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Marntell S Nyman G Funkquist P Hedenstierna G 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(2):83-93
OBJECTIVE: To study pulmonary gas exchange and cardiovascular responses to sedation achieved with romifidine and butorphanol (RB) alone, or combined with acepromazine, and during subsequent tiletamine-zolazepam anaesthesia in horses. ANIMALS: Six (four males and two females) healthy Standardbred trotters aged 3-12 years; mass 423-520 kg. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, cross-over, experimental study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Horses were anaesthetized on two occasions (with a minimum interval of 1 week) with intravenous (IV) tiletamine-zolazepam (Z; 1.4 mg kg(-1)) after pre-anaesthetic medication with IV romifidine (R; 0.1 mg kg(-1)) and butorphanol (B; 25 microg kg(-1) IV). At the first trial, horses were randomly allocated to receive (protocol ARBZ) or not to receive (protocol RBZ) acepromazine (A; 35 microg kg(-1)) intramuscularly (IM) 35 minutes before induction of anaesthesia. Each horse was placed in left lateral recumbency and, after tracheal intubation, allowed to breathe room air spontaneously. Respiratory and haemodynamic variables and ventilation-perfusion (; multiple inert gas elimination technique) ratios were determined in the conscious horse, after sedation and during anaesthesia. One- and two-way repeated-measures anova were used to identify within- and between-technique differences, respectively. RESULTS: During sedation with RB, arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)) decreased compared to baseline and increased mismatch was evident; there was no O(2) diffusion limitation or increase in intrapulmonary shunt fraction identified. With ARB, PaO(2) and remained unaffected. During anaesthesia, intrapulmonary shunt occurred to the same extent in both protocols, and mismatching increased. This was less in the ARBZ group. Arterial O(2) tension decreased in both protocols, but was lower at 25 and 35 minutes of anaesthesia in RBZ than in ARBZ. During sedation, heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (Qt) were lower while arterial-mixed venous oxygen content differences and haemoglobin concentrations were higher in RBZ compared with ARBZ. Total systemic vascular resistance, mean systemic, and mean pulmonary arterial pressures were higher during anaesthesia with RBZ compared to ARBZ. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Acepromazine added to RB generally improved haemodynamic variables and arterial oxygenation during sedation and anaesthesia. Arterial oxygenation was impaired as a result of increased shunt and mismatch during anaesthesia, although acepromazine treatment reduced disturbances and falls in PaO(2) to some extent. Haemodynamic variables were closer to baseline during sedation and anaesthesia when horses received acepromazine. Acepromazine may confer advantages in healthy normovolaemic horses. 相似文献
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Anaesthetic records of horses with colic anaesthetised between June 1987 and May 1989 were reviewed. pH and blood gas analyses were performed during 157 operations from which the horses were allowed to recover. A PaO2 of 8.0 kPa or less was measured during anaesthesia in seven of these horses. The horses were of different breeds, ages and sexes. Anaesthesia was induced with xylazine, guaifenesin and ketamine in four horses and with xylazine, guaifenesin and thiobarbiturate in three horses. Anaesthesia was maintained with inhalation anaesthetic agent and oxygen: isoflurane in five horses, halothane in one horse, and initially halothane but later isoflurane in one horse. Systolic arterial pressures during anaesthesia ranged from 80 to 150 mmHg, diastolic arterial pressures were between 60 and 128 mmHg, and heart rates were between 28 and 44 beats /min. Controlled ventilation was initiated at the start of anaesthesia. PaCO2 exceeded 6.7 kPa in three horses but was subsequently decreased by adjustment of the ventilator. PaO2 of 8.0 kPa or less was measured during early anaesthesia, with one exception, and persisted for the duration of anaesthesia. The horses' inspired air was supplemented with oxygen during recovery from anaesthesia, at which time measurement of blood gases in three horses revealed no increase in PaO2. Recovery from anaesthesia was uneventful. The surgical problems involved primarily the large intestine in five horses and the small intestine in two horses. Six horses were discharged from the hospital alive; one horse was reanaesthetised later the same day and destroyed without regaining consciousness. We concluded that none of the objective values recorded during the pre-anaesthetic evaluation could have been used to predict the complication of intraoperative hypoxaemia. We observed that once hypoxaemia developed it persisted for the duration of anaesthesia and even into the recovery period when the horses were in lateral recumbency and regaining consciousness. We assume that the altered metabolism from anaesthetic agents and hypothermia combined with adequate peripheral perfusion contributed to the lack of adverse consequences in six of the horses. The contribution of hypoxaemia to the deteriorating condition of the seventh horse is speculative. 相似文献
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Effects of repeated atropine injection on heart rate variability in Thoroughbred horses. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H Ohmura A Hiraga H Aida M Kuwahara H Tsubone 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2001,63(12):1359-1360
To investigate the effects of repeated atropine injection on heart rate (HR) variability in resting Thoroughbred horses, two microg/ kg of atropine as parasympathetic nervous blockade was injected intravenously every 6 min to a total of 8 microg/kg after intravenous administration of 0.2 mg/kg of propranolol as sympathetic nervous blockade. We recorded electrocardiograms and obtained the HR, then evaluated variation in HR from the power spectrum in terms of low frequency (LF, 0.01-0.07 Hz) power and high frequency (HF, 0.07-0.6 Hz) power. Administration of atropine decreased parasympathetic nervous activity in a dose-dependent manner, affecting first the LF power, then the HF power and finally HR. These responses may provide valuable information for evaluating autonomic nervous activity in Thoroughbred horses. 相似文献
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Background
In Sweden, scrotal or inguinal herniorrhaphy of livestock pigs in the field has traditionally been an important part of the surgical skills training of veterinary students. Few substances meet the legal requirements for field anaesthesia of production animals in the European Union but a protocol based on azaperone-detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine does. Unfortunately the anaesthesia is characterised by unpredictable duration and depth and of abrupt awakenings which is not acceptable from an animal welfare perspective and impedes surgical training. Lumbo-sacral epidural analgesia is proven to provide sufficient analgesia to allow abdominal surgery, but there are few reports on the field use of this loco-regional technique. The study aim was to evaluate whether lumbo-sacral anaesthesia can be safely and successfully used in the field by a veterinary student and whether the combination of dissociative and lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia improves analgesia and anaesthesia to guarantee animal welfare during herniorrhaphy in livestock pigs, enabling surgical skills training.Results
Pigs in the control-group (placebo) responded significantly stronger to surgery, with five out of 11 requiring additional doses of detomidine and ketamine. There were no significant differences between groups in respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, SpO2 or blood gases. SpO2 levels <94 % were recorded in several pigs in both groups. No post-injection complications were reported at follow-up.Conclusions
The results from this study showed that lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine could successfully be administered during dissociative anaesthesia of livestock pigs by a veterinary student and without reported post-injection complications. It improved analgesia and anaesthesia during herniorrhaphy of sufficient duration to enable surgical skills training. The risks and consequences of hypoxaemia and hypoventilation should be considered. 相似文献6.
Cardiac arrest during anaesthesia in two horses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Unexpected cardiac arrest occurred in two horses during routine surgical anaesthesia. Both were successfully resuscitated. The aetiology of these occurrences and their possible relationship to second degree heart block is discussed. 相似文献
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Wendy A. Goodwin Kirby Pasloske Helen L. Keates Millaganamada Gedara Ranasinghe Solomon Woldeyohannes Nigel Perkins 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):188-199
Objective
To determine the suitability of alfaxalone total intravenous (IV) anaesthesia in horses and concurrently evaluate infusion rates, cardiovascular effects, pharmacokinetics and the quality of the anaesthetic recovery period.Study design
Prospective, experimental study.Animals
Eight Standardbred horses.Methods
Horses were premedicated with IV acepromazine (0.03 mg kg–1) and xylazine (1 mg kg–1) and anaesthesia was induced with guaifenesin (35 mg kg–1) and alfaxalone (1 mg kg–1). Anaesthesia was maintained for 180 minutes using an IV infusion of alfaxalone at a rate determined by a horse’s response to a supramaximal electrical noxious stimulus. Venous blood samples were regularly collected to determine alfaxalone plasma concentrations and for pharmacokinetic analysis. Cardiopulmonary variables were monitored and the quality of the anaesthetic recovery period scored.Results
The median (range) alfaxalone infusion rate was 3.1 (2.4–4.3) mg kg–1 hour–1. The mean ± standard deviation plasma elimination half-life, plasma clearance and volume of distribution for alfaxalone were 41 minutes, 25 ± 6.3 mL minute–1 kg–1 and 1.6 ± 0.5 L kg–1, respectively. During anaesthesia, mean arterial blood pressure was maintained above 70 mmHg in all horses. Cardiac index reached a minimum value (68% of baseline values) immediately after induction of anaesthesia and was maintained between 74% and 90% of baseline values for the remainder of the anaesthetic protocol. Following the cessation of the alfaxalone infusion, six of eight horses exhibited muscle tremors and paddling. All horses stood without incident on the first or second attempt with a median recovery score of 4.5 (good to excellent).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Anaesthesia in horses can be maintained with an infusion of alfaxalone at approximately 3 mg kg–1 hour–1. The alfaxalone infusion rates used resulted in minimal haemodynamic changes and good recovery quality. Mean alfaxalone plasma concentration was stable over the infusion period and clearance rates were similar to previously published single-dose alfaxalone studies in horses. 相似文献8.
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Five horses were anaesthetised twice with thiopentone sodium, guaifenesin and halothane. The second anaesthesia was 16 days after the first and two days following oral administration of trichlorfon. Heart rate, carotid arterial, pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures, cardiac output and blood temperature were measured every 15 minutes for 120 minutes. Heart rate, carotid arterial pressure and cardiac output were similar on both occasions. Pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures were highest during anaesthesia after treatment with trichlorfon when compared with values obtained before treatment. Pulmonary vascular resistance was significantly decreased at four measurement times during anaesthesia after treatment with trichlorfon. All cardiovascular measurements were within ranges accepted as normal for halothane anaesthesia in horses. In a second experiment, four ponies were anaesthetised with xylazine and ketamine on two occasions one week apart. Two ponies received trichlorfon two days before the second anaesthesia. Heart rate, arterial pressure and respiratory rate recorded during anaesthesia were not different in ponies after organophosphate treatment. The time to standing after the second anaesthesia was significantly increased in all ponies. 相似文献
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Anna Edner DVM Görel Nyman DVM PhD Diplomate ECVA & Birgitta Essén-Gustavsson PhD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2002,29(4):182-199
Objectives To study in horses (1) the relationship between cardiovascular variables and muscle perfusion during propofol–ketamine anaesthesia, (2) the physiological effects of a single intravenous (IV) detomidine injection, (3) the metabolic response of muscle to anaesthesia, and (4) the effects of propofol–ketamine infusion on respiratory function. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Seven standardbred trotters, 5–12 years old, 416–581 kg. Methods Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) guaifenesin and propofol (2 mg kg?1) and maintained with a continuous IV infusion of propofol (0.15 mg kg?1 minute?1) and ketamine (0.05 mg kg?1 minute?1) with horses positioned in left lateral recumbency. After 1 hour, detomidine (0.01 mg kg?1) was administered IV and 40–50 minutes later anaesthesia was discontinued. Cardiovascular and respiratory variables (heart rate, cardiac output, systemic and pulmonary artery blood pressures, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and inspiratory and expiratory O2 and CO2) and muscle temperature were measured at pre‐determined times. Peripheral perfusion was measured continuously in the gluteal muscles and skin using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Muscle biopsy samples from the left and right gluteal muscles were analysed for glycogen, creatine phosphate, creatine, adenine nucleotides, inosine monophosphate and lactate. Arterial blood was analysed for PO2, PCO2, pH, oxygen saturation and HCO3. Mixed venous blood was analysed for PO2, PCO2, pH, oxygen saturation, HCO3, cortisol, lactate, uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, creatine kinase, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, electrolytes, total protein, haemoglobin, haematocrit and white blood cell count. Results Circulatory function was preserved during propofol–ketamine anaesthesia. Detomidine caused profound hypertension and bradycardia and decreased cardiac output and muscle perfusion. Ten minutes after detomidine injection muscle perfusion had recovered to pre‐injection levels, although heart rate and cardiac output had not. No difference in indices of muscle metabolism was found between dependent and independent muscles. Anaerobic muscle metabolism, indicated by decreased muscle and creatine phosphate levels was evident after anaesthesia. Conclusion Muscle perfusion was closely related to cardiac output but not arterial blood pressure. Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol–ketamine deserves further study despite its respiratory depression effects, as the combination preserves cardiovascular function. Decreases in high‐energy phosphate stores during recovery show that muscle is vulnerable after anaesthesia. Continued research is required to clarify the course of muscle metabolic events during recovery. 相似文献
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N.S. Matthews DVM S.M. Miller DVM M.R. Slater DVM PhD S.M. Hartsfield DVM MS C.E. Short DVM MS 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》1993,20(2):68-72
Anaesthesia produced by xylazine (1.1 mg/kg IV) followed in 3–5 minutes by ketamine (2.2 mg/ kg IV) (X / K) was compared to anaesthesia produced by detomidine (0.02 mg/kg IV) followed in 15–25 minutes by ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV) (D/K) in the same six horses. Quality of induction, recovery, muscle relaxation, coordination (before and after anaesthesia) and response to stimulus were subjectively evaluated. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean blood pressure, hemoglobin saturation, arterial pH, CO2 and O2 were monitored. Recumbency time and number of attempts required to stand were recorded. Recumbency time was longer in all horses with X/K (median recumbency time of 27 min) than with D/K (median recumbency time of 22 min). No significant differences between treatments were seen for any other variable measured, although 2 horses did not appear to reach a surgical plane of anaesthesia with D/K. 相似文献
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The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine, when administered by infusion as an adjunct to halothane anaesthesia in horses, were investigated in 5 equine patients presented for routine castration. Anaesthesia was induced with detomidine, 20 μg/kg, followed by ketamine, 2.2 mg/kg bwt, the trachea intubated and the horses allowed to breathe halothane in oxygen. Five minutes later, a constant rate infusion of ketamine, 40 μg/kg min, was commenced and the halothane vaporiser concentration adjusted to maintain a light plane of anaesthesia. The mean infusion duration was 62 min (range 40–103). The ketamine was switched off approximately 15 min before the halothane. Plasma ketamine and norketamine levels, determined by high performance liquid chromatography, ranged from 0.74–2.04 μg/ml and 0.15–0.75 μg/ml, respectively, during the infusion period. The harmonic mean elimination half-life of ketamine was 46.1 min, mean volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 1365 (271) ml/kg, mean body clearance (Cl) was 32.3 (9.1) ml/min.kg, and average mean residence time for the infusion (MRTinf) was 105.9 (20.4) min, respectively. Following termination of halothane, mean times to sternal recumbency and standing were 21.1 (6.9) and 41.6 (17.0) min, respectively. Surgical conditions were considered highly satisfactory, and physiological parameters were well preserved in most animals. 相似文献
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Lindner A Dag S Marti-Korff S Quiroz-Rothe E López Rivero JL Drommer W 《Equine veterinary journal》2002,34(6):619-624
The collection of muscle samples in horses to estimate their performance potential, adaptations to training and diagnosis of exertional myopathies is of increasing interest. This study was designed to examine whether repeated biopsying of the gluteus medius muscle at 7 week intervals alters morphology and muscle fibre variables in the sampling area. The gluteus had been biopsied 3 times previously, each biopsy separated by a 7 week interval. Seven weeks after the last biopsy, this study was initiated. Percutaneous needle biopsies were taken from left and right muscles at 2 depths (2 and 6 cm) and at 2 sites for each depth (22 and 25 cm from the tuber coxae) of 7 mature Thoroughbreds. The 22 cm site was located close (2 cm caudal) to an area of the muscle that had been biopsied previously. The 25 cm site was 5 cm apart from this area. A total of 52 samples were available for histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The latter was used to study percentages, sizes and capillaries of muscle fibre types. Most muscle samples collected (75%) had normal morphology, but the remaining 25% showed signs of muscle repair. In some circumstances, they showed regenerative signs of complete muscle repair, while in others ineffective muscle repair (scar formation) was evident. Nevertheless, sufficient normal tissue was always available for measuring routine muscle variables. Samples collected 3 cm laterally apart showed large differences with regard to muscle fibre type variables examined. These results show that repeated muscle samples in intervals of 7 weeks do not have effects that would impair evaluation of muscle fibre variables for diagnosis of effectivity of conditioning programmes. Furthermore, they emphasise that the only way of keeping variations through sample collection technique small is to standardise all biopsying techniques accurately. 相似文献
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Zozaya DH Gutiérrez OL Ocampo CL Sumano LH 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2008,31(4):321-327
Pharmacokinetic parameters of fosfomycin were determined in horses after the administration of disodium fosfomycin at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg intravenously (IV), intramuscularly (IM) and subcutaneously (SC) each. Serum concentration at time zero (CS0 ) was 112.21 ± 1.27 μg/mL and 201.43 ± 1.56 μg/mL for each dose level. Bioavailability after the SC administration was 84 and 86% for the 10 mg/kg and the 20 mg/kg dose respectively. Considering the documented minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90 ) range of sensitive bacteria to fosfomycin, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) obtained (56.14 ± 2.26 μg/mL with 10 mg/kg SC and 72.14 ± 3.04 μg/mL with 20 mg/kg SC) and that fosfomycin is considered a time-dependant antimicrobial, it can be concluded that clinically effective plasma concentrations might be obtained for up to 10 h administering 20 mg/kg SC. An additional predictor of efficacy for this latter dose and route, and considering a 12 h dosing interval, could be area under the curve AUC0-12 /MIC90 ratio which in this case was calculated as 996 for the 10 mg/kg dose and 1260 for the 20 mg/kg dose if dealing with sensitive bacteria. If a more resistant strain is considered, the AUC0-12 /MIC90 ratio was calculated as 15 for the 10 mg/kg dose and 19 for the 20 mg/kg dose. 相似文献