160个玉米自交系光周期敏感性鉴定

以国内160个来源于温带、热带与亚热带玉米自交系为材料,于自然条件短日照(低纬度冬季,三亚)与长日照(中纬度夏季,北京、哈尔滨)环境下,鉴定自交系的雌雄开花期、株高与穗位高等性状。雌、雄开花期、株高和穗位高的遗传力分别为0.952、0.973、0.780与0.745,存在极显著水平的基因互作以及基因型与环境互作,表明这些性状受复杂遗传网络调控,并受光周期等环境因素影响。7884、65232宽、8902、B73、CA335与E28等24个自交系对光周期反应最为钝感,是光周期性状改良的优良供体亲本。鉴定的光周期敏感性的基础数据对基于这些自交系的杂交种组配、生态区适应性评估、种质改良与引进等具有重要意义,并为光周期反应特性相关基因的关联性分析奠定了基础。     

10个玉米自交系产量性状遗传分析

选用国内10个基础种质自交系,采用GriffingⅣ双列杂交设计组配45个杂交组合。对穗长、秃尖、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、单穗粒重、出籽率等8个性状进行配合力和遗传参数分析。研究表明:穗粗、穗行数、穗长、行粒数主要由基因的加性效应起作用,穗粒重主要是受非加性基因作用;旅大类群的丹340、丹360,P群的齐319、沈137表现优良,杂交组合的穗粒重特殊配合力较高;不同自交系的一般配合力在同一性状上差异很大,同一自交系的一般配合力在不同性状方面差异也很大。     

3个热带、亚热带玉米群体配合力效应研究

选用Tuxpeno、Suwan和ETO3个热带、亚热带群体与Mo17、自330、丹340和掖478共4个中国温带骨干自交系进行GriffingⅡ完全双列杂交试验,对17个主要农艺性状的GCA和SCA进行了分析。结果表明:单株叶片数、粒长的组合间差异不显著;穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、株高和穗位高等13个性状的GCA方差大于SCA方差;单株产量和ASI的SCA方差大于GCA方差。3个供试热带、亚热带群体产量组分性状一般配合力综合表现以Suwan最佳,其次为ETO。而ETO植株性状一般配合力及ETO×温带自交系组合的产量和植株性状特殊配合力综合表现都较为突出。     

25个优良温带玉米自交系与4个热带玉米自交系农艺性状的配合力研究

采用NCⅡ设计对25个优良温带玉米自交系和4个热带自交系配制100个杂交组合,在云南省3种不同生态环境下对这些杂交组合进行农艺性状和产量配合力分析。结果表明,温带自交系郑58、K1218是综合性状配合力十分优良的自交系;铁7922、辽3180是综合性状配合力优良的自交系;自330、丹340、云147、81515、西502等是综合性状配合力比较优良的自交系。热带自交系单株产量GCA效应值YML146>YML145>CML171>CML166,温带系×Suwan1和温带系×Tuxpeno是主要的杂种优势模式。将4个热带自交系分别用TA(热带硬粒型)和TB(热带马齿型)来表示,有以下几种类型:①某温带自交系×TA为强优势组合,同一温带自交系×TB也是强优势组合;②某温带自交系×TA为强优势组合,同一温带自交系×TB是弱优势组合;③某温带自交系×TA为弱优势组合,同一温带自交系×TB也是弱优势组合。     

不同肥力下玉米杂交种及其亲本雄穗性状与产量关系研究

对沈单7号、沈单10、沈玉21等10个玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系的雄穗分枝数、雄穗长度和重量等性状进行研究。方差分析和相关分析表明,杂交种及其亲本自交系雄穗分枝数和雄穗长度对肥力的反应差异不显著,雄穗重量对肥力的反应极显著,肥力与亲本自交系间雄穗重量的交互作用差异显著。在不追施氮肥的条件下,雄穗分枝数和雄穗重量与子粒产量间呈显著负相关,雄穗重量与雄穗分枝数间呈极显著正相关;在追施氮肥的条件下,雄穗分枝数与产量间呈显著负相关,雄穗重量与雄穗分枝数间呈极显著正相关。     

优良玉米自交系丹T138配合力分析

以属于5个杂种优势群的24个常用玉米自交系为母本（P1）,优良玉米自交系T138-1及其秭妹系T138-2为父本（P2）,杂交获得了48个组合。分析了亲本自交系的一般配合力、杂交组合的特殊配合力和总配合力效应,主要结果表明：不同组合各性状配合力存在极显著差异。P1亲本,除出籽率GCA外,其他性状差异显著或极显著。P2亲本,生育期、株高、穗粗、行粒数、穗位、棒三叶面积GCA差异显著或极显著。P1与P2互作间的SCA方差除出籽率和小区产量差异未达显著水平外,其余10个性状的SCA差异均极显著。P1亲本各性状一般配合力差别很大,P2亲本T138-1出籽率一般配合力效应高于T138-2,其它性状GCA值均低于T138-2。穗位高、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、秃尖、百粒重、出籽率SCA值与其性状均值之间达到了正的极显著或显著相关,受环境影响较大。各性状总配合力效应与实际田间表现基本一致,生育期、株高、穗位高、棒三叶面积、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重总配合力效应与小区产量正相关。     

温热种质改良玉米自交系主要农艺性状配合力分析

对应用温带骨干自交系和西南地方种质选育的15份玉米自交系,按GriffingD4模型进行双列杂交,组成105个杂交组合。采用完全随机区组设计进行试验,分析了生育期、株高、穗位高、穗长、秃尖、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重和单株产量10个性状的GCA、SCA、TCA以及各自交系的SCA方差进行估算和分析。结果表明：各自交系的GCA、SCA方差均达到极显著水平。W 17,W 16,W 18,6-25,W 14这5个自交系综合性状表现突出,是组配强优杂交组合的优良自交系。     

酸胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长发育的影响

对3类不同耐铝性玉米自交系的盆栽试验表明,土壤酸胁迫对各类自交系形态发育和干物质积累均有不同程度的影响,尤以地上部干重、功能叶干重和穗位叶面积等性状受影响较大。玉米自交系的耐酸性具有显著的基因型差异,自交系间各性状差异显著。酸胁迫下耐酸自交系Z01和Z03能较好生长,酸敏感自交系总体受害严重。     

玉米穗部性状配合力的研究

以分属四大杂种优势群的8个典型玉米自交系及其组配的28个双列杂交组合(不含反交)为试材,对玉米植株穗部性状配合力进行了研究.结果表明:①穗粗、穗行数、百粒重等性状主要受基因加性效应影响;穗粒重主要受非加性效应影响;穗长、行粒数、秃尖等各性状受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同影响.对于主要受非加性效应影响的性状,亲本一般配合力与其在杂种中的特殊配合力间无必然联系;对于主要受加性效应影响的性状表现一般配合力高,则特殊配合力也高的趋势.对于既受加性效应影响又受一定非加性效应影响的性状,一般配合力影响特殊配合力,实际杂交组合的表现受二者共同影响.②要组配强优势杂交组合,对于穗部性状,大多数性状是与产量密切相关的,而且将带来较大的正效应,在自交系选育中,应以穗较粗且长,穗行数、行粒数较多,百粒重较大为主要选择指标。     

玉米自交系产量及主要穗部性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交方法,以宁夏自育的14个玉米自交系和2个常用自交系为母本,与改良Reid、Lancaster(Mo17和自330两个亚群)、塘四平头、旅大红骨这5个亚群的代表系Mo17、丹340、掖478、黄早四、B73为父本,进行了产量及主要穗部性状的配合力研究。结果表明,目前生产上主栽品种掖单19的亲本掖478与掖52106具有较高的特殊配合力;一般配合力以掖52106最高,宁58、郑22、宁70次之;特殊配合力较掖52106×掖478高的组合有4个,仅占配制组合的5%,说明多年来宁夏自育的玉米自交系在性状上还需进一步改良。试验对产量及主要穗部性状的配合力、遗传力及其相关性做了较深入的分析,产量与穗长、穗粗及行粒数的配合力相关性较大,提出了自交系性状选择应以穗行数为主,行粒数、千粒重次之,对产量直接选择效果较小。     

对温、热带玉米杂交后代RIL的评价及其光周期敏感性研究

分析了温带玉米自交系黄早四、热带玉米自交系CML288及其衍生的F6重组家系(RIL)在中纬度和低纬度生态环境下的生育性状,对来自于同一亲本材料的F6重组家系和F3家系做了比较分析,研究了热带、亚热带玉米光周期敏感性及其相关性状的遗传特点。结果表明:在郑州长日照和三亚短日照条件下,F6重组家系的抽雄期、散粉期、吐丝期、株高、穗位高和叶片数等光周期敏感指数均表现出数量遗传特点。F6重组家系的平均值接近双亲平均值,有一定数量的双向超亲家系;F3家系通过随机选择连续自交到F6代后,生育期稍有提前,植株和穗位降低,变异范围扩大。因此,F6重组家系群体可以用于进行QTL定位分析。长、短日照两种条件下F6重组家系光周期敏感相关性状与F3家系的相关系数极显著,F6重组家系各性状变异范围与F3家系相比均有明显扩大的趋势。说明随着世代数的增加,杂合基因型家系在群体中的比例逐步减小,显性、隐性纯合基因型的家系所占的比例越来越大。     

Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of growth period traits and plant height traits in soybean recombinant inbred lines from Dongnong 47 × PI 317334-B

High and stable yield is the main goal of soybean genetic improvement. In this study, association analysis was used to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the plant height, and soybean growth period using 182 SSR markers in the RIL population of 136 F_4:8 lines, which developed from a cross between photoperiod-insensitive cultivar ‘Dongnong 47’ and photoperiod-sensitive variety PI317334–B. The results showed that 33 QTLs related to soybean growth period and plant height traits were detected by compound interval mapping, and were located on 12 linkage groups including N, C1, C2, J, D1a, B2, E, G, A2, O, L, I, with the contribution rate of 7.85–33.84%. These QTL loci and linkage markers related to soybean photoperiod sensitivity, would be helpful to identify key genes that control soybean photoperiod sensitivity, and provide an important basis for the breeding of new photoperiod-insensitive soybean varieties based on molecular design breeding.     

产量和株型性状良好的抗晚斑病花生新种质创制

花生晚斑病抗性常与不良的产量和株型性状相连锁,为发现更多综合性状优良的抗晚斑病品种,以感病亲本中花5号和抗病亲本ICGV 86699及其杂交构建的重组自交系群体（recombined inbreed lines, RIL）为材料,进行晚斑病抗性、产量和株型相关性状的调查,以筛选综合性状优良的抗病新种质。结果表明,4个环境下共发现18个稳定高抗和26个稳定中抗晚斑病的家系;在两个环境中对百果重和单株结果数进行考察,筛选出38个百果重（≥180.0 g）和单株果数（≥20.0个）都比较大的家系;同样,在两个环境中筛选出主茎高（30～60 cm）和总分枝数（≤20.0个）适中的家系54个。综合分析晚斑病病害等级、产量和株型相关性状,共鉴定出4份产量和株型相关性状优良的抗晚斑病新种质,其中1份高抗晚斑病,3份为中抗晚斑病。该研究结果为培育综合性状优良的抗晚斑病花生品种奠定了理论和材料基础。     

Contrasting Ppd alleles in wheat: effects on sensitivity to photoperiod in different phases

Photoperiod sensitivity is an important feature of flowering time regulation, which enables wheat plants to adapt to a wide range of environments. Although some work has been done on how time to heading or flowering respond to photoperiod in relation to particular Ppd alleles, there is little evidence on whether these alleles contribute to responses at different phases and to associated yield component generation. The aims of this paper were: (i) to analyse the effects of photoperiod on substitution lines with contrasting Ppd alleles, in terms of duration of particular phases, (ii) to determine if there is any relationship between these alleles and the parameters of photoperiod response (photoperiod sensitivity, optimum photoperiod and basic length of the phase), and (iii) to analyse the effects of different photoperiods applied before and after the onset of terminal spikelet on yield component generation. The effects of length and timing of photoperiod extensions on these traits were analysed under field conditions in Chinese Spring and two substitution lines differing in photoperiod sensitivity.Although time to anthesis was similar in the three genotypes in photoperiods longer than 14.5 h, they did differ in their response to photoperiod in particular phases. Sensitivity to photoperiod for daylengths shorter than 14.5 h was also markedly different. The number of leaves generated was affected by photoperiod, determining the duration of the phase from emergence to floral initiation (EM-FI). The length of the phase from floral initiation to terminal spikelet (FI-TS) was determined by the number of spikelets generated and their rate of initiation, which was also affected by photoperiod. The terminal spikelet to anthesis phase (TS-ANT) was only affected by photoperiod in the most sensitive genotype, in which direct photoperiod effects, other than the effects on leaf number and phyllochron, were evident. There was no apparent relation between photoperiod response parameters such as basic length of the phase (Lb) and optimum photoperiod (Po) and particular Ppd alleles.     

籼粳交重组自交系群体主要农艺性状分析

采用方差分析、相关分析和多元逐步回归分析等方法对籼粳交（Lemont×特青）构建的一套包括265个重组自交系（RIL）群体(F14)的株高、生育期、产量和产量构成因子等10个重要农艺性状进行了研究。结果表明,除株高和有效穗以外,8个农艺性状在双亲之间均存在显著或极显著差异。各性状在RIL群体中呈连续变异,分布频率大致接近正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象。单株产量与结实率、粒数和株高呈极显著相关;除千粒重外,所有性状均与株高具有相关性。对单株产量作用大的性状依次为结实率、有效穗、每穗粒数和千粒重,这4个性状解释了单株产量90.7%的变异。另外还对6份优良株系进行了评价。这些结果可为水稻数量性状基因定位分析提供有用的信息,也为水稻育种改良提供理论依据。     

玉米光周期敏感性的遗传特性及相关基因的研究进展

引进来源于多样性中心的热带、亚热带玉米种质是解决我国玉米种质资源狭窄的有效途径。光周期敏感性是热带、亚热带玉米种质在温带地区应用的主要障碍。对光周期敏感性的遗传特点和相关基因的定位及克隆研究方面取得的成果进行了综述,结合模式植物拟南芥和水稻光周期敏感性研究方面的进展,对玉米光周期敏感性研究的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Genome-wide Association Analysis of Rice Heading Date and Yield-related Traits Based on MAGIC Population

【Objective】The objective of the study is to identify new genes related to heading date and yield related traits in rice, and to screen the elite rice lines carrying favorable alleles, therefore providing new genes and excellent germplasm for molecular marker-assisted (MAS) breeding.【Method】The multi-parent generation inter-crosses (MAGIC) population MAGIC-Hei was planted in 2017 and 2018 in Changsha, Hunan Province. Genome-wide association analysis was performed to detect the quantitative trait loci associated with heading date, number of tillers per plant, grain number per panicle, seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant based on genotyping by sequencing (GBS).【Results】Totally, 26 QTLs that control heading date and yield related traits were identified on all the chromosomes except chromosome 10 in the two years. Of these, 11 are new and qNTP9, associated with the number of effective panicles, was detected in the two years. qNTP9 was less affected by environment and could be used for further fine mapping and gene cloning. Based on the phenotypic and the SNP genotypes five elite lines carrying favorable alleles were selected, which could be used for future high-yielding rice breeding. 【Conclusion】The loci associated with heading date and yield related traits could be used for rice breeding.     

Effect of incandescent and fluorescent lighting used in photoperiod extension on the vegetative growth and floral development of four lines of pigeonpea

The effects of light quality, as used in photoperiod extension, on vegetative growth and floral development of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] were studied using three photoperiod-insensitive lines, QPL2, Prabhat, and Hunt, and one photoperiod-sensitive line, Royes. Plants were grown in controlled-environment cabinets under day/night temperature regimes of 24/16°C (low) and 28/24°C (high) for 72 days after emergence (DAE). The five light treatments consisted of 12 and 16-h photoperiods and a 12-h photoperiod extended to 16 h with low-intensity lighting from either incandescent (I), fluorescent (F), or incandescent plus fluorescent (I+F) lamps.Little genetic variation occurred in vegetative response (main stem length and node number, leaf area and shoot dry weight) to extension light source. Response varied with temperature, plant age and growth stage. Main stem node appearance and stem extension tended to decline following floral initiation (FI), whereas leaf area and shoot dry weight accumulation increased rapidly after 35 or 42 DAE, irrespective of whether plants were vegetative or floral. Plants were larger under the high-temperature regime. Temperature altered plant response to extension light source. I-extension promoted growth under both temperature regimes, whilst I+F promoted growth under high temperatures but was unexpectedly inhibitory under low. Under high temperatures F extension was inhibitory prior to FI, but promoted later growth during floral bud development (FBD). Under low temperatures, F-extension was not inhibitory during the pre-initiation phase.The four genotypes differed in their floral response to extension light source, the effect on initiation and development of floral primordia varying dependent upon temperature. Low temperatures resulted in sensitivity to extension light source, delaying FI and FBD. In Royes, failure to initiate under low temperatures was associated with small plant size (≤3.5 g shoot dry weight). High temperatures tended to negate the delaying effects of extension light source, but resulted in photoperiod sensitivity, delaying FI in the early-flowering lines QPL-2 and Prabhat. Under high temperatures, Royes was insensitive (FI and FBD) to extensions containing incandescent light (I, I+F). Under high temperatures, time of flowering was least affected by incandescent extensions (I, I+F), and most by F-extension, which delayed FBD in all lines. Under low temperatures, I+F extensions resulted in the greatest variation in flowering time.It was concluded that where heterogeneity exists in floral response to the intensity and/or quality of light, use of artificial lighting to select for photoperiod sensitivity may lead to misclassification.     

我国华北地区粳稻品种抽穗期遗传分析

 设置长、短日照和高、低温共4种环境,分析了我国华北地区14份主栽粳稻品种的抽穗期光、温敏感性及基本营养性。结果表明,华北地区多数粳稻品种表现出感光性,但感光性大都偏弱,抽穗期长短与品种的感光性呈显著线性相关。此外,大多数品种对温度也比较敏感。并利用一套抽穗期主基因近等基因系对这些品种抽穗期基因型进行了分析。结果表明,所有华北地区粳稻品种都携带主效感光基因E1,而在Se 1位点,有11个品种为非感光的Se 1e,同时,有13个品种都携带早熟基因Ef 1,另外,有9个品种还携带具有一定感光抑制效应的hd2。这些结果从基因型角度揭示了华北地区粳稻品种具有一定的感光性和较短的基本营养生长期的原因,为华北地区选育适宜抽穗期的粳稻品种提供了依据。