Senescence of nickel-transformed cells by an X chromosome: possible epigenetic control

Transfer of a normal Chinese hamster X chromosome (carried in a mouse A9 donor cell line) to a nickel-transformed Chinese hamster cell line with an Xq chromosome deletion resulted in senescense of these previously immortal cells. At early passages of the A9/CX donor cells, the hamster X chromosome was highly active, inducing senescence in 100% of the colonies obtained after its transfer into the nickel-transformed cells. However, senescence was reduced to 50% when Chinese hamster X chromosomes were transferred from later passage A9 cells. Full senescing activity of the intact hamster X chromosome was restored by treatment of the donor mouse cells with 5-azacytidine, which induced demethylation of DNA. These results suggest that a senescence gene or genes, which may be located on the Chinese hamster X chromosome, can be regulated by DNA methylation, and that escape from senescence and possibly loss of tumor suppressor gene activity can occur by epigenetic mechanisms.     

Duplication, deletion, and polymorphism in the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome

The ZFY gene in the sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome encodes a "zinc-finger" protein that may be the testis-determining factor, TDF. Although the Y chromosomes of most placental mammals carry a single homolog of ZFY, the mouse Y chromosome has two homologs, both in the sex-determining (Sxr) region. Zfy-1 alone may suffice to determine maleness; Zfy-2 is dispensable, as it was deleted in an Sxr variant that retains sex-determining function but has lost other genes. Both loci mapped near the centromere of the mouse Y chromosome. The Y chromosomes of the subspecies Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus were distinguishable by a Zfy-1 restriction fragment polymorphism, which can be used to study their differing interactions with autosomal sex-determining genes.     

Genes for epilepsy mapped in the mouse

The neurological mutant mouse strain E1 is a model for complex partial seizures in humans. The inheritance of epileptic seizures with seven conventional chromosomal markers and over 60 endogenous proviral markers was studied by means of back-crosses of E1 with two seizure-resistant strains, DBA/2J and ABP/LeJ. The major gene responsible for this epileptic phenotype (El-1) was localized to a region distal with respect to the centromere on chromosome 9. At least one other gene, El-2, linked to proviral markers on chromosome 2, also influences the seizure phenotype. In addition, a potential modifier of seizures was detected in the DBA/2J background. The location of El-1 on distal chromosome 9 may allow identification of an epilepsy candidate gene in humans on the basis of conserved synteny with human chromosome 3.     

A mouse model of the aniridia-Wilms tumor deletion syndrome

Deletion of chromosome 11p13 in humans produces the WAGR syndrome, consisting of aniridia (an absence or malformation of the iris), Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), genitourinary malformations, and mental retardation. An interspecies backcross between Mus musculus/domesticus and Mus spretus was made in order to map the homologous chromosomal region in the mouse genome and to define an animal model of this syndrome. Nine evolutionarily conserved DNA clones from proximal human 11p were localized on mouse chromosome 2 near Small-eyes (Sey), a semidominant mutation that is phenotypically similar to aniridia. Analysis of Dickie's Small-eye (SeyDey), a poorly viable allele that has pleiotropic effects, revealed the deletion of three clones, f3, f8, and k13, which encompass the aniridia (AN2) and Wilms tumor susceptibility genes in man. Unlike their human counterparts, SeyDey/+ mice do not develop nephroblastomas. These findings suggest that the Small-eye defect is genetically equivalent to human aniridia, but that loss of the murine homolog of the Wilms tumor gene is not sufficient for tumor initiation. A comparison among Sey alleles suggests that the AN2 gene product is required for induction of the lens and nasal placodes.     

Salivary proline-rich protein genes on chromosome 8 of mouse

Endonuclease restriction (Hind III) fragments of DNA from Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrids hybridized with proline-rich protein complementary DNA clones only when the DNA was isolated from cells containing mouse chromosome 8, or a fragment of chromosome 8. The evidence suggests that proline-rich protein genes are located at the proximal portion of chromosome 8 toward the centromere.     

Chromosomal locations of the murine T-cell receptor alpha-chain gene and the T-cell gamma gene

Two independent methods were used to identify the mouse chromosomes on which are located two families of immunoglobulin (Ig)-like genes that are rearranged and expressed in T lymphocytes. The genes coding for the alpha subunit of T-cell receptors are on chromosome 14 and the gamma genes, whose function is yet to be determined, are on chromosome 13. Since genes for the T-cell receptor beta chain were previously shown to be on mouse chromosome 6, all three of the Ig-like multigene families expressed and rearranged in T cells are located on different chromosomes, just as are the B-cell multigene families for the Ig heavy chain, and the Ig kappa and lambda light chains. The findings do not support earlier contentions that genes for T-cell receptors are linked to the Ig heavy chain locus (mouse chromosome 12) or to the major histocompatibility complex (mouse chromosome 17).     

基于体细胞评分的中国荷斯坦牛乳房炎抗性全基因组关联分析

【目的】通过全基因组关联分析定位和筛选相关基因,寻找与奶牛乳房炎抗性相关的分子标记,以进行下一步的标记辅助选择。【方法】对2 093头北京地区中国荷斯坦牛SCC进行对数转化,依据LASCS=log_2∑SCC/n和SCS-SD=log_2∑(scc-u)~2/n-1将测定日记录SCC转化为服从正态分布的统计量LASCS和SCS-SD。同时将LASCS和SCS-SD进行半个标准差(half of standard deviation,0.5 SD)和一个标准差(one standard deviation,1 SD)的划分,将牛只划分为乳房炎易感牛(Case)及抗性牛(Control)。将54 001个SNPs进行质控,剔除不符合条件的SNPs,剔除的条件是:SNPs的call rate90%,严重偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(HWE)(P10E-6)和最小等位基因频率(MAF)0.03。然后通过ROADTRIPS软件(版本1.2)的3种检验:RM检验、RCHI检验和RW检验对LASCS和SCS-SD进行Case-control方法的全基因组关联分析。通过Bonferroni方法对关联分析结果进行校正,并针对牛的每条染色体分别制定各条染色体的显著水平,以0.05分别除每条染色体上的SNP数目,作为每条染色体的显著性水平。同时,将所有个体的LASCS和SCS-SD作为连续性状通过线性混合模型进行全基因组关联分析,将结果进行比较,以确定显著SNPs的位置。【结果】通过0.5 SD/1 SD的标准将群体划分后,分别有1371/708个个体用于LASCS性状的关联分析,和1385/716个个体用于SCS-SD性状的关联分析。通过质控将不符合的SNPs剔除之后,共有43781/43671(43817/43704)个SNPs分别可用于LASCS(SCS-SD)的0.5 SD/1 SD的关联分析。对LASCS和SCS-SD进行全基因组关联分析,经染色体水平上的Bonferroni校正(P0.05),共发现5个SNPs达到显著水平,其中3个SNPs定位到X染色体上,其它2个SNPs分别定位到7和28号染色体上。通过对基于0.5 SD的SCS-SD的乳房炎抗性进行全基因组关联分析发现一个全基因组水平显著的SNP(Hapmap48573-BTA-104531,P=1.11E-06)位于X染色体上。结果发现,被检测到5个显著的SNPs中,X染色体的显著SNPs(Hapmap48573-BTA-104531和Hapmap54175-rs29021817)位于IL1RAPL2基因内,7号染色体的显著SNP周围存在与炎症反应相关的基因(ILF3)。这两个基因都与白介素有关,而白介素4、5、6、12、13、17、22、23等都参与了不同的炎症反应,并发挥了重要的作用。ILF3是白介素家族中的一个跟炎症反应相关的因子,其功能与抑制翻译蛋白有关。本研究还通过线性混合模型对LASCS和SCS-SD进行全基因组关联分析发现了与Case-control方法在X染色体上同时定位到的SNP(BTA-28466-no-rs)。通过比较两种方法(线性混合模型方法和Case-control方法),对同一性状用两种方法可以定位的相同的位点,但不同性状的结果就各不相同。【结论】本研究找到了与乳房炎症反应相关的基因,为奶牛乳房炎易感性及抗性的分子遗传基础研究提供了数据支持。     

Autosomal dominant mutations affecting X inactivation choice in the mouse

X chromosome inactivation is the silencing mechanism eutherian mammals use to equalize the expression of X-linked genes between males and females early in embryonic development. In the mouse, genetic control of inactivation requires elements within the X inactivation center (Xic) on the X chromosome that influence the choice of which X chromosome is to be inactivated in individual cells. It has long been posited that unidentified autosomal factors are essential to the process. We have used chemical mutagenesis in the mouse to identify specific factors involved in X inactivation and report two genetically distinct autosomal mutations with dominant effects on X chromosome choice early in embryogenesis.     

木薯中性/碱性转化酶基因家族11个成员在染色体上的定位

中性/碱性转化酶(Alkaline or neutral invertase,N/A-lnv)是木薯淀粉合成过程中的一种关键酶。笔者以木薯华南6号古铜期嫩叶为材料制备染色体标本,利用荧光原位杂交和原位PCR技术对N/A-lnv基因家族的11个成员进行了物理定位。结果表明,基因MeNINV5,MeNINV9和MeNINV10均位于第4号染色体上,其中基因MeNINV9和MeNINV10位于短臂上,到信号点的百分距离分别为68.52和95.35,基因MeNINV5位于长臂上,到着丝粒的百分距离为22.71;基因MeNINV4和nINV1均位于第6号染色体长臂上,到着丝粒的百分距离分别为43.16和80.71;基因MeNINV6和MeNINV7分别位于第7号和第17号染色体的长臂上,信号点到着丝粒的百分距离分别是15.38和57.97;基因MeNINV1,MeNIN,V2,MeNINV3和MeNINV8分别位于第11号、第9号、第5号和第16号染色体的短臂上,信号位点到着丝粒的百分距离分别是40.10,51.88,91.75和76.33。中性/碱性转化酶基因家族内部部分成员之间存在连锁关系。研究结果可为木薯淀粉的高效积累机制及木薯种质遗传改良提供分子细胞遗传学依据。     

水稻CMS-WA恢复基因的遗传和分子标记定位研究进展

综述了近25年来水稻野败型细胞质雄性不育（CMS—WA）恢复基因的遗传及其分子标记定位研究进展．有学者认为，CMS—WA育性的恢复受1对基因控制；大多数研究者认为受2对基因控制，2对基因间互作方式有加性、重叠和显隐性上位作用，也有的认为2对基因是相互独立的；还有人认为受多基因控制或是一种质量一数量性状．在恢复基因分子标记定位方面，有学者发现为1对恢复基因，并将其定位在第10染色体上，也有定位在第7染色体上；发现为2对恢复基因的学者，将其定位在第1和第10染色体上，或定位在第7和第10染色体上，也有将2对恢复基因都定位在第10染色体上；发现为多对恢复基因的学者，有人鉴别出8个基因位点，其中2个Rf-3和Rf-4为主效基因，分别定位在第3和第4染色体上，6个微效基因分别定位在第1，2，5，6，10和第12染色体上；也有人将2个主效基因定位在第1和第10染色体上；还有学者发现为4个QTLs，其中一个主效基因Rf-10被定位在第10染色体上，3个微效基因分别定位在第1，第7和第11染色体上．     

H-2-linked resistance to mastocytoma in male mice: immune response to a histocompatibility antigen on the X chromosome

Male hybrids from a cross between female mice of strain C57BL/6Kh and males of strain DBA/2J lived longer after injection of P815 mastocytoma cells of DBA/2 origin than did their female siblings. Responses to the histocompatibility antigen on the X chromosome of the DBA/2 strain may be involved in resistance to the tumor. When the female parent was replaced with a C57BL/6Kh carrying one of several mutations in the H-2 region, this sex effect disappeared in some of the hybrid combinations. Thus, the H-2 complex appears to be involved in the regulation of the immune response to the X-linked histocompatibility antigen in this tumor model.     

牦牛2个α-珠蛋白基因在染色体上排列顺序的确定

本试验扩增并克隆测定了牦牛2个α-珠蛋白基因间区域的序列.根据所测结果及人、鼠、山羊、马和黄牛的α-珠蛋白基因序列比对中的保守区设计了2对特异性引物,扩增并克隆测定了牦牛α-珠蛋白的上、下游基因序列.将测定的牦牛α-珠蛋白基因间区域序列进行同源性搜索,发现没有任何一个基因与它同源.上、下游基因的测序结果表明,上游基因为牦牛α1-珠蛋白基因,下游基因为α2-珠蛋白基因.这表明牦牛的2个α-珠蛋白基因在染色体上紧密排列,其中α1-珠蛋白基因在前,α2-珠蛋白基因在后.     

A new DNA marker tightly linked to the fragile X locus (FRAXA)

The fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of familial mental retardation. Genetic counseling and gene isolation are hampered by a lack of DNA markers close to the disease locus. Two somatic cell hybrids that each contain a human X chromosome with a breakpoint close to the fragile X locus have been characterized. A new DNA marker (DXS296) lies between the chromosome breakpoints and is the closest marker to the fragile X locus yet reported. The Hunter syndrome gene, which causes iduronate sulfatase deficiency, is located at the X chromosome breakpoint that is distal to this new marker, thus localizing the Hunter gene distal to the fragile X locus.     

The human homologs of the raf (mil) oncogene are located on human chromosomes 3 and 4

Two human genes that are homologous to both the murine transforming gene (oncogene) v-raf and the chicken transforming gene v-mil have been mapped by means of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids to human chromosomes previously devoid of known oncogenes. One gene, c-raf-2, which appears to be a processed pseudogene, is located on chromosome 4. The other gene, c-raf-1, which appears to be the active gene, is located on chromosome 3 and has been regionally mapped by chromosomal in situ hybridization to 3p25. This assignment correlates with specific chromosomal abnormalities associated with certain human malignancies.     

Gene for T-cell growth factor: location on human chromosome 4q and feline chromosome B1

T-cell growth factor (TCGF) or interleukin-2 (IL-2), an immunoregulatory lymphokine, is produced by lectin- or antigen-activated mature T lymphocytes and in a constitutive manner by certain T-cell lymphoma cell lines. By means of a molecular clone of human TCGF and DNA extracted from a panel of somatic cell hybrids (rodent cells X normal human lymphocytes), the TCGF structural gene was identified on human chromosome 4. In situ hybridization of the TCGF clone to human chromosomes resulted in significant labeling of the midportion of the long arm of chromosome 4, indicating that the TCGF gene was located at band q26-28. Genomic DNA from a panel of hybrids prepared with HUT-102 B2 cells was examined with the same molecular clone. In this clone of cells, which produces human T-cell leukemia virus, the TCGF gene was also located on chromosome 4 and was apparently not rearranged. The homologous TCGF locus in the domestic cat was assigned to chromosome B1 by using a somatic cell hybrid panel that segregates cat chromosomes. Linkage studies as well as high-resolution G-trypsin banding indicate that this feline chromosome is partially homologous to human chromosome 4.     

应用RFLP图谱定位分析籼稻粒形数量性状基因座位

 用二个籼型杂交组合的F#-2群体，构建了二张分别具有89和93个标记位点的RFLP图谱。在此基础上，应用方差分析法和区间作图法对控制籼稻粒形性状的QTLs进行定位。在特三矮2号/CB1128群体中，定位了14个QTLs，其中5个控制粒长，2个主效基因（分别位于第5、第7染色体）和2个微效基因控制粒宽，1个主效基因和4个微效基因控制粒厚。在外引2号/CB1128群体中，共定位了13个QTLs，其中5个影响粒长，2个主效基因（分别位于第2、第5染色体）和3个微效基因控制粒宽，3个微效基因影响粒厚。此外，估算了每个QTL的贡献率、加性效应和显性效应值，分析某些染色体区间的多效现象，比较分析二群体QTLs定位结果的异同。     

A chicken transferrin gene in transgenic mice escapes X-chromosome inactivation

Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation involves a coordinate shutting down of physically linked genes. Several proposed models require the presence of specific sequences near genes to permit the spread of inactivation into these regions. If such models are correct, one might predict that heterologous genes transferred onto the X chromosome might lack the appropriate signal sequences and therefore escape inactivation. To determine whether a foreign gene inserted into the X chromosome is subject to inactivation, transgenic mice harboring 11 copies of the complete, 17-kilobase chicken transferrin gene on the X chromosome were used. Male mice hemizygous for this insert were bred with females bearing Searle's translocation, an X-chromosome rearrangement that is always active in heterozygous females (the unrearranged X chromosome is inactive). Female offspring bearing the Searle's translocation and the chicken transferrin gene had the same amount of chicken transferrin messenger RNA in liver as did transgenic male mice or transgenic female mice lacking the Searle's chromosome. This result shows that the inserted gene is not subject to X-chromosome inactivation and suggests that the inactivation process cannot spread over 187 kilobases of DNA in the absence of specific signal sequences required for inactivation.     

结球甘蓝叶色（紫/绿）的遗传分析和基因定位

 【目的】明确结球甘蓝叶色（紫/绿）的遗传方式及其基因所位于的染色体。【方法】以普通结球甘蓝‘9601’及其系列初级三体为母本分别与紫甘蓝‘紫阳’杂交;结合形态学观察和染色体数目鉴定从各F1群体中选出三体（2n+1）植株进行测交;采用双体和三体遗传分析及χ2测验法对叶色基因进行染色体定位。【结果】双体遗传分析表明,结球甘蓝‘9601’和‘紫阳’的叶色（紫/绿）受2对独立遗传基因控制,紫红色对绿色为显性并表现加性效应;三体遗传分析显示,控制其叶色的两对基因分别位于3号和8号染色体上。【结论】结球甘蓝‘9601’和‘紫阳’的叶色（紫/绿）受2对独立遗传的基因控制并表现加性效应,两基因分别位于3和8号染色体。