含盐量对亚硫酸盐渍土抗剪强度影响的试验

为探讨含盐量对盐渍土抗剪强度的影响,该研究对采自于青海柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖地区的盐渍土进行了洗盐试验以获得素土试样;根据该区盐渍土类型及盐渍化程度,在洗盐后土体中分别加入不等量的无水硫酸钠(Na2SO4),以获得不同含盐量的人工配制硫酸盐渍土,并对上述不同含盐量的人工配制硫酸盐渍土开展室内直接剪切试验。试验结果表明,洗盐试验后土体中的易溶盐离子含量及p H值均显著低于洗盐前盐渍土;当土体密度和含水量分别为1.41 g/cm3和25.68%时,洗盐后土体粘聚力c值和内摩擦角φ值分别为14.8 k Pa和26.5°,均高于洗盐前盐渍土的粘聚力值(6.7 k Pa)和内摩擦角值(24.6°);不同含盐量梯度条件下的人工配制硫酸盐渍土的粘聚力和内摩擦角,随土体含盐量增加均表现出先减小后增加的变化特征。当含盐量由0.74%增至5.17%时,人工配制硫酸盐渍土粘聚力c值和内摩擦角φ值均呈逐渐减小的变化规律,当土体含盐量由5.17%增至14.17%时,人工配制硫酸盐渍土粘聚力c值和内摩擦角φ值均表现出增加的变化规律,且当含盐量为5.17%时,其粘聚力c值和内摩擦角φ值分别为8.3 k Pa和26.1°,均为最小值,即该值对应的含盐量值即为人工配制硫酸盐渍土的含盐量阈值。本项研究成果对于进一步探讨含盐量变化对盐渍土抗剪强度影响,及含盐量变化与盐渍土粘聚力和内摩擦角之间的关系等方面具有理论研究价值和实际意义。     

可控制土壤水分的新型简易剪切机开发试验

研究坡面崩塌，首先要研究土壤强度，常规采用单面剪切试验，因其不能反映γ－τ关系，而开展此项研究。简易剪切机以常规试验理论为依据，侧重了饱和、不饱和的水分条件、试材的不均一性等方面研究。结果表明，不仅可测土壤强度、土体变形过程，且具有再现性。ε－ｔａｎ，γ－τ相关性强。揭示了吸力Ψ对τ、Ｃ的影响，不仅表现在破坏时，且影响整个变形过程。在剪切变形 ５％内，影响最大。     

土体孔洞损伤结构演化及其力学特性的CT-三轴试验研究

为了评估孔洞损伤对土体强度、变形和稳定性等力学特性的影响,该文首先对4个试样人工制造不同的孔洞损伤,再在相同的围压和吸力水平下进行CT-三轴剪切试验,定量研究了孔洞损伤结构的演化规律及其对土体力学特性的影响。结果表明:剪切过程中体积应变表现为剪缩,损伤孔径具有单调缩小趋势,在合适的质量含水率条件下,适度小孔损伤反而使土样三轴抗剪强度提高了25%,体积应变也较无损试样小。相同损伤面积的试样具有几乎相同的抗剪强度,但体积应变不具备相同规律。     

不同含水率高易溶盐含量的伊犁黄土流变特性

流变学研究方法可以揭示黏弹性物质的流动和变形规律,常被应用于土体结构的力学稳定性及长期变形参数研究。为了深入探究伊犁黄土类土的黏弹性和结构稳定性,该研究采用流变仪对不同含水率和易溶盐（Na2SO4）含量的伊犁黄土类土进行了稳态和动态流变试验,引入Bingham模型对小剪切速率下的流变曲线进行了拟合,并分析解释了稳态和动态流变试验的演化过程。同时,讨论了含水率及易溶盐含量对稳态和动态流变参数的影响规律,定量分析了流变参数与各变量之间的关系。结果表明：稳态剪切过程中土体由固态向类固态转化,并最后趋于流态,具有剪切变稀行为;随着含水率及易溶盐含量增大,屈服应力和黏度均减小,且屈服应力在300~1 100 Pa之间。随着含水率和易溶盐含量增大,动剪切强度参数和黏弹性参数均线性减小,土体的结构稳定性降低。当剪切应变小于0.1%时,土体处于线性黏弹区,损耗因子变化不大;剪切应变大于0.1%时,损耗因子逐渐增大。高含水率及高易溶盐含量的土壤最先到达屈服点,说明高含水率和高易溶盐含量不利于土体结构的稳定性。随着含水率的增大,易溶盐含量对流变参数的影响程度变小。研究定性和定量地表征了伊犁黄土类土的流变特性,为深入认识黄土类土的黏弹性特性提供参考。     

基于水分和原位电导率的西宁盆地盐渍土含盐量估算模型

为了探讨西宁盆地黄土状盐渍土导电特性与土体本身含水率和含盐量之间的关系,该文在土体洗盐试验基础上,测得了不同含水率和含盐量条件下黄土状盐渍土电导率,分析了土体电导率与含水率、含盐量之间的相互关系和作用机理;在此基础上,建立了土体电导率与含水率、含盐量之间的多元回归模型。结果表明,在土体含盐量一定条件下随着土体含水率增加土体电导率呈逐渐增大的变化趋势,且二者之间符合幂函数关系;土体含盐量愈高条件下土体含水率增加对电导率的影响则愈为显著。在土体含水率一定的条件下,土体电导率随着含盐量增加呈逐渐增大的变化趋势,且二者之间符合线性函数关系;当土体含水率相对较高时,含盐量增加对电导率的影响程度亦较为显著。对建立的区内黄土状盐渍土电导率与含水率、含盐量之间的多元回归模型(R2=0.995)进行验证,相对误差在10%之内,表明模型可有效确定含水率大于5%且小于25%(?5.52%)及含盐量为0.18%～2.18%条件下黄土状盐渍土的含盐量。研究成果对研究区及其周边地区黄土状盐渍土其盐渍化程度划分、工程地质特性评价,以及土体盐渍化等地质灾害现象的科学防治具有理论研究价值和工程指导意义。     

植物根-土复合体原位剪切试验研究现状及其进展

为了进一步评价植物根系增强土体抗剪强度的作用及其变化规律,结合国内外学者在此领域所开展的研究,系统地阐述了根-土复合体的结构、性能及草本、灌木植物根系增强边坡土体稳定性的贡献,讨论了原位剪切试验对于评价植物根系增强边坡稳定性贡献的优势;并初步探讨了根-土复合体原位剪切试验的发展方向,即对于坡体不同深度条件下根-土复合体中根系与土体之间的摩擦力大小以及土体密度、含水量等物理性指标对根系提高土体强度的影响程度尚需进一步研究;对于根-土复合体原位剪切试验装置中相关构件参数如剪切盒尺寸等的设计,以及所反映的边坡土体抗剪强度大小等方面尚需做进一步探讨。     

剪切方式对重塑黄土残余强度的影响

[目的]探究剪切方式对重塑黄土残余强度的影响,为黄土滑坡工程评价及治理提供科学依据。[方法]利用环剪仪对泾阳重塑黄土进行环剪试验。[结果]重塑黄土的峰值强度及残余强度均随着有效法向应力的增加而增大。随着有效法向应力的增加,土体达到残余强度所需的剪切位移减小;重塑黄土的变形表现为受剪压缩。单级剪得到的残余强度指标值与多级剪切得到的残余强度指标值的均值相近。[结论]剪切方式建议首选单级剪切。     

考虑水盐相变的盐渍土基质吸力的温度效应

基质吸力是引起土体中水分迁移的驱动力,对探究土体中水盐迁移动态具有重要的意义。为研究由温度变化诱发的盐渍土孔隙溶液相变对土体基质吸力的影响,用pF meter测试了不同NaCl和Na₂SO₄比例的盐渍土在不同温度条件下的基质吸力。试验结果表明：在水盐相变发生前,盐渍土基质吸力随温度的降低呈线性增加;而当降温过程中有水盐相变发生时,土体基质吸力随温度的变化趋势会发生明显突变。NaCl和Na₂SO₄对土体水盐相变规律影响不同,使得含不同比例NaCl和Na₂SO₄的复合盐渍土基质吸力呈现较大的区别。2%NaCl+4%Na₂SO₄的盐渍土在19和-9 ℃附近发生盐结晶相变和二次相变,而4%NaCl+2%Na₂SO₄的盐渍土两次相变分别发生在11和-16 ℃附近。水盐相变导致土体液态含水率明显降低,进而引起复合盐渍土基质吸力在两个相变阶段均有明显增加。NaCl抑制土体中液态水发生冰水相变,Na₂SO₄容易在正温结晶,故Na₂SO₄主要影响土体正温时的盐结晶规律,NaCl则主要影响土体在负温条件下的冰晶产生规律;二者比例不同造成土体盐结晶温度和二次相变温度有明显差异,使得复合盐渍土的水盐相变规律更加复杂,其基质吸力随温度的变化更加难以预测。此外,该研究进一步探究了冰、盐结晶量对基质吸力变化的贡献,为深入理解盐渍土的相变过程和基质吸力之间的关系提供了有效参考。     

基于数字图像测量技术的豆粕剪切变形特性

为了研究豆粕在剪切过程中的变形特性,利用基于数字图像测量技术的三轴仪,开展了豆粕三轴剪切试验。考虑了围压(25~100 kPa)、孔隙率(44.8%~50.9%)及颗粒破碎对豆粕强度及变形的影响,分析豆粕的不同变形发展阶段,并提出对应的应力应变模型,获得相关的强度和变形参数。试验结果表明,豆粕试样的应力应变曲线为软化型,随着围压增大,其强度软化性增大,剪胀性却逐渐减小。相同围压下,随着试样孔隙率减小,豆粕的峰值强度逐渐增大,剪胀角也逐渐增大,剪胀性表现越明显。不同破碎程度的豆粕颗粒分析结果对比发现,破碎后的豆粕峰值剪切强度增大,体变呈完全剪缩,围压越大剪缩现象越明显,这表明颗粒破碎对强度和变形影响很大,且围压对颗粒破碎的影响比孔隙率对颗粒破碎的影响大。最后,基于局部变形结果分析,将豆粕的应力应变曲线划分为3个阶段,即破坏前、破坏和残余阶段,提出了不同阶段对应的应力应变模型,获得了其强度和变形参数,得到破坏比为0.701 6。通过研究豆粕的剪切变形特性试验结果,获得了豆粕的强度、变形规律及其本构模型,可为粮仓结构的安全设计、优化分析及粮仓储粮等进一步数值仿真建模提供基础参考数据。     

斥水红黏土的增湿强度特性研究

在红黏土中加入十八胺使其由亲水变为斥水,分别对亲水和斥水土进行不同容重下增湿和不增湿直剪试验,通过试验对不增湿条件下红黏土由亲水变为斥水后的抗剪强度变化规律及增湿对亲水和斥水红黏土抗剪强度的影响展开研究.试验结果表明:不增湿条件下,亲水土壤变为斥水后其强度会降低,且随着正应力的增大斥水土壤抗剪强度降低越明显;增湿对亲水...     

A recording penetrometer to measure the strength of soil in relation to the stresses exerted by a walking cow

A penetrometer has been designed for field use to simulate the stresses exerted on the ground by the hoof of a walking cow, and to measure the resulting deformation of the soil. The extent of deformation produced by the penetrometer in two intact topsoils under pasture was found to be small and independent of water content, whilst significant correlations between soil strength and water content were obtained using a cone penetrometer and a hand-held shear vane. The results imply that the deep hoofprints associated with poached pasture are not produced immediately upon treading wet soil, but only after a progressive loss of soil strength due to repeated treading. Thus the rate of loss, which is deduced to be a measure of the susceptibility of pasture to poaching, cannot be estimated directly from a single measure of soil strength.     

Effect of rate on soil shear strength and soil-metal friction I. Shear strength

The effect of deformation rate on the shear strength of a sandy and a clay soil has been examined in a new laboratory rig designed to shear soil in the range equivalent to 0.0015-5 m/s sliding speed. Soil cohesion was found to vary logarithmically with deformation rate over a wide range of moisture contents. The soil internal friction angle was independent of deformation rate and the residual shear strength did not vary in a consistent manner with deformation rate. The results have important bearing on the efficiency of soil working operations such as cultivation, earth moving and traction.     

基于三轴UU试验的土体含水率对根土复合体强度特性的影响

为研究自然边坡其强度特性随含水率的变化规律。通过设计不同体积含水率(20%,27%,35%,40%,45%)和2种含根量(RAR=0.1%,0.3%)的重塑土进行不固结不排水三轴试验,以研究含水率对土体破坏方式、抗剪强度和初始切线模量的影响。结果表明：(1)试样破坏模式多为剪切变形和剪胀变形,在含水率为20%,27%时,出现明显剪切贯穿面破裂带,其余含水率下表现为剪胀变形;(2)含水率对根土复合体抗剪强度主要体现在黏聚力上,含水率从20%升至45%时,2种含根量的根土复合体黏聚力分别降低67%,72%;含水率低于35%时,可用对数关系表示,随含水率升高,黏聚力明显降低;含水率达到35%以上时,可用线性关系表示,黏聚力下降速度减缓;含根量增加,抗剪强度提高;(3)不同含根量和围压下根土复合体初始切线模量与含水率关系可以用线性关系拟合,含水率从20%升至45%时,2种含根量的根土复合体初始切线模量平均分别降低43%和47%。综合考虑土体弹塑性和植物因素对土体位移或变形的影响,可提高边坡稳定性计算精度。研究结果可为植物边坡以及水土保持植被建设治理提供科学参考,丰富根系固土领域的科学理论。     

Characterization of cohesion, friction and sensitivity of two hardsetting soils from Zimbabwe

Hardsetting soils are defined as those which develop very high strength with little observable structure when they dry, but lose much of their strength when wet. Sandy loam soils (haplic lixisol) which showed typical hardsetting behaviour in the field were identified in a small-scale farming are in Zimbabwe. They were too hard to cultivate when dry, and produced a cloudy structure when plowed by a tractor in a slightly moist state. Samples of two sandy loam topsoils were collected, prepared at different water contents varying from saturated to field-dry and tested for stress-deformation and shear strength behavior in a direct shear box. For both soils at water contents above 10 g 100 g⁻¹, the stress-deformation curves are of the plastic material type with continually increasing shear stress with deformation. At water contents less than 10 g 100 g⁻¹, curves associated with more brittle material behavior resulted, with a peak shear stress reached at 3–4 mm deformation followed by a considerable loss in strength. At nearly all of the water contents, the angle of friction was 34–37° for both soils, but cohesion changed from nearly zero at saturation to well over 100 kPa in the field-dry state. The contribution of matric tension alone to soil cohesion is more than enough to account for the observed increases in strength on soil drying, and the potential role of soluble silicate cementing agents does not appear to be a factor in the case of these two soils.     

基于流变学法研究容重和含水率对土壤结构力学稳定性的影响

土壤结构力学稳定性不仅与土壤质量和肥力密切相关,而且还与农业器具设计和农业水土工程建设紧密联系。该研究以黄土高原广泛分布的塿土和黄绵土为研究对象,采用振幅扫描试验模拟振荡荷载过程,研究土壤容重和含水率对土壤结构力学稳定性的影响。结果表明：1）随土壤容重的增加,土粒间接触点增多,使得剪切强度参数：线性黏弹区的剪切应力和储能模量均增加,土壤结构强度增强;黄绵土屈服点的剪切应变和塿土的积分z随容重增加先增大后降低,表明土壤颗粒存在一个最稳定的排列组合方式。同时,剪切强度参数对土壤容重的响应更为敏感。2）随含水率的增加,土壤颗粒间黏聚力和摩擦力降低,剪切强度参数：线性黏弹区的剪切应力、屈服点的剪切应力、最大剪切应力均降低,土壤结构强度降低;当剪切应变在线性黏弹区时,塿土的弹性随含水率的增加而增加,而较大的剪切应变下的塿土的弹性和黄绵土总的弹性随含水率增加均降低。3）对比2种土壤,因塿土的黏粒、有机质、阳离子交换量、比表面积等较高,增加了土粒间的胶结强度,使得塿土的弹性和剪切强度较高,而黄绵土结构更具脆性。该研究结果表明基于流变仪中的振幅扫描测试所获取的流变学参数能够定量表征土壤细观结构力学稳定性,为进一步深入认识土壤微观力学特性提供了丰富的评价参数。     

The genesis of vertisols with gilgai microtopography: A review

Different hypotheses about the genesis of gilgai microtopography and corresponding soil complexes with clayey swelling soils are considered in this review. Their diversity is stipulated by specificities of the objects themselves and by the history of studies of the composition, properties, regimes, and landscape conditions of the areas with Vertisols in different countries. Most of the hypotheses about the genesis of Vertisols with the gilgai microtopography suggest that strong swelling–shrinking processes take place in these soils in the course of moistening–drying cycles; the origin of shear stress in the soils, its spatial patterns, and the particular ways of translocation of the soil material are discussed. At the early stage of Vertisol studies, a hypothesis about the leading role of the process of “self-swallowing” of the soils as a result of filling of open cracks with the material from the upper soil horizons was popular. However, numerous facts suggest that the intensity of this process is relatively low, so that it cannot play the major role in the gilgai formation and cyclic changes in the thickness and properties of the soil horizons in Vertisols. Another important mechanism is the uneven moistening and drying of the whole soil volume resulting in the irregular distribution of inner tensions in the soil with the development of shear stress and plastic deformation of the soil mass. The hypotheses suggested in the recent decades are based on the models of soil mechanics. A number of hypotheses consider possible alternation and duration of evolutionary stages of the development of Vertisols with the gilgai microtopography.     

Strength and deformation of agricultural soil: measurement and practical significance

Abstract. Soil has a finite strength to resist permanent volume change and permanent shear deformation. When the stresses imposed on the soil are of a sufficient magnitude to overcome the strength, then the deformation falls into one of two regimes. At low stress ratios (ratio of normal stress to maximum past stress) the soil expands when sheared and at high stress ratios it compresses. The maximum past stress in a field soil is the pre-consolidation stress. The pre-consolidation stress is the compressive stress greater than which compression is considerable and permanent.
These regimes of soil deformation behaviour are consistent and predictable under a wide range of conditions. They are described by the critical state concept, which can usefully be applied to soil management. Management decisions can be based on whether the stresses imposed by a particular operation result in high or low stress ratios. This governs whether the soil will deform permanently or not (for compaction damage), expand on shear (tillage) or compress on shear (preparation of rice paddy soils). The change in permeability and structure can also be predicted from the deformation regime.     

芒萁根系对崩岗红土层土壤抗剪强度的影响

为探究植物根系对崩岗红土层土壤抗剪强度的作用机制,采取室内直剪试验,研究不同含水率条件下芒萁（Dicranopteris dichotoma）根系对红土层抗剪强度的影响。结果表明：（1）不同根重密度土体的抗剪强度总体随含水率增加而下降,含根土体的抗剪强度大于素土。（2）黏聚力随着含水率的增加均呈先增大后减小的趋势,而随根重密度的增加呈增大的趋势,且增量逐渐减小。（3）内摩擦角与土壤含水率之间呈线性负相关,但与根重密度之间无明显关系。（4）含水率对抗剪强度的影响大于根重密度,可用含水率和根重密度模拟根土复合体的抗剪强度（NSE=0.84）。综上,根系的作用可增加崩壁红土层土壤的抗剪强度,但高含水率条件下根系的增强效应降低,可通过减少水分注入以增加崩壁根土复合体的稳定性。     

基于土-水特征曲线的植物边坡抗剪强度研究

土-水特征曲线通常用于估计非饱和土壤的抗剪强度,但是由于植物根系的吸水作用和加筋效应,使得植物边坡的抗剪强度不能直接利用基于基质吸力的非饱和土抗剪强度计算公式进行计算。以裸露边坡和植被边坡为研究对象,采用张力计现场测试和室内剪切试验相结合的方法,拟合水土特征曲线关系。结果表明:(1)植物根系的植入有效地提高了边坡土体的进气值,较素土进气吸力值增幅41.10%。在同等含水率条件下,植物边坡基质吸力明显大于素土边坡,提高了边坡土体的持水能力。(2)边坡红黏土基质吸力与含水率的关系符合V-G模型,利用最小二乘法得到模型参数。(3)随着体积含水率的增大,带根土与素土的抗剪强度参数值变化趋势大致相同,均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,但带根土的变化参数大,当含水率21.29%时,带根土黏聚力相较于素土增加了4.86 kPa,增幅18.55%,而内摩擦角对根系存在的敏感程度不如黏聚力。(4)随着土壤基质吸力不断增大,植被边坡与素土边坡的抗剪强度力学参数变化趋势大体相同,当土基质吸力为60～90 kPa土体的黏聚力提高最为明显,但植被边坡由于植物根系的存在,土体内基质吸力对边坡土体的抗剪强度提高幅度更大,黏聚力与内摩擦角最大增长幅度分别为37.34%和40.30%。通过建立土-水特征曲线参数与植物边坡抗剪强度的关系,可计算不同含水率或基质吸力条件下植物边坡的抗剪强度,为进一步分析工程实际中植物边坡的稳定性提供理论依据。     

不同根系含量对山原红壤抗剪强度的影响

[目的]探讨云南省昆明市呈贡区段家营一植被覆盖的斜坡区不同含量植被根系对山原土壤抗剪强度的增强效应,为相关研究提供理论依据。[方法]制备0(无根系空白样),0.467,0.93,1.4 mg/cm~3这4种根系含量以及20%,25%,30%,35%,40%这5种含水量的根—土复合体试验样品进行抗剪强度试验。[结果]根—土复合体中,植被根系能提供给土壤额外的抗剪能力和抵抗土体变形来增强土体的抗剪强度,植被根系对土体抗剪强度有明显的增强效应,但这种增强效应是有限的。根系含量在0.93 mg/cm~3时,根系对土体的抗剪强度增强效果最好。随着根系含量的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角总是呈现负相关性的关系,在低含水量情况下,黏聚力随根系含量增加而先降低后增加,内摩擦角随根系含量变化则相反。当含水量低且根系含量相对较少时(当含水量≤35%,根系含量≤0.93 mg/cm~3时),土壤参与剪切整个过程且为被剪主体,得到的黏聚力和内摩擦角均为正值,符合库仑定律;当含水量较高且根系含量较多时(当含水量=35%,根系含量=1.4 mg/cm~3时以及当含水量=45%,根系含量≥0.467 mg/cm~3时),被剪主体为根系,得到的黏聚力为负值,不符合库仑定律。[结论]库仑定律不适用于高含水量和高含量植被根系的根—土复合体抗剪强度的研究。在采用植被护坡时可用试验确定边坡土壤抗剪强度最高时的最佳含根量和含水量。