蝗虫粉饲喂肉鸡效果的研究

对商品代京黄肉用型雏鸡进行６０天饲喂蝗虫粉试验，结果：在基础日粮中添加５％蝗虫粉添加剂的试验组，比对照组平均日增重提高１５．２２％（Ｐ〈０．０１），饲料报酬每千克增重比对照组节省饲料０．３３ｋｇ（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

黄霉素对仔猪的促生长效果研究

在相同营养水平下，对照组饲喂不含任何药物添加剂及高铜的日粮，试验组饲喂分别添加５、１０、２０ｐｐｍ黄霉素的基础日粮，每组饲喂４０日龄断奶的北京黑与大白、长白三元杂交猪６０头，试验始重９．２３公斤，经６０天饲养试验后体重达３４．３７公斤。结果表明，５、１０、２０ｐｐｍ组仔猪日增重分别为４１０、４２６．７和４５８克，与对照组３７８．８克相比，分别提高８．２４％、１２．６５％、２０．９１％，饲料／增重分别为：２．５４、２．５１、２．４２；与对照组相比分别节约饲料１．６７％，５．０８％和６．２１％。     

人工瘤胃发酵饲料肉兔饲养试验

本试验选用４０日龄生长发育正常、健康的肉皮兼用杂交仔兔２４只，随机均分为试验组与对照组，对照组喂给基础日粮（饲料与青草），试验组喂给相同等量基础日粮与多加喂４３％风干瘤胃饲料，经４０天对比饲养试验结果：试验组增重比对照组高１０．５％；饲料利用率（以每公斤增重耗消化能计）试验组比对照组多耗４．５％，但可节省精料０．３４ｋｇ和青草１．０２ｋｇ，这对养兔业省料、省草具有特别重要的经济饲用价值     

EM发酵饲料对育肥牛的增重效果

选择８头育肥牛随机分为两组，第组４头（３♀，１♂），试验组日粮中添加５０％的ＥＭ发酵饲料，对照组饲喂基础日粮。经５０ｄ试验，结果表明：试验组和对照组牛平均每头增重分别为３８．６３ｋｇ和３２．８１ｋｇ，试验组比对照组头均多增重５．８２ｋｇ，差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

151LP料精对生长肥育猪的影响

在基础日粮中按肥育猪的不同生长发育阶段，分别添加２０％、１５％和１０％的１５１ＬＰ料精，对我省饲养的生长期肥育荣昌猪进行为期１２０ｄ的饲喂试验。试验组猪平均每头增重８５．０５ｋｇ，对照组平均每头增重７２．２５ｋｇ。试验组比对照组多增重１２．８０ｋｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５），试验组每头可多盈利６０．９２元，经济效益明显。     

颗粒化TMR对肉牛增重效果的研究

本试验在冬季舍内拴系饲养条件下进行。选择健康、初始体重１４５ｋｇ±４０ｋｇ西杂公牛４０头，随机分成两组，一组为试验组，另一组为对照组。两组试验牛饲喂相同日粮，试验组饲喂ＴＭＲ（全混合日粮）颗粒料，对照组饲喂ＴＭＲ粉状料，试验期为６５ｄ。每日观察牛的反刍行为，记录每天采食量，试验结束时空腹称重。试验结果如下：试验组和对照组采食后３ｈ反刍的次数占３０次观察值的频率分别为３１％和３３％，二者无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；全期日增重，试验组和对照组分别为０９６９ｋｇ±０１９ｋｇ和０８４６ｋｇ±０．２４ｋｇ；日采食量分别为５８８ｋｇ±０．０９ｋｇ和５８４ｋｇ±０．０６ｋｇ（风干基础），饲料转化效率分别为６１７±００３和６９０±０１２。全期日增重和饲料转化效率，两组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。试验组每增重１ｋｇ的饲料成本较对照组降低０２２元，全期增重较对照组多９ｋｇ，仅此全期试验组每头牛比对照组多增收６６１０元。试验结果表明，利用颗粒化ＴＭＲ日粮持续育肥肉牛在经济上是可行的。     

浓缩饲料添加剂饲喂育肥猪试验

本试验用基础日粮添加０．７％浓缩饲料添加剂的试验日粮锔喂育肥猪６５天，试验组期末平均体重显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），增重提高３５．０４％，料重比低于对照组，每千克增重节约饲料．４８ｋｇ，节约饲料费成本０．６８元，每头猪投入一元沈缩饲料添加剂成本可增收５．１４元。     

不同添加剂对大别山黄牛育肥效果观察

选择大别山黄牛２０头,随机分４组,每组５头,饲喂相同日粮,其中一组作对照,试验组分别添加类氨酸（甲基脲）、磷酸脲及复合饲料添加剂。９０ｄ育肥试验,头平日增重分别为０．５５ｋｇ、０．６５ｋｇ、０．５７ｋｇ及０．７２ｋｇ,类氨酸、磷酸脲及复合添加剂组分别比对照组提高１８．２％、３．６％和３０．９％,每千克增重成本,类氨酸和复合添加剂组分别比对照组降低２２．５％和２２％,磷酸脲组比对照组增加８％,从日增     

膨化鸡粪饲料饲喂生长肉猪试验

采用西宁市华青蛋禽公司生产的膨化鸡粪饲料饲喂生长肉猪，试验１、２、３组分别按基础饲粮的１０％、２０％和３０％添加，代替基础饲粮。经６０天试验，试验１、２、３组的平均日增重分别比只喂基础饲粮的对照组提高２３．３２％（Ｐ＜０．０１），１２．３５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和降低６．２３％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；每千克增重分别比对照组节省混合料０．３２ｋｇ、０．２３ｋｇ和０．２８ｋｇ；每千克增重所需的饲料成本分别比对照组节支０．１３元和多支出０．１４元、０．３４元。试验证明，膨化鸡粪饲料以添加１０％为宜，可获得较好的经济效益。     

不同添加剂对大别山黄牛育肥效果研究

选择大别山黄牛２０头,随机分为４组,每组５头,饲喂相同日粮,其中一组作对照,试验组分别添加类氨酸（甲基脲）,磷酸脲及复合饲料添加剂。９０ｄ育肥试验头均日增重分别为０．５５ｋｇ,０．６５ｋｇ,０．５７ｋｇ及０．７２ｋｇ。类氨酸、磷酸脲及复合添加剂组分别比对照组提高１８．２％,３．６％和３０．９％,类氨酸和复合添加剂组每分斤增重成本,分别比对照组降低２２．２％和２２％,磷酸脲组比对照组增加８．９％,从     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.