 0.001) and utilization of N (retained/digested) (45.2 vs. 38.1%) was higher for HP sows compared with LP sows. In late pregnancy, retained N, retained fat, HE and oxidation of carbohydrates increased, while oxidation of fat was reduced to zero. In conclusion, both diets provided adequate N for retention in maternal tissue and conception products. In spite of the lower utilization of N in LP sows, the N excretion was depressed by 5.6 g/day compared with HP sows, because of the lower N intake.     

The absorption of lactic acid is more synchronized with the absorption of glucose than with the absorption of short-chain fatty acids — A study with sows fed diets varying in dietary fibre

Sows were fed one of three diets varying in level and type of dietary fibre (DF). A low DF diet (LF; 17% DF) based on wheat and barley and two generic high DF diets (HF1, high in soluble DF and HF2, high in insoluble DF;  41% DF) where the cereals were substituted with co-products (sugar beet pulp, potato pulp, pectin residue, pea hull, brewer's spent grain and seed residue (ray grass)) from the vegetable food and agro industries. Six sows were fitted with a catheter in the portal vein and the mesenteric artery and a flow probe around the portal vein. The sows were fed 2 kg/d of the three experimental diets in a repeated 3 × 3 crossover design. Blood samples were collected the last day in each period at − 120, − 60, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and then at 60-min intervals up to 600 min after feeding. Although lactic acid (LA) is formed by microbial fermentation, the absorption profile of LA was more comparable with the absorption profile of glucose than with that of other SCFA.     

Supplementation of dietary enzymes has varying effects on apparent protein and amino acid digestibility in reproducing sows

The effects of two enzyme (Enz) products on ileal and total tract digestibility (ID and TTD) were evaluated in sows (n = 8) fed corn–soybean meal diets. Treatments were: 1) control diet; 2) control + Enz 1 (protease and cellulase activity); and 3) control + Enz 2 (xylanase activity). Ileal and fecal samples were collected at week 6–7 and 12–13 of gestation and week 2–3 of lactation. There were no improvements in digestibility during gestation. The ID% of dry matter (DM: 77.3, 79.3, 81.7) and N (81.2, 82.5, 84.3) as well as TTD% of DM (89.8, 90.7, 90.8) and N (89.0, 90.0, 90.6) during lactation were affected to varying degrees by the enzymes. The TTD of DM (P = 0.05) and N (P = 0.10) were positively affected by Enz 1. The ID of DM (P = 0.01) and N (P = 0.02) as well as TTD of DM (P = 0.05) and N (P = 0.02) were improved by Enz 2. The improvement in ID of N was not associated with any particular amino acids (AA) but represented small increases in ID of 8 of 10 essential AA with Enz 1 (P = 0.04) and 10 of 10 for Enz 2 (P = 0.01). The product containing xylanase activity, in particular, appears to have potential to increase digestibility of nutrients during lactation in sows.     

Influence of dietary composition on gastric emptying and motility in dogs: potential involvement in acute gastric dilatation

Gastric dilatation-volvulus is a dramatic and life-threatening disease of large-breed dogs. The cause is unknown, but ingestion of dry cereal-based food is frequently incriminated as a predisposing factor. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of commercial diets on gastric motility and emptying in the dog. Four large-breed dogs were fed 3 different diets (diet A = canned meat-based; B = cereal-based with 77% added water; and C = dry cereal-based) in a randomized block design. Each experiment was done in triplicate. Motility was assessed, using 5 AgAgCl electrodes and 2 strain gauges sutured along the serosa of the stomach and proximal duodenum. Dogs were fed at the same time each day and the time to change from the fed to the fasted pattern of gastrointestinal motility (changeover) was measured. Gastric emptying was assessed by recording gastric radioactivity. After feeding a meal mixed with 99mTc-labeled resin, the log of activity was plotted against time, and the half-time of gastric emptying (t1/2 GE) was calculated. Mean (+/- SEM) times from feeding to changeover for the 3 diets were: diet A, 9.7 +/- 0.9; B, 10.5 +/- 0.4; and C, 11.0 +/- 0.8 hours. Diet had minimal influence on the half time of gastric emptying (diet A, 2.2 +/- 0.3; B, 2.6 +/- 0.4; and C, 2.9 +/- 0.3 hours; P greater than 0.05). The data indicate that gastric motility and emptying in healthy large-breed dogs were not affected by dietary composition. Because most large dogs are fed cereal-based food for reasons of cost and ease of use, these diets may have been wrongly incriminated as a predisposing factor in gastric dilatation-volvulus.     

母猪维生素营养需要研究进展

繁殖是母猪生命周期中最重要的阶段之一,也是种猪生产中最关键的环节。因此,母猪营养物质需要一直是猪营养研究领域的重点、难点和热点。本文对近年来母猪维生素营养需要研究进行综述。     

Meal-induced gastric relaxation and emptying in horses after ingestion of high-fat versus high-carbohydrate diets

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of ingestion of a high-carbohydrate versus a high-fat meal on relaxation of the proximal portion of the stomach and subsequent gastric emptying in horses. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: The study consisted of 2 phases. In phase I, horses were offered a high-fat (8% fat) or a high-carbohydrate (3% fat) pelleted meal (0.5 g/kg) of identical volume, caloric density, and protein content. In phase II, meals consisted of a commercial sweet feed meal (0.5 g/kg) or this meal supplemented with corn oil (12.3% fat) or an isocaloric amount of glucose (2.9% fat). Proximal gastric tone was measured by variations in volume of an intragastric bag introduced through a gastric cannula and maintained with a constant internal pressure by an electronic barostat. Rate of gastric emptying was measured simultaneously with the 13C-octanoic acid breath test. Interaction between both techniques was studied in additional experiments. RESULTS: Meals with higher carbohydrate content induced a significantly more prolonged receptive relaxation of the proximal portion of the stomach than those with higher fat content, but the accommodation response was similar. Labeling the meals with the breath test marker influenced the accommodation response measured by the barostat. Gastric emptying rates were not significantly different between meals, although those high in carbohydrate initially emptied more slowly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In horses, in contrast to most species, dietary fat supplementation may not have a profound effect on gastric motility.     

膳食纤维在母猪中的应用

膳食纤维作为第七大营养素,其在单胃动物的作用正在被广泛的关注。膳食纤维具有独特的理化性质,合理使用可以大大改善母猪实际生产中所关注的饱腹感、刻板行为、泌乳性能、繁殖性能和便秘情况。本文综述了膳食纤维的定义、理化性质、分析方法和对母猪的影响作用,旨在为母猪营养工作者和养殖人员提供参考和指导。     

Efficiency of food utilization by pregnant and lactating sows. 2. The influence of isocaloric diets with different protein levels on pregnancy and lactation

The efficiency of utilization of feed energy as digestible, metabolizable and net energy is similar in pregnant and lactating sows irrespective of the stage of these physiological conditions. This efficiency with the value of about 71% resembles the one found in the growing and fattening pigs, which enables us to use, for this category of animals, the same system offered evaluation and of the energy requirements based on fat nutritive units. The maintenance energy requirement expressed in ME varies from 467 kJ/kg 0.75 in pregnant sows to 512 kJ/kg 0.75 in lactating sows, for the suckling piglets having intermediary value of 498 kJ/kg 0.75. The efficiency of utilization of diets protein for maintenance and for synthesis is also similar for these categories of pigs, varying from 71% in lactating sows to 75-76% in pregnant sows. In suckling piglets we had recorded an efficiency of DCP utilization which varies parabolically with size of the ingesta and therefore with that of weight gain. The DCP maintenance requirement expressed in g N dig./kg 0.75 varies within narrow limits between 0.345 g N in suckling piglets 0.380 g N in pregnant sows; In lactating sows we have detected an intermediary value of 0.355 g N. Based on these experimental data and also using recent experimental results obtained by Schiemann and Beyer (1984) regarding the energy and N content of the foetuses, of the organs of reproductions and of milk, we could calculate the energy and protein requirements. These requirements when compared with the values used in our country show us higher values of energy in pregnant and lactating sows and lower values of protein for the same categories, including the piglets, where we have also found lower values for the energy too.     

夏季妊娠母猪饲养管理技术要领

夏季气温高,湿度大,若不采取防范措施,会造成妊娠母猪食欲减退,采食量减少、体温升高、呼吸次数增加,并由此引发妊娠母猪机体营养不良、产奶量降低,更为严重的还会出现死胎。因此,搞好夏季饲养管理,可有效提高妊娠母猪的生产性能,增加饲养户的经济效益。(一)提供适宜的温、湿度