奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌裂解性噬菌体裂解酶LysIMEP5基因的克隆及序列分析

为了克隆奶牛乳房炎金黄色(葡萄球菌裂解性噬菌体裂解酶Lys IMEP5基因,分析其生物信息学特性,以本实验室分离的奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌裂解性噬菌体v B_Sau S_IMEP5为材料,根据其全基因组学信息,获取裂解酶基因序列,应用Primer 5.0设计特异性引物。采用PCR方法扩增并克隆Lys IMEP5基因,通过BLAST进行序列比对分析,利用在线软件对蛋白结构进行预测。成功克隆到裂解酶Lys IMEP5基因,测序结果通过DNAMAN比对与原序列完全匹配,无任何基因突变,同源性分析显示,与已报道的金黄色葡萄球菌噬菌体裂解酶相似性最高为83.1%;裂解酶Lys IMEP5基因序列全长1371 bp,共编码456个氨基酸,为亲水性蛋白,分子质量为51.717 k Da,理论等电点为9.70;Lys IMEP5同时存在CHAP片段和Amidase-3片段;该蛋白无跨膜区,无信号肽,以无规则卷曲为主。从奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌裂解性噬菌体中成功克隆出Lys IMEP5基因,通过对该蛋白的结构预测分析为后续克隆表达及开发新型绿色抑菌剂奠定了基础。     

金黄色葡萄球菌烈性噬菌体的分离鉴定和最佳保存方法研究

基于细菌rRNA区域序列的PCR技术,通过设计特异性引物从奶样中快速、准确地鉴定奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌。采用金黄色葡萄球菌与挤奶前从奶牛乳房上洗刷下来的污水经过3次富集的方法,通过双层琼脂平板法,分离纯化得到了强裂解性的奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌的噬菌体。本试验分离的是可收缩尾的噬菌体,其头部为二十面体,约50 nm×62.5 nm,尾部长约187.5 nm,尾宽约37.5 nm,有尾鞘、基板等结构。纯化后在双层琼脂平板上形成的噬菌斑大而整齐,边缘光滑,透明,直径约2 mm,具有明显的强裂解性噬菌体特性,通过测定,该噬菌体的最佳感染复数为0.01,效价大于10⁹ PFU/mL。对噬菌体的不同保存方法进行比较,结果表明,将噬菌体置于-80 ℃加入7% DMSO冷藏是较好的保存方法。     

噬菌体内溶素对奶牛乳房炎致病菌的溶解作用

奶牛乳房炎一直是困扰养牛业的顽疾。诱发奶牛乳房炎的致病菌通常包括金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌等致病菌,停乳链球菌、乳房链球菌、大肠埃希菌等环境致病菌以及表皮葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、模仿葡萄球菌等机会性致病菌。噬菌体是一类细菌依赖性的病毒,可通过内溶素抑制肽聚糖的合成,或利用穿孔素-内溶素系统水解肽聚糖。在体外试验中,噬菌体及其内溶素可溶解、抑制细菌生物膜,裂解乳房炎致病菌;在体内试验中,可清除感染动物体内的乳房炎致病菌,对奶牛乳房炎具有治疗效果。因此,噬菌体及其内溶素在奶牛乳房炎治疗方面具有良好的应用前景。     

奶牛乳腺炎源金黄色葡萄球菌噬菌体P82的分离及特性研究

【目的】 为开发噬菌体"鸡尾酒"制剂防治奶牛乳腺炎提供生物学材料。【方法】 以实验室分离的奶牛乳腺炎源金黄色葡萄球菌82为宿主菌,通过点滴法和双层平板法在奶牛场的污水、弃奶和粪便混合物中分离并纯化其噬菌体,通过噬菌斑及透射电子显微镜对该株噬菌体的形态特征进行观察。利用核酸酶处理分析该噬菌体核酸类型,并对其裂解谱、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、热稳定性、pH稳定性进行研究。【结果】 分离筛选出金黄色葡萄球菌82的裂解性噬菌体P82,电镜下观察其头部为二十面体,大小约为120 nm×83 nm,有一条带可伸缩尾鞘的长尾,长约126 nm,属于有尾噬菌体目,肌尾噬菌体科。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定其核酸类型为双链DNA （dsDNA）。噬菌体P82的最佳感染复数为0.001,对奶牛乳腺炎源金黄色葡萄球菌裂解率为36.51%（23/63）,宿主谱较广;其生长潜伏期约为25 min,爆发期约为45 min,裂解量约为74 PFU/cell;在pH 4.0~12.0时活性稳定,在pH 2.0和13.0时则完全失去活性。噬菌体P82热稳定性较高,在70 ℃作用60 min后仍有裂解能力,在80 ℃作用40 min时则失去裂解能力。【结论】 本研究分离的噬菌体P82效价较高、裂解能力强、增殖速度快、噬菌谱广,对不同温度和pH均有较好的耐受度,能作为专一性裂解奶牛乳腺炎源金黄色葡萄球菌的噬菌体候选株,可与其他噬菌体混合制成噬菌体"鸡尾酒"制剂用于防治奶牛乳腺炎,为奶牛乳腺炎的噬菌体疗法提供材料。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与耐药分析

为了解本地区规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的流行与耐药情况，本研究采集了300份奶牛乳房炎奶样，进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离、培养，利用荧光PCR方法鉴定，同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。结果表明：从奶牛乳房炎样品中分离出42株金黄色葡萄球菌，分离率为14%；耐药性分析表明分离的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、磺胺异噁唑耐药率超过70%，对庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、头孢哌酮敏感性大于90%。本研究为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防控与临床用药提供了依据。     

胸腺嘧啶依赖型金黄色葡萄球菌小菌落突变株的分离鉴定

本试验对由患慢性奶牛乳房炎奶样中分离出的1株疑似金黄色葡萄球菌小菌落突变株(SCVs)进行形态观察、金黄色葡萄球菌相关保守基因片段(nuc、nucA、16S rDNA) 多重PCR扩增鉴定、药敏试验、生理生化特性研究及补偿试验。结果显示分离出1株金黄色葡萄球菌SCVs,该菌含有金黄色葡萄球菌菌种特异性基因nuc和nucA;与金黄色葡萄球菌质控菌株ATCC 25923的抑菌圈大小明显不同;菌落形态主要表现为菌落细小、生长缓慢、溶血能力下降;凝固酶活性下降;耐盐能力降低;革兰氏染色为革兰氏阳性球菌,呈葡萄状排列;补偿试验鉴定该金黄色葡萄球菌SCVs为胸腺嘧啶依赖型。结果表明成功分离鉴定出1株胸腺嘧啶依赖型金黄色葡萄球菌SCVs,为由金黄色葡萄球菌SCVs引起的奶牛慢性乳房炎的预防和控制及其致病机制的研究奠定前期基础。     

新疆部分地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖分型的研究

为调查新疆奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌主要流行血清型,本研究采用玻板凝集和双重PCR方法对不同地区奶牛乳房炎乳样中分离的117株金黄色葡萄球菌进行血清分型.结果表明荚膜多糖5型占10.26％(12/117),8型占13.68％(16/117),336型占64.96％(76/117),未分型菌株占11.11 ％(13/117).该研究为新疆奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗菌株的筛选提供了依据.     

北京地区奶牛隐性乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解北京地区奶牛隐性乳房炎中金黄色葡萄球菌的感染情况及对常用药物的敏感性,用科玛嘉显色培养基和16SrRNA PCR检测方法对5个奶牛场的100份隐性乳房炎奶样进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定,采用K-B纸片扩增法进行药敏试验。结果表明,显色培养基分离到24株疑似金黄色葡萄球菌,经16SrRNA PCR鉴定,15株为金黄色葡萄球菌;药敏试验结果显示,15株金黄色葡萄球菌均对β-内酰胺类中的氨苄西林产生普遍耐药性,对克林霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率较高,分别为53.33%和40%;对氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的耐药性较低,耐药率为6.67%。说明15株金黄色葡萄球菌分离株对7类9种抗菌药物都有不同程度的耐药性。     

乳房炎源性金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜检测及药敏试验

金黄色葡萄球菌是奶牛乳房炎的最主要病原之一,由其引起的奶牛乳房炎发病率高、防治困难,常常会给奶业造成巨大经济损失,对食品安全造成巨大威胁.以新疆阿克苏地区奶牛乳房炎性金黄色葡萄球菌分离株为研究对象,详细观察了菌株在刚果红培养基上的形态,并通过K-B扩散法分析了5株金黄色葡萄球菌乳房炎分离株对19种抗生素的耐药情况.结果表明,5株金黄色葡萄球菌均具有生物被膜形成能力,且对青霉素、链霉素、氨苄西林和四环素等常用抗生素完全耐药,对万古霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、阿米卡星等抗生素中度敏感,而对恩诺沙星、头孢西丁和头孢噻肟3种抗生素高度敏感.研究结果提示,乳房炎性金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的耐药性,而这种耐药性可能与其生物被膜形成有关.     

奶牛乳房炎致病菌的分离和鉴定

本试验对临沂兰山区养殖户45份乳样进行乳房炎致病菌的分离鉴定,共分离得到4种主要致病菌分别为大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏试验表明该地区奶牛乳房炎治疗首选药物为先锋V、氯霉素和阿米卡星。     

Phenotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Israeli dairy herds

A study of the characterization of the phenotypic patterns of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Israeli dairy herds and their correlation with the severity of the disease was undertaken. A total of 400 chronically S. aureus-infected Israeli-Holstein cows, from 15 dairy herds were included in this study. Based on the results of the biochemical reactions, of the anti-biogram and phage typing, one major type of S. aureus was determined in each herd, its prevalence being between 54 and 100% of the total isolates from that same herd. The majority of the isolates were found to be non-haemolytic (62.7%). The most common phage type was 3/A,3/C,55,71, which was predominant in five herds. In two herds none of the isolates (24) were typable by this set of phages. All isolates were susceptible to methicillin, erythromycin, cephalotin, norfloxacin, trimethoprin-sulphamethoxazole and novobiocin. Most isolates were resistant to penicillin (96.6%) and 52% to oxytetracyclin. Differences in protein patterns between 50 and 36 kDa were found by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No correlation between any combination of the phenotypic characteristics was found when correlation was done with milk yield and somatic cell count, corresponding to the 6 months before sampling. Otherwise, a positive correlation was found between type of haemolysis and the N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAGase) values. In milk from quarters infected with the-non-haemolytic strains, the level of NAGase was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that from quarters infected with the haemolytic strains (69.7 and 105.9, respectively). However, the level of NAGase activity in the milk of the quarters infected with the non-haemolytic strains was significantly higher (P < 0.05) when compared to the milk of quarters infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci (43.5).     

奶牛乳腺炎的细菌学研究

在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明:泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母菌为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的捡出率分别为 5．82％,4．17%,10．16％;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著(P<0．01),隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著(P >0．05)。     

Lytic activities, protein profiles and morphologic characteristics of new bacteriophages isolated from canine and human Staphylococcus aureus strains.

The lytic activity, protein profile and morphology of five newly isolated phages from canine Staphylococcus aureus strains and one from a human S. aureus strain were compared with those of selected phages in the international phage sets (IPS). Five canine phages lysed 57 (76.0%) of 75 canine isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Nigeria at routine test dilution (RTD) while 34 (IPS) phages typed only 31 (41.3%) strains at RTD or/and 100-RTD. The new human phage lysed 11 (14.7%) of 75 strains isolated from human diarrhoea. The new phages were readily propagated, specific in activity and stable during storage at 4 degrees C. Prominent proteins detected by SDS-PAGE indicated similarities between some of the phages but one canine phage was distinctly different, as was its morphology which was an isometric head with a short tail compared to oval heads and long tails which characterized others. IPS phages in the same serologic group had similar protein profiles but no correlation was observed with lytic groups. The use of protein profile and electron micrographs allowed classification of the phages into serogroups. It is concluded that the newly isolated canine phages could be very useful in typing Nigerian canine strains of S. aureus.     

The dual role of wild phages for horizontal gene transfer among Salmonella strains

Salmonella bacteriophages seem to mediate horizontal transfer of virulence functions among Salmonella strains in two different ways: by general transduction and also by lysogenic conversion. The majority of wild phages isolated from Salmonella strains belong to the P22 like phages and were able to transduce. Our data show that the lysogenic conversion is generally accompanied by changes in the susceptibility to the typing phages used for epidemiological purposes. Similar phage type conversions to S. Typhimurium DT104 could be detected upon lysogenization with two other S. Typhimurium strains. For some S. Typhimurium strains the typical phage pattern is actually associated with alterations of virulence characteristics. For example, all tested wild type isolates of phage types DT49 and DT204 were found to be SopE phi-lysogens. The Anderson typing phages interfere with the prophages and/or cryptic phages and so the complex genetic short-term evolution can be demonstrated in the lab. This is one reason for the successful application of phage typing in Salmonella epidemiology since the 50s.     

Isolation and characteristics of bacteriophages from staphylococci of chicken origin.

Lysogenicity in chicken coagulase-positive staphylococci was tested by incubating the strains in the presence of mitomycin C. Of 88 strains tested, 84 (95.5%) were proved to be phage carriers and 81 were susceptible to any of the phages. The lysogenic strains were detected with almost equal frequency from both of typeable and untypeable strains by the international phages. Sixteen phages (CH phages) were isolated from chicken lysogenic strains, and their usefulness for the typing of chicken staphylococci was evaluated. Of 122 strains examined, 101 (82.8%) were found to be typeable with the CH phages at a routine test dilution (RTD). About 82% of strains untypeable by the phages of the international series were lysed by one or more of the CH phages. The phages seemed to be highly specific to chicken staphylococci, because they lysed only a few strains of animal origin other than chicken. Thus, the 16 phages newly established were found to have significant advantages in typing chicken strains.     

Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry in Australia. I. Phage typing and cultural characteristics

The phage typing and cultural characteristics of 574 strains of S. aureus of poultry origin in Australia were examined. With the avian phage set of Shimizu (1979) it was possible to type 74.2% of strains. A number of significant variations in the phage typing patterns of Australian strains compared to those reported from Japan and Europe were observed. A lower proportion of Australian strains were of avian phage group I and a higher proportion of group III. A high proportion of strains were of mixed lytic groups. No locally isolated phages were able to increase significantly the percentage of typeable strains, although four local phages appeared to be of greater value for phage typing poultry strains of S. aureus than some other phages of the avian phage set. The international (human) phage set was of limited value in typing Australian strains of poultry origin although four strains were identified which were indistinguishable from strains of human origin. Using cultural characteristics of the strains in conjunction with phage typing, the Australian strains of S. aureus were assigned to one of three major groups and nine subgroups. A list of typing phages considered to be valuable for use on Australian poultry strains of S. aureus is given.     

青海省部分规模化奶牛场乳房炎主要病原菌调查分析

为了初步摸清青海省部分规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的发病情况,本研究采集了青海省5个规模化奶牛场共142份样品,进行细菌的分离鉴定、生化实验及耐药性检测。发现在5个规模化奶牛场中都有不同程度的乳房炎发生。鉴定结果显示,在142份样品中共检出大肠杆菌20株,检出率为14.08%(20/142);金黄色葡萄球菌6株,检出率为4.23%(6/142);链球菌2株,检出率为1.41%(2/142)。耐药性检测结果显示,大肠杆菌对氟苯尼考高度敏感,对头孢他啶、丁胺卡那比较敏感,对青霉素、链霉素等其他药物耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、头孢他啶较敏感,对其他药物耐药。链球菌对阿莫西林、氨苄西林敏感,对其他药物耐药。     

Isolation of Staphylococcus species from the tonsils of healthy cattle and phage patterns of isolates

Staphylococci were found in the tonsils of 121 (75.2%) of 161 cattle. There were 15 different species, 10 belonging to novobiocin-sensitive species. The most predominant species was S. simulans (79.3% of the 121 carriers), followed by S. aureus (20.7%), S. chromogenes (10.7%) and S. epidermidis (8.3%). The other 11 species were present in 0.8 to 5.8%. Twenty-six unidentifiable isolates were isolated from 26 (21.5%) carriers. Sixty-two (51.2%) of the 121 carriers yielded two to five Staphylococcus species together while only one species could be found in each of the other 59 (48.8%). Combinations of S. simulans and other species were most frequently encountered in 50 (41.3%) of the 121 carriers. Twenty-four (96.0%) out of 25 S. aureus isolates, 3 (42.9%) of 7 S. hyicus isolates and 45 (25.4%) of 177 coagulase-negative staphylococci (13 species and unidentifiable isolates) isolates were phage typable. Most of S. aureus isolates were lysed by bovine phages 119 (n = 16) or 116 (n = 5). Thirty-three (25.4%) of 45 coagulase-negative staphylococci typable isolates with Pulverer's phage set showed the phage pattern ph5/ph9/ph10/ph12/ph13/U4/U14/U16/++ +U20/U46. The tonsils of cattle thus appear to be a suitable environment for Staphylococcus species, particularly novobiocin-sensitive species.     

Phage typing coagulase-positive staphylococci from rooks and gulls

Phage typing was performed on 86 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 25 strains of Staphylococcus intermedius from rooks and gulls with human, bovine, chicken and canine phages. Eighty per cent of the S aureus strains and 64 per cent of the S intermedius strains were typable. The S aureus biotype D strains of rook origin were specifically lysed at routine test dilution (RTD) by chicken phages from groups I or I + IV, by human phages belonging to groups I and M, and partly by canine phage 58. The other rook and gull S aureus strains did not show characteristic phage patterns. The S intermedius strains isolated from both species of birds could be typed only with canine phages and this correlated with their classification into biotypes. All the biotype 1 strains tested but only two of 12 biotype 2 strains were lysed with canine phages at RTD.