麦长管蚜种群动态研究

1981-2000年，我们进行了麦长管蚜的调查研究。结果表明，麦长管蚜种群增长呈指数型Y=0.2673e^0.193x；百株蚜量与有蚜株率的关系是指数型Y=5.4068e^0.0864x。并探讨了黑光灯下有翅麦长管蚜的高峰与田间蚜量突增的内涵关系。     

温度对麦长管蚜发育和生殖力的影响

在12,15,18,21,24,27℃6个不同温度下,测定了麦长管蚜的个体发育和生殖力情况。结果表明,各龄期若虫发育的时间随温度的升高而缩短。用5种或5种以上温度组合测定发育始点(C)和有效积温(K),求得全若虫期的发育起点温度为6.1±0.7℃,有效积温常数为1098.3日度。而且,随着温度的升高,蚜虫的生殖力逐渐增大,此时曲线的峰值最大。     

阿拉尔地区麦长管蚜与其天敌的发生情况及防治研究

麦长管蚜在冬小麦田5月中旬至6月上旬有一个发生高峰,主要天敌种群为瓢虫类、草蛉类,其中瓢虫类为最多,天敌种群与麦长管蚜的发生有一定的跟随现象。生态位分析发现瓢虫类天敌在时间跨度上大于麦长管蚜,两种天敌昆虫发生具有同步性。田间药效试验结果表明,防治效果依次为：噻虫嗪·高效氯氟氰菊酯CS>氟啶·啶虫脒WG>双丙环虫酯DC>阿维·氟啶SC。     

小麦对麦长管蚜抗性机制及相关种质资源研究进展

本文综述近半个世纪以来，国内外有关冬小麦品种对麦长管蚜抗虫性鉴定的通常方法和结果，品种抗麦长管蚜的形态学、抗生性、生化抗性机制的研究概况；抗性遗传动态为单基因的不完全显性遗传；抗麦长管蚜种质资源创新采用双轮回选择杂交系谱法，有目的的将不同抗虫基因逐代积累，选育了一批有利用价值的亲本资源和具抗性的优良品种。期望对今后的抗虫育种应用有重要的参考价值。     

36份小麦种质资源抗麦长管蚜遗传多样性的鉴定与分析

为筛选抗麦长管蚜优异的小麦种质资源,以36份不同抗蚜水平的小麦种质资源为材料,调查记录不同时期供试材料.的蚜虫数量,并利用3对位于7D染色体的特异性简单重复序列(Simple Sequence Repeats,SSR)标记检测材料,采用蚜量比值、Shannon's信息指数及聚类分析的方法进行分析,在分子水平上探讨小麦抗麦长管蚜种质资源的遗传多样性.分子检测结果表明,引物Xgwm44、Xwmc182和Xwmc121扩增条带数平均为6.7条,其中多态性条带数分别为5条、5条和2条;平均位点的有效等位基因数范围为0.119 5～1.080 0,Shannon's信息指数范围0.000 0～1.329 7.聚类分析结果表明,36份小麦种质资源按照阚值λ=2.06可分为4大类群,其中发现抗性品种矮抗58与其它品种具有较远的亲缘关系,可作为最新的抗蚜材料.     

小麦种质资源98-10-35抗麦长管蚜的世代遗传变异分析

以抗麦长管蚜小麦种质资源98-10-35和敏感种质资源1376为亲本,以其杂交F1、F2、F3、BC1和BC2群体为研究对象,采用遗传模型检验、配合力验证和基因频率及基因型频率对其进行分析,结果表明:回交群体BC1是单一正态分布,BC2是2个正态分布且所占比例符合1∶1的分离比,推测主基因表现为完全显性;其基因频率和基因型频率分别为:P(A)=46.7％,P(a)=53.3％,P(AA)=21.8％,P(Aa) =49.8％,P(aa)=28.4％;分析其配合力可知,一般配合力为0.006 16,特殊配合力为-0.220 41;同时由田间表型鉴定结果可知,亲本98-10-35和F1均表现为抗蚜,F2代群体经X2测验抗感分离为3∶1(x2 =1.667,P=0.168),符合孟德尔理论的比例.由此分析可知,小麦种质资源98-10-35对1376的抗蚜性是由1对显性基因控制.通过对种质资源抗蚜世代遗传变异规律的分析,以期为抗麦长管蚜新品种选育提供理论依据和抗原材料,进一步为小麦抗蚜育种提供理论支持.     

不同地区麦长管蚜对氯代烟酰类杀虫剂的敏感性

以浸渍测定了不同地区麦长管蚜对五种氯代烟酰类杀虫剂的敏感性,结果表明:不同地区的麦长管蚜种群对氯代烟酰类杀虫剂的敏感性具有显著的差异,安徽蚌埠种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪和氯噻啉的敏感性比最敏感的河北蔚县种群分别低119.6,95.7,26.3和16.5倍,而对烟碱的敏感性仅低3.8倍。四川成都种群对吡虫啉,陕西杨陵种群对噻虫嗪的敏感性也分别比河北蔚县种群低5.7和5.3倍。     

小麦种质资源对麦长管蚜抗性的鉴定

1999～2002年先后引进国内外小麦种质资源468份，在山西省小麦主产区临汾市设立试验点，对其进行了抗麦长管蚜特性鉴定。鉴定结果表明，引进的小麦种质资源中不同品种(系)对麦长管蚜抗性有明显差异，其中表现高抗的有11个，表现中抗的有63个，可作为抗蚜材料为育种利用。     

小麦种质资源抗蚜性的筛选与相关性分析

为了研究小麦种质资源对麦长管蚜的抗性,分析了种质资源的抗蚜性与农艺性状的关系.由田间表型鉴定结果分析可知:金铃麦1号与千斤早优系为中抗种质资源.灰色关联度分析表明,蚜情指数与农艺性状的关联度排序为:不孕小穗＞穗长＞株高＞颈长＞穗下节长＞可孕小穗＞成穗数＞整齐度＞穗粒重＞穗粒数;参试品种与参考品种之间的关联度排序为:千斤早优系＞豫70＞陕糯1号＞金铃麦1号＞东旱1号＞3399＞长武613＞98-10-30＞Astron＞ PI 262660.聚类分析表明,可以把种质资源分为三类,第一类包括PI262660一个种质资源;第二类有98-10-30和Astron两个种质资源;第三类7个种质资源,分别为金铃麦1号、千斤早优系、东旱1号、陕糯1号、豫70、3399、长武613.通过对小麦抗蚜性和农艺性状的综合分析,筛选了主要性状和优异的种质资源,为抗蚜品种的选育奠定了理论基础.     

种子包衣对小麦病虫防控及产量的影响

小麦选用高效复配或混配种衣剂进行种子包衣,能有效预防多种病虫危害,可减少中后期用药1~2次,省工省时,是一项减量控害、节本增效的关键技术,生产中应大面积推广应用。     

Effect of Sowing Date and Weed Control on Grain Yield and its Components in Some Wheat Cultivars

The influence of sowing dates (Oct. 21, Nov. 10, Nov. 30 and Dec. 21), weed control treatments using Brominal, Tribunil herbicides as compared to hand weeding and unweeded treatments on the yield performance of newly released spring wheat varieties ( Sakha 8, Sakha 61 and Giza 157 was studied during 1980/81, 1981/82 and 1982/83 seasons. According to the combined analysis the results could be summarized as follows:

• 1. 

  Sowing date had significant effect on grain yield and some other characters such as plant height, days to heading and maturity, weight of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. Highest grain yield was obtained when wheat was sown during Nov. Dry weight of weeds was not significantly affected by sowing date.
• 2. 

  Differences between cultivars reached to the significant level in plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight.
• 3. 

  Weed control treatments had significant effect on most studied traits. Grain yield was nearly the same when Tribunil (3.5 kg/ha), Brominal (2.4 1/ha) or hand weeding was used. Grain yield of unweed treatment decreased by 10.9%, 10.9% and 9.8% compared to the former treatments, respectively.
• 4. 

  Data showed that Tribunil was more effective on both grassy and broad leaved weeds, however, Brominal was effective only on broad leaved.

     

民勤荒漠区沙葱种群的生态特性分析

为了弄清民勤荒漠区沙葱种群的生态特性,更好地保存和合理开发利用其种质资源,通过实地调查的方法,利用植物生态学种群理论,在民勤沙葱种群分布区,选取有代表性的野生沙葱种群为研究对象,进行沙葱群落的生境特征、种群构成和数量特征,种群空间分布格局的研究,分析了民勤沙葱分布区的土壤类型、土壤养分和盐分、并对沙葱的种群结构和空间分布格局进行研究。结果表明：民勤沙葱不同分布区,土壤类型有灰棕漠土和风沙土2类;土壤均较瘠薄,且均为碱性土壤。民勤沙葱种群构成相对简单,共10科21属25种。从植被地理成分看,主要是典型的戈壁荒漠和草原化荒漠区系植物占优势,还有部分古地中海成分和荒漠特有种构成。在空间分布格局上,民勤大部分分布区均为均匀分布,只有少部分为随机分布。     

Effects of Benzyl Adenine and Abscisic Acid on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Triticale and Wheat

Grain yield and yield components (grains per ear, grain weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, ear seed ratio and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed) were examined in a wheat genotype (PBW-343) with well-filled grains and a Triticale genotype (DT-46) with poorly filled grains (showing grain shrivelling) grown in pots. Six days after anthesis (DAA), benzyladenine (BA) @2 µg ear⁻¹ and abscisic acid (ABA) @4 µg ear⁻¹ were injected at the base of the mother shoot ear in both species. It was observed that, in both wheat and Triticale , BA increased the grain weight, grain number and partitioning of dry matter between ear and seed, whereas ABA decreased the grain weight, grain number and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed. However, these decreases were slower in Triticale than in wheat. BA treatment increased the grain dry matter accumulation, which in turn resulted in better filling of grains and increased the grain weight in both wheat and Triticale . The average grain weight of Triticale was lower than that of wheat. Thus, it appears that variation in grain weight between wheat and Triticale might be due to different availabilities of growth-promoting phytohormones such as cytokinins and assimilates.     

吡唑醚菌酯对小麦赤霉病的防效及在小麦籽粒中的残留

为明确吡唑醚菌酯用于防治小麦赤霉病的可行性、安全性,对吡唑醚菌酯进行了室内毒力测定、田间药效试验和残留检测。结果表明,吡唑醚菌酯除对山东地区菌株的菌丝毒力低于多菌灵外,对两地孢子萌发的毒力和对安徽地区菌株的菌丝毒力均高于多菌灵。在田间,吡唑醚菌酯对山东和安徽两地小麦赤霉病的田间防效均在78.33%以上,且对安徽菌株的防效高于多菌灵。吡唑醚菌酯150 g a.i..hm-2和225 g a.i..hm-2处理的小麦产量在0.69 kg.m-2以上,均高于多菌灵处理。吡唑醚菌酯在小麦籽粒中的最终残留量为0.0310~0.0647 mg.kg-1,小于国际食品法典委员会规定的0.2 mg.kg-1,残留较低。吡唑醚菌酯在山东和安徽小麦植株中的半衰期低于11.3 d,在土壤中的半衰期低于9.9 d,属于易降解农药。因此吡唑醚菌酯用于防治小麦赤霉病可达到较高防效且对人体较为安全。     

不同类型超级小麦产量构成因素及籽粒产量的通径分析

以8个不同类型的超级小麦新品种（系）为材料,研究了不同土壤肥力条件下3种类型超级小麦的产量构成因素变化及其对籽粒产量的相关分析和通径分析。结果表明,在高肥地力下,大穗型品种和中间型品种的产量高于多穗型品种;而中、低肥力下,多穗型品种的产量又显著高于大穗型品种。在本试验条件下,大穗型和多穗型品种的穗数、     

玉米群体光分布特征及其对产量和品质的影响

通过测定不同种植密度玉米群体的光能分布,研究了群体光能分布特征对玉米产量和品质的影响,结果显示,只有光照条件适宜的群体,才能充分利用光能,并可获得高产优质的玉米子粒。     

利用“永久F2”群体剖析玉米产量及其相关性状的遗传机制

利用RIL群体构建了一套包含441个杂交组合的玉米“永久F₂”群体,通过253个SSR标记的等位基因频率分析,发现“永久F₂”群体的遗传组成与基因频率与F₂群体相似,理论上可以代替F₂群体进行相关遗传研究。通过两年一点的田间试验,利用复合区间作图法对玉米产量及其3个主要构成因子进行了遗传分析。结果表明,玉米产量与穗长、穗行数及百粒重呈显著或极显著正相关,而穗长与穗行数和百粒重显著负相关。共定位3个产量QTL、8个穗长QTL,11个穗行数QTL和5个百粒重QTL。     

Long-term Low Radiation Decreases Leaf Photosynthesis, Photochemical Efficiency and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

Low radiation reduces wheat grain yield in tree-crop intercropping systems in the major wheat planting area of China. Here, two winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) cultivars, Yangmai 158 (shading tolerant) and Yangmai 11 (shading sensitive), were shaded from jointing to maturity to evaluate the impact of low radiation on crop growth, photosynthesis and yield. Grain yield losses and leaf area index (LAI) reduction were less than the reduction in solar radiation under both shading treatment in both cultivars. Compared with the control (S0), grain yield only reduced 6.4 % and 9.9 % under 22 % shading treatment (S1), while 16.2 % and 25.8 % under 33 % shading (S2) in Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 respectively. The reduction in LAI was 6.0 % and 9.2 % (S1), and 18.2 % and 22.2 % (S2) in Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 respectively. However, decline in canopy apparent photosynthetic rate (CAP) was 15.0–22.9 % (S1) and 29.5–49.6 % (S2), which was consistent with the reduction in radiation. The reduction in LAI was partially compensated by increases in the fraction of the top and bottom leaf area to the total leaf area, which facilitated to intercept more solar radiation by the canopy. The decrease in photosynthetic rate ( Pn ) of flag leaf was partially compensated by the increase in Pn of the third leaf from the top. In addition, an inconsistency between the low Pn and the high Chl content in flag leaf was observed at 30 DAA. This could be explained that more excitation energy was dispersed via the non-photochemical approaches in the photosystem II (PSII) of flag leaf after long-term shading.     

稻秸还田与播种方式影响小麦出苗及产量的大田试验研究

为了研究水稻秸秆还田与播种方式对小麦出苗及籽粒产量的影响,通过田间大区试验,分析了稻秸机械全量还田与不同播种方式对小麦出苗率、出苗均匀性及产量性状的影响。结果显示,稻秸不还田条件下,机械条播的出苗率显著低于机械匀播和人工撒播,机械条播、机械匀播和人工撒播的出苗率分别为51.84%、90.89%和88.87%;人工撒播的出苗均匀性差于机械条播和机械匀播,3 种播种方式的出苗变异系数分别为0.49、0.26 和0.23。稻秸机械全量还田条件下,不同播种方式处理的出苗率和出苗均匀性都有所降低,其中机械条播的下降幅度较大,出苗率降低了36.54%。小麦出苗率和出苗均匀性通过影响穗数、穗粒数、千粒重而影响籽粒产量,无论稻秸是否还田,机械匀播的产量均高于其余两种播种方式,稻秸不还田和全量还田条件下的产量分别为6091.34 kg/hm2和6476.20 kg/hm2。因此,在稻秸还田小麦生产中,推荐采用机械匀播的播种方式,不仅能提高小麦的田间出苗率,而且能保持较好的出苗均匀性,有利于获得较高的籽粒产量。     

西花蓟马在月季上的空间分布和种群动态研究

摘要：通过田间调查,和应用聚集度指标检验和线形回归方程检验,研究探讨了西花蓟马的空间分布型和种群动态。结果表明,该害虫在月季上呈聚集分布, 其分布的基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引,这种聚集主要是由环境条件和西花蓟马本身聚集习性引起。运用Iwao的m*-m直线回归方程建立了理论抽样数模型,田间理论抽样数可用N=1/D2[6.7692/m+0.4799]进行估计。田间抽样调查以棋盘式为最佳。6月8日到7月4日之间西花蓟马在月季上种群动态为单峰型,6月19日为种群密度最高时期。