秋播箭舌豌豆喷施“益微”增产菌的效果

在复种箭舌豌豆上用２２５ｇ／ｈｍ＾２、３００ｇ／ｈｍ＾２的剂量进行２次叶面喷施，其鲜草产量分别达２８００１．４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、２９６６８．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，比不喷施赠草量１３．５％和２０．３％。     

草坪杂草化学防除研究初报

防除草坪中双子叶杂草用７２％的２，４－Ｄ丁酯０．７５￣０．９８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或７２％的２甲４氯１．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，株防效为８６．２％￣９６．９％；防除草坪中单子叶杂草可根据草坪的建植年限及草坪草的高度选用１２％的恶草灵３．６￣４．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或１２．５％的拿扑净０．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，防效为８６％￣９４．９％；同时防除单、双子叶杂草用恶草灵复配剂３．２￣４．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或拿扑净复配剂１．７     

华南红壤山地牧草混播组合的研究

选用适宜华南红壤山地栽培的７个主要牧草进行７个处理的混播组合，结果以卡松古鲁狗尾草＋宽叶雀脾＋马唐＋鸡眼草组合为最好，在华南红壤山地位地条件较差，年施尿素１１２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和钙镁磷肥４１２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２的情况下，人工草地建植当年干草产是一可达７９６８．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，翌年为９０７３．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

云南人工草地综合复壮技术的研究

用正交试验方法,通过除杂、施肥,补播等综合措施,对因杂草侵入,缺水缺肥,利用过度而导致建植草种过早丧失生产性能的“多年生黑麦草－白三叶”人工草地进行复壮试验,结果表明,施肥是较有效的复壮措施,牧草产量提高６５．４％;１００％除杂,施用尿素１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,普钙１０５ｋｇ／ｈｍ,硫酸钾３０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,松土撒播多年生黑麦草种子１３．５ｋｇ,白三叶草籽４．５ｋｇ为最佳技术组合,２年平均其牧草产量     

冷温半干旱黄土丘陵区荒坡地沙打旺系统生态效能的调查研究

通过典型调查的方法，对渭源县北部冷温半干旱黄土丘陵区荒坡的地沙打旺系统的生态效能进行了初步研究。结果表明：一，二和三年沙打旺地上部分风干草平均产量依次是８３４．０，３９０１．５和８９２０．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，粗蛋白质平均产量依次是１６６．５，６２１．０和１０５３．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，产出能依次是１．３４６，６．５１８和１４．７２８×１０＾１＾０Ｊ／ｈｍ＾２，光能利用率分别是０．０５３％，０．２５４％和     

青饲牧草地化学除草试验报告

对６种青饲牧草用７种除草剂进行除草试验。证明播后苗前墨西哥类玉米用４０％阿特拉津胶悬剂０．９０ｋｇ（ａｉ）／ｈｍ＾２；Ｍ－８１Ｅ饲用高粱与串叶松香草适宜用６０％丁草胺乳油０．９０ｋｇ（ａｉ）／ｈｍ＾２；苏丹草适宜用６０％丁草胺乳油０．９０ｋｇ９ａｉ）／ｈｍ＾２与２５％绿麦隆可湿性粉剂０．９４ｋｇ（ａｉ）／ｈｍ＾２，紫苏用１２％恶草灵乳油０．２７ｋｇ（ａｉ）／ｈｍ＾２与８４％ｃｈｉｎｃｈ乳油１．８９     

籽粒苋No2高产栽培的正交组合试验

以籽粒苋进行了不同播期，密度，施肥量的正交组合试验，结果表明各处理间产量差异显著，以播期在５月１５日，密度在８．３３４万株／ｈｍ＾２，量在基肥３万ｋｇ／ｈｍ６２，种肥二胺１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，追肥尿素１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ６２的处理，产量最高，达９．９１５万ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

围栏草地施肥效果试验

１９９８年５月在黄南州河南县进行了天然草地施肥试验。结果表明：施尿素为２２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时,其产量（ＤＭ）分别为：５４７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、５０９３．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、５０４６．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;比对照高３４．７３％、２５．４５％、２４．３０％;施羊板粪１５０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时,其产量为４８２３．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比对照高１８．８０％。     

多年生黑麦草不同播种量对混播草地产草量的影响

为了低投入高产出和有效地建植人工草地，发展草地奶牛业，贵州清镇地区对多年生黑麦草三种不同播种量的试验表明：１５ｋｇ多年生黑麦草＋６ｋｇ白三叶／ｈｍ＾２，２０ｋｇ多年生黑麦草＋６ｋｇ白三叶／ｈｍ＾２和２２．５ｋｇ多年生黑麦草＋６ｋｇ白三叶／ｈｍ＾２三种不同种籽用量的产草量之间差异不显著，我们初步认为，当地建植永久性多年生黑麦草和白三叶混播人工草地时，选择１５ｋｇ多年生黑麦草＋６ｋｇ白三叶／ｈｍ＾２的     

不同施氮量对高山草甸草地牧草产量及营养成分的影响

对高山草甸草地施氮５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和８０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２的试验结果：产草量提高１１０．２％和１７２．２７％，粗蛋白质产量提高１２６．３９％和１９６．１０％，但施氮对牧草其它营养成份无明显影响。实施本项技术措施后，能提高高山草甸冬春牧地的载畜量，具有显著的经济效益和生态效益。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -