俄罗斯黄花草木樨生物活性成分资源的分布与开发利用

为了查明生物活性成分在黄花草木樨根、茎、叶、子中的含量与分布特征,本研究重点开展了黄花草木樨活性成分的检测及田间开发试验。分别采用凯式定氮法和高效气相色谱法测蛋白质;氨基酸自动分析仪法测氨基酸;气相色谱-质谱、分子蒸馏仪检测脂肪酸;重量法检测皂苷与生物碱;高效液相色谱仪检测香豆素;福林试剂比色法检测多酚;蒽铜-硫酸比色法检测多糖;亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠比色法检测黄酮。按产量测算后,得出每公顷牧草生物活性成分的总产量为3016.3 kg/hm2。其中粗蛋白质、氨基酸和粗脂肪酸原料的产量分别为1400.6 kg/hm2,112.2 kg/hm2,1246.8 kg/hm2。有效成分皂苷、生物碱、多酚、香豆素的产量分别为97.0 kg/hm2、77.9 kg/hm2、41.7 kg/hm2、40.1 kg/hm2。上述成分经分离提取纯化后,可作为开发医药、食物、化工等生物技术产品的天然原料。本文为开发利用植物自然资源提供了新的途径。     

温室增温和灌溉量变化对棉花产量、 生物量及水分利用效率的影响

为了解气候变化对棉花生长的影响,在2011—2012 年,通过2 个温室进行增温和灌溉量变化的试验（一个温室用红外灯管增温,另一个不增温）,每个温室设田间灌溉量的0.7 倍、0.85 倍、1 倍、1.15 倍、1.3 倍5 个灌溉水平,研究增温和灌溉量对产量、生物量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,棉花生长季平均温度增加1~3.5℃有利于产量的增加,生长季、花期和铃期温度升高1℃,产量分别增加200.694、225.732、109.838 kg/hm2,而蕾期温度升高1℃却会降低产量162.814 kg/hm2。生长季和蕾期增温1℃会分别降低生物量1079.2、1179.8 kg/hm2,降低产量和干物质的水分利用效率3.4215、2.8098 kg/(hm2·mm)。灌溉倍数每增加1 倍,产量和生物量分别增加734.51、2242.3 kg/hm2。但增温会增加水分的消耗量,这对于处于干旱区的新疆来说是不利的。随着气候变暖,棉花耗水增大,产量增加。     

不同硫肥用量对烤烟产量和品质的影响

试验结果表明：硫素不足(土壤硫用量＜0.18g/kg)可使烤烟叶片可溶性蛋白质含量降低;不施硫或高硫(土壤硫用量>0.18g/kg)都会使叶片氨基酸含量降低。施用硫37.5~112.5kg/hm2的,明显促进烤烟生长,其中以硫75.0kg/hm2用量的最佳,其烟叶产量和产值分别比对照增加11.73%、10.67%;硫用量达到225.0kg /hm2的烟叶产量、产值分别比硫用量75.0kg/hm2的下降18.77%、17.14%,上等烟比例下降9.9个百分点。     

盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿和草木樨发芽及出苗的影响

为选择适宜在盐碱土上种植的牧草种类,合理开发和利用盐碱地资源,分别进行室内发芽和室外出苗试验,研究盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿和草木樨发芽及出苗的影响.结果表明,各个浓度模拟盐碱胁迫均对紫花苜蓿的发芽有抑制作用;50 mmol/L盐溶液和5 mmol/L碱溶液对草木樨发芽有促进作用,150～250 mmol/L盐溶液和5～25 mmol/L碱溶液其发芽有抑制作用.研究同时表明,紫花苜蓿适宜种植于极轻度盐化土壤和极轻～轻度碱化土壤(pH值为8～9,EC为0.2～0.7mS/cm);草木樨则适宜种植于轻度～重度盐化土壤和中度～重度碱化土壤(pH值为9～10,EC为0.7～1.6 mS/cm).     

大连地区不同玉米品种不同试点生长及产量特征研究

本试验对15个玉米杂交种新品种在大连市6个试点进行了丰产性和适应性的鉴定,以东单60为对照。调查了各玉米杂交种的农艺性状、产量构成因素、抗病性和抗倒伏性等。结果表明:玉米杂交种大农6号平均产量为9 474kg/hm2,比对照品种东单60增产20.6%,居第1位;丹大186平均产量9 209kg/hm2,比对照品种东单60增产17.2%,居第2位;致泰一号平均产量8 873kg/hm2,比对照品种东单60增产12.9%,居第3位;诚玉3号平均产量8 836kg/hm2,比对照增产12.6%,居第4位;这4个品种丰产性、稳产性和适应性较好,均抗大斑病,小斑病,抗丝黑穗、黑粉病,抗靑枯病,抗倒伏,适宜在大连地区种植。通过本次试验,我们对各玉米新组合在大连地区的丰产性、抗逆性及适应性有了进一步的了解,为生产上应用提供了依据。     

不同改良措施对盐碱地燕麦形态生理及产量的影响

摘 要：为筛选出适宜盐碱地燕麦生长、增产增效的改良措施,试验设8个处理分别为对照(A)、腐熟秸秆还田(AF)、750 kg/hm2菌肥(B)、腐熟秸秆还田 750 kg/hm2菌肥(BF)、1500 kg/hm2菌肥(C)、腐熟秸秆还田 1500 kg/hm2菌肥(CF)、2250 kg/hm2菌肥(D)、腐熟秸秆还田 2250 kg/hm2菌肥(DF),并对盐碱地燕麦形态指标、光合特性及产量进行研究。结果表明：腐熟秸秆还田和菌肥均有利于燕麦在盐碱地生长,各时期CF处理燕麦株高、根长、根系活力、Gs、Tr、Pn、Ci和SPAD等指标较其他处理表现最好;其中CF处理的籽粒产量、鲜草产量和干草产量最高,分别达3530 kg/hm2、30910 kg/hm2和6521 kg/hm2,较其他处理分别高出31.23%~129.22%、10.47%~102.69% 和8.73%~109.10%。若不使用腐熟秸秆的情况下,菌肥最佳施入量为750 kg/hm2,综合评价,1500 kg/hm2菌肥结合腐熟秸秆还田是该地区盐碱地改良的最佳措施。     

内蒙古黄土高原秸秆还田对玉米农田土壤水热状况及产量的影响

内蒙古清水河县地处黄土高原的边缘地带,沟壑纵横,是典型的北方干旱缺水地区。为明确秸秆翻耕还田对该区域玉米农田土壤蓄水保墒效果及产量形成特性的影响,通过连续2年的田间小区试验,探究0kg/hm ²（CK）、3 000kg/hm ²（SF1）、6 000kg/hm ²（SF2）和12 000kg/hm ²（SF3）4种秸秆还田量下玉米农田全生育期地温、土壤水分、植株生长发育、水分利用效率和产量的变化规律。结果表明：秸秆还田促进了玉米叶面积指数提高和地上部生物量的积累,2018年,SF2处理叶面积指数和地上部干物质积累量较CK分别提高13.17%和10.70%;玉米全生育期0~30cm土层土壤温度、0~80cm土层土壤含水率、生育期贮水量和农田耗水量、水分利用效率和产量均表现为SF2>SF3>SF1>CK;2018年,SF1、SF2和SF3产量分别较CK提高了8.5%、11.4%和9.3%。秸秆翻耕还田措施能够显著改善玉米农田土壤水热状况、促进植株生长、提升子粒产量和水分利用效率,其中6 000kg/hm ²还田处理效果最好,可作为节水保墒栽培模式在内蒙古黄土高原推广应用。     

滇东北退耕还草中牧草种子生产及其产量分析

2001至2003年在滇东北金沙江流域干热河谷高海拔山区,即云南昭通地区彝良县海拔2 000 m的半山区进行了植被恢复和退耕还草试验示范.试验选择了15个草种,共19个品种进行单播.对种子产量和牧草产量进行了测定和分析.结果表明:在彝良高海拔山区适宜种植的一年生牧草有高丹草和箭舌豌豆,其鲜草产量均较高.在短年生和多年生牧草中,多花黑麦草(旺饲)鲜草产草量最高,第二年鲜草产量达170 895.84 kg/hm2;多年生黑麦草和红三叶鲜草产量相近,在155 000 kg/hm2左右;鲜草产量由高到低依次为多花黑麦草(旺饲)>多年生黑麦草>红三叶(多丽)>鸭茅(牧友)>高羊茅>紫花苜蓿(WL-612)>紫花苜蓿(普拉多)>白三叶>猫尾草.这些牧草均可以用于金沙江干热河谷海拔2 000 m的山区植被恢复和草地建设.本研究中筛选出适宜金沙江干热河谷海拔2 000 m的山区进行牧草种子生产的草种,分别为:多花黑麦草(旺饲)(1 430.00 kg/hm2)、紫羊茅(760.00 kg/hm2)和苇状羊茅(733.00 kg/hm2).多年生黑麦草、红三叶、鸭茅、白三叶等牧草种子产量可达400～500 kg/hm2.     

马铃薯膜下滴灌增产效应的研究

试验以‘克新1号’品种的脱毒原种为材料,以覆膜不滴灌为对照,采用田间小区试验和室内测定分析相结合的方法,研究了膜下滴灌对马铃薯的生长、产量、块茎品质、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：膜下滴灌对马铃薯的地上部分生长、块茎产量和品质（淀粉和还原糖含量）、水分利用效率均有显著影响。其产量和水分利用效率分别为55596.00 kg/hm2和170.45 kg/(hm2?mm),分别是覆膜不滴灌的2.86倍和1.02倍;且收获时块茎淀粉含量增加了0.94%,还原糖含量降低了0.02%。     

早熟高产玉米新品种禾源15的选育及配套栽培技术

早熟高产玉米新品种禾源15是以H05为母本、H06为父本杂交育成的早熟杂交种。2005²008年进行初级鉴定和品种多点试验示范;2009年预备试验平均产量10 489.5kg/hm2,比相邻对照龙单13平均产量9 505.5kg/hm2增产10.4%;2010年同组区域试验平均产量9 609.0kg/hm2,比对照龙单13平均产量8 872.5kg/hm2增产8.3%;2011年同组区域试验平均产量9 861.0kg/hm2,比对照龙单13平均产量9 063.0kg/hm2增产8.8%;2012年河北省春播极早熟组生产试验平均产量10 225.5kg/hm2,比对照增产12.2%。2013年通过河北省品种审定委员会审定。该品种表现出很好的抗病性、抗逆性、丰产性和稳产性,活秆成熟,品质优良,生育期1162008年进行初级鉴定和品种多点试验示范;2009年预备试验平均产量10 489.5kg/hm2,比相邻对照龙单13平均产量9 505.5kg/hm2增产10.4%;2010年同组区域试验平均产量9 609.0kg/hm2,比对照龙单13平均产量8 872.5kg/hm2增产8.3%;2011年同组区域试验平均产量9 861.0kg/hm2,比对照龙单13平均产量9 063.0kg/hm2增产8.8%;2012年河北省春播极早熟组生产试验平均产量10 225.5kg/hm2,比对照增产12.2%。2013年通过河北省品种审定委员会审定。该品种表现出很好的抗病性、抗逆性、丰产性和稳产性,活秆成熟,品质优良,生育期116¹18d,适宜在河北省春播早熟玉米种植区及有效积温≥2 300℃的地区种植。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.