牛体外受精胚胎培养技术研究

在COCs体外培养过程中添加共培养物质和采用不同体积的液滴进行培养,以探讨牛卵母细胞的体外培养效果。结果表明,卵丘细胞、卵丘细胞+bFF共培养系统对胚胎发育均有促进作用,其中以卵丘细胞+bFF共培养系统对桑椹胚和囊胚的发育最好,其囊胚率为10.63%,显著高于对照组的7.23%(P<0.05),高于卵丘细胞组的8.50%(P>0.05)。用培养皿微滴培养(50μL)和用4孔板大体积培养(500μL)的试验表明,大体积培养比微滴培养有优势,桑椹胚和囊胚率均较高,其中囊胚率为10.23%,显著高于培养皿微滴培养的9.07%(P<0.01)。     

All‐trans retinoic acid improves goat oocyte nuclear maturation and reduces apoptotic cumulus cells during in vitro maturation

All‐trans retinoic acid (t‐RA) is a natural component and representative physiologically active metabolite of vitamin A, having multiple physiologic functions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of t‐RA on goat oocyte maturation and cumulus cell apoptosis during in vitro maturation (IVM). Immature goat cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in vitro in the absence or presence of t‐RA at concentrations of 10 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L and 1000 nmol/L. Oocyte maturation and embryo development were assessed by polar body formation and parthenogenetic activation, respectively. Oocyte survival was checked by Trypan blue staining. Apoptosis of cumulus cells was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling staining and quantitative real‐time PCR. In comparison with the control group, 100 nmol/L and 10 nmol/L t‐RA significantly improved goat nuclear oocyte maturation and survival (P < 0.05). Addition of 1000 nmol/L t‐RA improved nuclear maturation (P < 0.05), but had no effect on survival of goat oocytes. t‐RA had no positive effect on goat parthenogenetic embryonic cleavage, blastocyst formation or total cell numbers. However, t‐RA inhibits the apoptosis of cumulus cells (P < 0.01). t‐RA treatment up‐regulated the expression of B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2), catalase (CAT) (P < 0.05) and down‐regulated the expression of Caspase‐8 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, t‐RA has positive effects on goat oocyte nuclear maturation and reduces apoptotic cumulus cells during IVM.     

兔卵母细胞成熟过程中组蛋白H3Ser10磷酸化表达分析

为研究卵母细胞成熟过程中组蛋白H3第10位丝氨酸(H3Ser10)磷酸化变化规律及其表达水平,本研究以体外成熟免卵母细胞为材料,采用免疫荧光标记方法检测兔卵母细胞成熟各时期组蛋白H3Ser10磷酸化的动态分布,同时探讨不同浓度组蛋白磷酸化激酶抑制剂(ZM447439)处理卵母细胞对组蛋白H3Ser10磷酸化表达的影响.结果显示:(1)兔卵母细胞组蛋白H3Ser10磷酸化始于生发泡破裂期(GVBD),且表达水平最高;第1次减数分裂中期(MⅠ期)磷酸化水平降低,第1次减数分裂后期(AⅠ期)及第2次减数分裂中期(MⅡ期)磷酸化水平呈上升趋势,但均比GVBD期低.(2)低浓度ZM447439对兔卵母细胞核成熟进程影响不大,当其浓度增加到30 μmol/L时,93.5％的卵母细胞停留在GVBD期.(3)ZM447439浓度为5μmol/L时,20.7％卵母细胞H3Ser10去磷酸化,其他卵母细胞H3Ser10磷酸化信号与未处理组相似;当ZM447439浓度增加到30μmol/L时,大多数卵母细胞中的H3Ser10磷酸化消失.以上结果表明:兔卵母细胞组蛋白H3Ser10磷酸化始于GVBD期,且一直持续到MⅡ期,GVBD期磷酸化水平最高.ZM447439可有效抑制兔卵母细胞减数分裂的恢复,且随其浓度的增加,组蛋白H3Ser10磷酸化水平降低;当浓度达30μmol/L时,卵母细胞组蛋白H3Ser10终止磷酸化.     

胰岛素和白血病抑制因子对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活胚胎的影响

为探讨胰岛素(Insulin)和白血病抑制因子(Leukemia inhibit factor,LIF)对猪卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)和猪孤雌激活胚胎(PAEs)的影响,在卵母细胞体外成熟或者胚胎培养基中添加Insulin和LIF,研究卵裂率和囊胚率的变化。结果:添加了5μg/mL Insulin后猪卵母细胞体外成熟效果显著提高,但成熟后孤雌激活发育能力与非添加组相近;而胚胎培养基中添加Insulin对孤雌胚的卵裂和囊胚的形成也没有明显促进作用;添加1 000 U/mL的LIF后,卵母细胞核成熟率没有明显提高,反而孤雌激活后囊胚率急剧下降,但对卵裂率以及囊胚总细胞数影响不大;在胚胎培养基中添加LIF后,孤雌胚的卵裂和囊胚形成并没有明显的提高。表明:Insulin对卵母细胞体外成熟有益,但是对孤雌胚胎的最佳处理程序还需要摸索;本文所采用的LIF处理对猪卵体外成熟以及孤雌胚胎体外发育没有帮助,还需要进一步研究其他浓度和处理程序对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活胚胎发育能力的影响。     

单层细胞共培养对猪去卵丘卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌发育的影响

本试验比较观察第一极体(The first polar body,PbⅠ)、Oosight imaging system观察和hocchst33342染色法对第2次减数分裂中期(Metaphase Ⅱ,MⅡ)卵母细胞判定结果的相关性分析,并探讨卵巢皮质细胞(porcine ovarian cortex cells,pOCCs)、猪输卵管上皮细胞(porcine oviductal epithelial cells,pOECs)和猪卵丘颗粒细胞(porcine cumulus cells,pCCs)等3种单层细胞体外共培养体系对猪去卵丘卵母细胞(cumulus cells denuded oocytes,Dos)体外成熟(in vitro maturation,IVM)和孤雌发育的影响。结果显示:(1)Oosight imaging system判定卵母细胞成熟的结果与hocchst33342染色法判定的结果有很强相关性(R=0.973,P<0.01,N=90);(2)pOCCs单层细胞共培养体系中猪去卵丘卵母细胞成熟率显著高于pOECs((52.5±0.30)%vs(43.8±2.18)%,P<0.05),且...     

Chronological changes of bovine follicular oocyte maturation in vitro

Chronological changes of bovine follicular cumulus-oocyte-complexesi were studied after in vitro maturation over a period of 48 h. According to their thickness and compactness of cumulus investments they were classified into 4 groups and cultured in enriched Ham’s F-10 medium with or without human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and estradiolbenzoate (EB) for 0, 6, 12, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 48 h. Representative samples were taken at each time interval for evaluation of nuclear maturation stages, ooplasm quality and size of the peri vitelline space (PVS). The results showed that oocyte nuclear breakdown (ONBD) required 6 to 12 h culture, and the peak of the first polar abstriction occurred at 24 h. The culture period required for ONBD and abstraction of the first polar body were related to the thickness and compactness of cumulus investments with and approximately 6 h delay in heavily compacted complexes. Ooplasm quality evaluation failed to show a clear trend, but the PVS increased in size from 0 h to 30 h and then, retracted again from 30 to 48 h. The overall maturation rate in the presence of hCG and EB was 79.1 %, and a substantial proportion (68.8 %) of nude or partially covered oocytes reached metaphase II stage. In the presence of hCG and EB no block at either metaphase I or at anaphase-telophase I was observed. In the absence of hCG and EB the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II was much lower (48.6%) in comparison with oocytes matured in the presence of these hormones (79.1 %). It was concluded a very high proportion of slaughterhouse oocytes could be matured in vitro and that the cumulus investments and addition of certain hormones affected the maturation rate.     

水牛卵母细胞在不同培养液中成熟与凋亡的比较研究

为了解卵母细胞体外成熟与凋亡过程,进而提高卵母细胞体外成熟率,本试验研究了在培养液中添加不同浓度的表皮生长因子(EGF)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)对水牛卵母细胞体外成熟和凋亡的影响。结果表明:(1)添加各种浓度的EGF(10,20,30,50,100 ng/mL)均可以提高水牛卵母细胞的成熟率,降低卵母细胞的凋亡率,其中50 ng/mL EGF有显著影响(P<0.05);(2)添加各种浓度的IGF-1(10,30,50,100 ng/mL)均能提高水牛卵母细胞体外成熟率,降低卵母细胞的凋亡率,以30 ng/mL效果明显(P<0.05);(3)添加20 ng/mL EGF+30ng/mL IGF-1组卵母细胞体外成熟率和凋亡率分别高于和低于单独添加IGF-1和EGF组。     

Optimization of parthenogenetic activation of rabbit oocytes and development of rabbit embryo by somatic cell nuclear transfer

The present study explored a suitable parthenogenetic activation (PA) procedure for rabbit oocytes and investigated the developmental potential of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos using rabbit foetal fibroblasts (RFFs). The electrical activation had the optimal rate of blastocyst (14.06%) when oocytes were activated by three direct current (DC) pulses (40 V/mm, 20 μs each) followed by 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) and cycloheximide (CHX) treatment; the blastocyst rate of ionomycin (ION) + 6‐DMAP + CHX (12.07%) activation was higher than that of ION + 6‐DMAP (8.6%) activation or ION + CHX (1.24%) activation; there was no significant difference in blastocyst rate between ION + 6‐DMAP + CHX and DC + 6‐DMAP + CHX groups. The blastocyst rate of ION + 6‐DMAP + CHX‐activated oocytes in the basic rabbit culture medium (M‐199) + 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS; 14.28%) was higher than that in buffalo conditioned medium (5.75%) or G1/G2 medium (0), and the blastocyst rate was increased when M‐199 + 10% FBS was supplemented with amino acids. Refreshing culture medium every day or every other day significantly increased the blastocyst rate. Treatment of donor cells with 0.5% FBS for 3–5 days increased blastocyst rate of SCNT embryos (33.33%) than no serum starvation (22.47%) or 0.5% FBS treatment for 6–9 days (23.61%); the blastocyst rate of SCNT embryos derived from nontransgenic RFFs was higher than that derived from transgenic RFFs by electroporation. The blastocyst development ability of SCNT embryos derived from RFFs by electroporation (32.22%) was higher than that of liposome (19.11%) or calcium phosphate (20.00%) transfection, and only the embryos from electroporation group have the EGFP expression (24.44%). In conclusion, this study for the first time systematically optimized the conditions for yield of rabbit embryo by SCNT.     

A new three-dimensional glass scaffold increases the in vitro maturation efficiency of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocyte via remodelling the extracellular matrix and cell connection of cumulus cells

At present, many three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have been reported, improving the oocyte quality of in vitro maturation (IVM), yet the mechanism still needs to be further explored. Here we examined the effects of a new self-made 3D glass scaffold on buffalo oocyte maturation; meanwhile, the underlying mechanism on buffalo oocyte maturation was also detected. Compared to the two-dimensional (2D) glass dish culture, results revealed that the 3D culture can improve the first polar body rate of oocytes, subsequent cleavage and blastocysts rate of parthenogenetic activation embryos (p < .05). The extracellular matrix-related proteins COL1A1, COL2A1, COL3A1, FN and cell connection-related proteins N-cadherin, E-cadherin, GJA1 were found higher in cumulus cells of 3D culture. Moreover, in cumulus cells, proteins of the PI3K/AKT pathway reported being regulated by FN and E-cadherin including PI3K P85 and p-AKT were also higher in 3D culture. Furthermore, proapoptosis proteins P53, BAX, caspase-3 were lower in both cumulus cells and oocytes in 3D culture, while proteins PCNA and BCL2 showed the opposite result. Results also showed that the apoptosis was inhibited, and the proliferation was enhanced in cumulus cells of 3D culture. Finally, the cumulus expansion-related genes HAS2, CD44, HMMR, PTX3, PTGS2 were found higher in cumulus cells of 3D culture. Taken together, the 3D culture could promote oocyte maturation by regulating proteins correlated with the ECM, cell connection and PI3K/AKT pathway, inhibiting the apoptosis of cumulus cells and oocytes, enhancing the proliferation of cumulus cells and the cumulus expansion.     

猪卵巢卵母细胞体外成熟体系研究进展

猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养中存在的问题是如何进一步提高卵母细胞的采集效率、急待解决的问题是成熟率不高和成熟质量差的问题。综合论述了猪体外受精技术所包含的猪卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)培养和受精卵的体外培养两项密切相关的技术与方法，以及完善现有的成熟体系及成熟过程。     

不同哺乳动物卵母细胞孤雌激活的研究进展

卵母细胞孤雌激活是核移植的关键技术之一，卵母细胞激活率的高低直接影响核移植的效率。作者主要对卵母细胞孤雌激活的机制、激活途径及不同哺乳动物卵母细胞孤雌激活进行概括性的分析。     

Effect of cumulus cell removal and sperm pre‐incubation with progesterone on in vitro fertilization of equine gametes in the presence of oviductal fluid or cells

In spite of many attempts to establish an in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique in the equine, no efficient conventional IVF technique is available. The presence of oviductal fluid or oviductal cells during IVF helps to improve embryo production in vitro but is not sufficient to reach high fertilization rates. Thus, our aim was to perform equine IVF either after sperm pre‐incubation with oviductal fluid or in the presence of oviductal cells, and to evaluate the effect of cumulus removal from the oocyte or sperm pre‐incubation with progesterone. In experiments 1 and 2, IVF was performed in the presence of porcine oviduct epithelial cells. The removal of cumulus cells from equine oocytes after in vitro maturation tended to increase the percentage of fertilization when fresh sperm was used (1/33 vs. 4/31, p > 0.05) but had no effect when frozen sperm was used (1/32 vs. 1/32). Equine sperm pre‐incubation with progesterone did not significantly influence the fertilization rate when fresh or frozen sperm was used (2/14 vs. 2/18 for fresh, 1/29 vs. 1/25 for frozen). In experiments 3 and 4, IVF was performed after pre‐incubation of sperm with porcine oviductal fluid. The removal of cumulus cells tended to increase the percentage of fertilization when fresh sperm was used (1/24 vs. 3/26, p > 0.05). Sperm pre‐incubation with progesterone did not significantly influence the fertilization rate when fresh or frozen sperm was used (2/39 vs. 2/36 for fresh, 2/37 vs. 1/46 for frozen), but two 3–4 cell stage zygotes were obtained with fresh sperm pre‐incubated with progesterone. This is an encouraging result for the setting up of an efficient IVF procedure in equine.     

Modification of maturation condition improves oocyte maturation and in vitro development of somatic cell nuclear transfer pig embryos

This study examined effects on the developmental competence of pig oocytes after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or parthenogenetic activation (PA) of : 1) co-culturing of oocytes with follicular shell pieces (FSP) during in vitro maturation (IVM); 2) different durations of maturation; and 3) defined maturation medium supplemented with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; control), pig follicular fluid (pFF), cysteamine (CYS), or β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME). The proportion of metaphase II oocytes was increased (p < 0.05) by co-culturing with FSP compared to control oocytes (98% vs. 94%). However, blastocyst formation after SCNT was not improved by FSP coculture (9% vs. 12%). Nuclear maturation of oocytes matured for 39 or 42 h was higher (p < 0.05) than that of oocytes matured for 36 h (95-96% vs. 79%). Cleavage (83%) and blastocyst formation (26%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in oocytes matured for 42 h than in other groups. Supplementation of a defined maturation medium with 100 µM CYS or 100 µM β-ME showed no stimulatory effect on oocyte maturation, embryo cleavage, or blastocyst formation after PA. β-ME treatment during IVM decreased embryo cleavage after SCNT compared to pFF or PVA treatments, but no significant difference was found in blastocyst formation (7-16%) among the four treatment groups. The results indicated that maturation of oocytes for 42 h was beneficial for the development of SCNT embryos. Furthermore, the defined maturation system used in this study could support in vitro development of PA or SCNT embryos.     

单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育能力的影响

研究旨在探讨单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟质量及其胚胎发育能力的影响。在猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COCs）体外成熟培养液中添加不同浓度（0、1、10、100 μg/mL）单宁酸培养42 h后,检测COCs的扩散程度和卵丘细胞扩散指数,统计COCs的体外成熟率,检测成熟卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）和生长分化因子9（growth differentiation factor 9,GDF9）的水平,并统计孤雌激活及体外受精胚胎48和168 h的卵裂率、囊胚率及囊胚总细胞数。结果显示,与对照组相比,10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵丘细胞扩散指数显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率差异不显著（P>0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组GSH和GDF9水平显著提高（P<0.05）,ROS水平显著降低（P<0.05）。孤雌胚胎和体外受精胚胎发育能力结果显示,与对照组相比,各单宁酸组卵裂率差异不显著（P>0.05）,10 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚率及体外受精胚胎囊胚率显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚细胞数及体外受精胚胎囊胚细胞数均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,10 μg/mL单宁酸可通过提高卵丘细胞扩散能力及GSH和GDF9水平、降低卵母细胞内ROS水平,改善猪卵母细胞成熟质量,提高孤雌胚胎及体外受精胚胎的发育能力。     

乙醇激活对猪体外成熟卵母细胞发育的影响

探索了单独应用乙醇或者联合 6 -氨基嘌呤 (DMAP)、细胞松弛素 B(CB)、放线菌酮 (CHX)等化学物质对体外成熟 4 4 h猪卵母细胞激活的影响。结果如下 :分别用 0、5 %、8%、11%乙醇处理 5 min,或者在 8%乙醇条件下激活处理2、5、10 min的各组试验中 ,8%乙醇处理 5 min的卵裂率为 (6 .4 2± 4 .88) % ,高于其他各组 ,但均无囊胚发育 ;乙醇(8%、5 min)激活后 ,分别用 CB、CHX、DMAP、CB+CHX、CB+DMAP培养 6 h,结果 CB+DMAP的激活率、卵裂率和囊胚率最高 ,分别为 (70 .86± 3.75 ) %、(5 3.87± 5 .36 ) %、(15 .0 7± 5 .5 3) % ,与其他组相比 ,囊胚率差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )     

不同激活条件和培养基对兔卵母细胞孤雌激活和胚胎发育的影响

对新西兰兔成熟卵母细胞在不同方式激活后的发育潜能和孤雌胚胎在不同培养体系中的发育进行了研究。结果发现电击激活和化学激活单独使用不能很好的激活兔卵母细胞,两次电击和化学激活配合使用能够较好的激活兔卵母细胞。通过比较发现B2培养基支持兔孤雌胚胎发育的能力显著高于其他培养基。试验建立了和体内受精时间过程相似的卵母细胞活化和培养系统,为兔的核移植技术优化了条件。     

猪体细胞核移植胚体外发育初步研究

采用胞质内注射法进行猪体细胞核移植，对去核、激活和培养等关键技术过程进行研究。结果表明：（1）点压法、挤压法对卵母细胞的去核率明显高于盲吸法（三者分别为62．5％、64．6％、50．7％，P〈0．05）。对早成熟的卵母细胞（36-44h）进行去核可明显提高去核效率（P〈0．05），在36-38h、39-41h、42-44h去核率分别为60．9％、67．8％、64．3％，而45-48h为48．4％。（2）体细胞预激活有助于提高核移胚卵裂率（28．0％、20．1％，P〈0．05）。钙离子载体A23187单独或与6-二甲基氨基嘌呤（6-DMAP）联合作用能使猪体细胞核移胚激活继续发育。（3）核移胚以胚胎培养液NCSU23及卵丘单层共培养体系进行分别培养，核移胚卵裂率无明显差异（30．06％、31．5％，P〉0．05）。但NCSU23培养4细胞后发育能力更高（13．5％、3．9％，P〈0.05）。     

乙醇激活诱导小鼠孤雌胚的发育与核型分析

注射ｈＣＧ１８～１９ ｈ 后收集的小鼠卵母细胞, ８５ ％ 以上可为乙醇所激活, 产生均质单倍体、嵌合单倍体、１ 个原核的杂合二倍体和２ 个原核的杂合二倍体４ 种激活类型, 且它们的比率分别为８１－４ ％ 、１０－５ ％ 、４－６ ％ 和３－５ ％ 。单倍体胚胎体外培养后有少数可发育至囊胚期。单倍体孤雌胚在８ 细胞期开始出现二倍体核型, 从而形成单倍体胚胎、单倍体 二倍体嵌合胚和二倍体胚胎。孤雌胚的核型中还出现较高比率的非整倍体。     

Ghrelin在绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟过程中对BCL-2、BAX的mRNA表达的影响

为了探讨Ghrelin在绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟过程中与BCL-2、BAX的相关性及Ghrelin在绵羊卵母细胞成熟过程中可能的作用机理,试验在绵羊卵母细胞成熟液中添加500 ng/mL Ghrelin,采用实时荧光定量PCR分别在0,8,16,24小时时检测卵母细胞BCL-2、BAX的表达量。结果表明:试验组添加Ghrelin后8,16小时时卵母细胞BCL-2 mRNA相对表达量显著升高(P<0.05),但成熟后16,24小时时较8小时时有下降趋势;下降到24小时时,其表达量与0小时时没有显著变化(P>0.05);8,16小时时试验组与对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05),0,24小时时差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组添加Ghrelin后8,16,24小时卵母细胞BAX mRNA相对表达量较0小时时下降,且差异显著(P<0.05),但成熟后16,24小时时与8小时时比较有上升趋势;在8,16小时时试验组较对照组BAX mRNA相对表达量均有所下降,且差异有显著性(P<0.05),而在0,24小时时差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明Ghrelin在绵羊卵母细胞成熟过程中与BCL-2和BAX的表达存在相关性,推测Ghrelin在卵母细胞成熟过程中存在积极调控作用。