微肥对马铃薯产量、品质、薯皮超微结构及块茎耐贮性的影响

近年来,微肥在内蒙古马铃薯生产中发挥了重要作用。试验目的是施用微肥后,研究其对马铃薯块茎产量、品质、薯皮超微结构及耐贮性的影响,从而为马铃薯生产上大面积推广提供理论依据。在5种微肥处理中,处理2(干拌+叶面喷3次微肥+滴灌钙镁肥2次)的多项生物学特性如株高、茎粗、单株结薯数、单薯重、商品薯率、块茎产量、薯皮厚度、薯皮粗纤维含量、薯肉可食部分不溶性膳食纤维均高于对照,分别增加11.2 cm、0.4 cm、1.7个、17.1 g、14.59个百分点、13 926 kg/hm~2、50.501μm、2.25个百分点和0.41个百分点;而贮藏损失率较对照低1.93个百分点。     

MnSO_4叶面喷施对马铃薯产量形成的影响

以"克新13号"马铃薯品种为试验材料,在现蕾期和块茎膨大期利用不同浓度的硫酸锰叶面喷施处理2次,通过测定根系活力、叶绿素含量、光合速率和块茎产量的变化,研究硫酸锰对产量形成的作用效果。结果表明:适量硫酸锰(0.2%~0.5%)可有效提高马铃薯根系活力、叶绿素含量及光合速率,促进光合产物积累,从而有效提高马铃薯单株产量;硫酸锰过量对产量形成会产生不利影响。     

赤霉素和脱落酸对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

研究结果表明,马铃薯块茎形成期,脱落酸含量显著增加,赤霉素含量则显著降低,赤霉素与脱落酸比值下降到一定水平是块茎开始形成的重要条件.外加脱落酸喷施叶面,使块茎形成提早,但结薯数并未增加;外加赤霉素喷施叶面,使植株细高,匍匐茎细长,块茎形成显著延迟,块茎数显著减少,这一结果进一步证明了脱落酸和赤霉素在块茎形成中的作用.     

赤霉素和脱落酸对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

研究结果表明，马铃薯块茎形成期，脱落酸含量显著增加，赤霉素含量则显著降低，赤素与脱落酸比值下降到一定水平是块茎开始形成的重要条件，外加脱落酸喷施叶面，使块茎形成提早，但结薯数并未增加，外加赤霉素喷施叶面，使植株细高，匍匐茎细长，块茎形成显著延迟，块茎数显著减少，这一结果进一步证明了脱落酸和赤霉素在块茎形成中的作用。     

植物生长调节剂对马铃薯脱毒试管薯形成的效应研究

利用 3个品种 5种植物生长调节剂采用多因素多重复试验设计 ,分析了基因型、植物生长调节剂对马铃薯脱毒试管薯形成的影响。方差分析表明 :对于试管薯单瓶块茎数和单瓶块茎重量 ,基因型、植物生长调节剂的影响达显著水平 ,基因型与植物生长调节剂的互作不明显。试管薯单个块茎重量的变异系数在基因型间、植物生长调节剂间差异很大     

马铃薯的扦插繁殖与病害防治

本文介绍采用马铃薯扦插繁殖法来扩繁与防治病害,并阐述其在种薯生产上的作用: 一、马铃薯的扦插繁殖法 1.扦插的种类从马铃薯的茎叶上能切取用于茎插、叶芽插和叶捅的插条。茎插是用带有顶芽和叶片组成插条进行扦插,有的在插条基部腋芽处形成块茎;有的只生根不结块茎;有的既生根又结块茎。叶芽插与茎插一样,也可     

马铃薯休眠块茎上芽眼组织休眠机理研究

以早熟品种中薯 3号和加工品种大西洋脱毒试管薯为试验材料 ,通过对休眠块茎芽薯分离培养 ,研究休眠块茎上芽离体培养后的生长发育变化。初步结果表明 ,休眠马铃薯块茎上侧芽停止生长始于匍匐茎生长期 ,主要受顶端优势的影响 ;顶芽停止生长开始于块茎形成起始 ,可能是因为匍匐茎上的细胞分裂中心和代谢重心转移影响 ;在块茎休眠过程中顶芽和侧芽不生长主要是受到来自块茎内部因素的抑制 ;当芽从休眠块茎上分离出来 ,在培养基上能够很快的生长。马铃薯块茎休眠和块茎上芽的休眠可能是两种不同的生理机制所控制。     

马铃薯脱毒小薯无土栽培营养基质的筛选

1　前　言利用马铃薯茎尖组织培养生产脱毒种薯 ,在生产中发挥着巨大的作用。但以试管苗在田间直接栽种 ,难度大 ,成活率低 ,不利于大面积推广。用脱毒小薯繁种 ,解决了以苗直栽的弊病 ,各地工厂化生产脱毒小薯已成规模 ,由于均以叶面喷营养液为主要施肥方式 ,不仅劳动强度大 ,而且生产成本高 ,影响了脱毒小薯的大面积应用。因此 ,降低小薯生产成本 ,成了小薯推广应用的关键。庞万福老师等用棉籽皮试验并获得成功。大同属无棉区 ,却有大量废弃的锯末 ,堆放影响市容 ,焚烧又污染环境 ,本试验旨在筛选出在北方无棉区能就地取材免浇营养液的营…     

植株刈割对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

刈割是一种重要的农艺措施,不同程度的刈割对于马铃薯生长产生的影响不同。试验采用随机区组设计,探索刈割时期及频次、刈割高度对马铃薯产量、块茎大小分布的影响。在幼苗末期或块茎形成期刈割一次,刈割茎叶程度分别为植株高度1/3或1/4,对马铃薯产量无影响,在幼苗末期和块茎形成期刈割2次会造成马铃薯显著减产。刈割处理会明显增加小薯（<50 g）个数,块茎形成期刈割1/3比例与CK（常规种植）相比显著增加20～50 g单株块茎个数,除幼苗末期刈割1/4比例、幼苗末期刈割1/4+块茎形成期刈割1/4比例2个处理外,其他6个刈割处理与CK相比均显著增加小于20 g单株块茎个数。在幼苗末期或块茎形成期刈割1次,与CK相比单株地上部生物量差异不显著,说明在马铃薯生育前期进行适当刈割补偿效应明显。综上所述,马铃薯幼苗末期或块茎形成期刈割1次,对马铃薯产量无影响,但能增加小薯的数量及重量,有利于马铃薯种薯生产。     

采收次数对马铃薯微型薯产量的影响

利用组织培养技术及无土基质栽培技术生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯,其单株结薯数较大田生产薯偏少,从而间接导致微型薯生产成本提高.影响马铃薯形成块茎数量多少的因素较多,本试验主要从采收方法上着手,分析比较采收次数对微型薯产量的影响.     

Comparison of hydroponic and aeroponic cultivation systems for the production of potato minitubers

Summary Two different cultivation systems, aeroponics and hydroponics in greenhouse beds, were compared for the production of potato minitubers. Plants in the aeroponic system showed increased vegetative growth, delayed tuber formation and an extended vegetative cycle of about seven months after transplanting. Therefore in 1999, two production cycles were obtained with the hydroponic system, but only one with the aeroponic system. However, compared with total production in hydroponics, the tuber yield per plant in the aeroponic system was almost 70% higher and tuber number more than 2.5 fold higher. Average tuber weight was reduced by 33% in the aeroponic system. Advantages and possible problems with the aeroponic system for minituber production are discussed.     

Differential Growth Response and Minituber Production of Three Potato Cultivars Under Aeroponics and Greenhouse Bed Culture

We have evaluated and compared different methods and cultivars for the production of quality prebasic seed in potato. Two cultivation systems, aeroponics and greenhouse beds with a peat moss substrate, and three potato cultivars with different vegetative cycle, Agria, Monalisa and Zorba, were assayed. Plants in the aeroponic system showed increased growth and their vegetative cycle extended between 12 and 36 % compared to the plants cultivated in greenhouse beds. Flowering and tuberization dates, Absolute Growth Rates (AGR) during the period of 60 days after planting (DAP) and height presented a wide variation between cultivars. Zorba showed earlier flowering and tuberization, lower AGR and reached a minor height at 60 DAP. Instead the late season cultivar Agria showed later flowering and tuberization, presented higher AGR and reached an increased height at 60 DAP. The total tuber yield per plant was between 34 and 87 % higher in the aeroponic system, with a marked difference for the earlier cultivars Zorba and Monalisa. Tuber numbers increased between 60 and 80 %. Minituber production in aeroponics showed a better size distribution, with a reduction in the percentage of tubers smaller than 12 mm of between 33 and 86 %. In this soil-less culture system average tuber weight increased in Zorba and Monalisa over 60 % but was lower for Agria. Further studies are needed to optimize aeroponics system, which can be considered a high yield potato multiplication system, particularly for early or mid season potato cultivars that may produce best quality minitubers.     

Seed tuber production from true potato seed (TPS) in Egypt and the influence of environmental conditions in different growing periods

Summary The effect of environmental conditions on seed tuber production from true potato seed (TPS) in nurseries was evaluated in different growing periods during two seasons in Egypt. In the autumn season, high soil and air temperatures reduced emergence and initial foliage development of early-sown seedlings, and decreased tuber yields. In late-sown seedlings low night temperatures and short daylengths caused early tuberization, poor foliage development and low tuber yields. In the spring season, low temperatures and short daylengths resulted in a slow initial foliage development and early haulm-tuber competition for assimilates in early-sown seedlings. However, tuber yields were higher than for late-sown seedlings, presumably because net assimilation and assimilate partitioning to the tubers were impaired by above optimum air and soil temperatures in May and June. Slow development of true seed-sown plants caused a high sensitivity towards adverse environmental conditions and would limit yielding ability in Egypt.     

Influence of the growth retardant B 995 on growth and yield of potatoes

Summary Stem elongation in a potato crop can be reduced by spraying the growth retardant B 995 on the foliage. This treatment generally did not change the total dry matter production. Only in the last period of growth did B 995-treated plots show a higher total dry weight than the untreated ones. This was caused by a slightly later senescence of the treated plots. The B 995 treatment caused a marked change in the dry matter distribution: stem weight was decreased and tuber weight increased, but leaf weight was generally not influenced. With plants showing considerable vegetative growth, these effects resulted in an increased tuber yield. High nitrogen plots treated with B 995 combined a long productive periode with a favourable dry matter distribution, producing a very high tuber yield at the end of the growing period.     

Cell Wall Reinforcement in the Potato Tuber Periderm After Crop Treatment with Potassium Phosphite

The potato periderm is the outer tissue of potato tubers that protects the tuber from pathogen attack, dehydration, and wounding during harvest and storage. It is of secondary origin and replaces the epidermis early during tuber development. The outer layers of the periderm consist of cells with suberized walls. Phosphite compounds (Phi) are inorganic salts from phosphorous acid, and in previous works, we demonstrated that they are effective in protecting potato plants from biotic stress caused by different pathogens and also against UV-B radiation. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of Phi on the post-harvest potato periderm structure, cell wall components, and related enzymes. In three years of field experiments, potassium phosphite (KPhi) applications were compared with an untreated control. KPhi was applied to seed tubers before planting combined with foliage application of a conventional fungicide, to seed tubers and foliage without conventional fungicide, or to seed tubers combined with foliage application of KPhi plus a conventional fungicide. Observations of periderm sections showed increases in suberin and pectin depositions in post-harvest tubers from KPhi-treated plants compared to tubers from non-treated plants. In addition, peroxidase activity increased in the periderm tissue. The activity of laccases and superoxide dismutase was measured in the protein extract of the periderm, and an increase due to KPhi treatment was detected. The results presented here suggest that early KPhi treatment to seed tubers followed by foliage treatment leads to reinforcement of the cell wall of periderm cells, which represents a benefit for future response to stresses.     

Growth and Tuberization of Hydroponically Grown Potatoes

Three hydroponic systems (aeroponics, aerohydroponics, and deep-water culture) were compared for the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed tubers. Aerohydroponics was designed to improve the root zone environment of aeroponics by maintaining root contact with nutrient solution in the lower part of the beds, while intermittently spraying roots in the upper part. Root vitality, shoot fresh and dry weight, and total leaf area were significantly highest when cv. Superior, a medium early-maturing cultivar, was grown in the aeroponic system. This better plant growth in the aeroponic system was accompanied by rapid changes of solution pH and EC, and early tuberization. However, with cv. Atlantic, a mid-late maturing cultivar, there were no significant differences in shoot weight and leaf area among the hydroponic systems. The first tuberization was observed in aeroponics on 26–30 and 43–53 days after transplanting for cvs Superior and Atlantic, respectively. Tuberization in aerohydroponics and deep-water culture system occurred about 3–4 and 6–8 days later, respectively. The number of tubers produced was greatest in the deep-water culture system, but the total tuber weight per plant was the least in this system. For cv. Atlantic, the number of tubers <30 g weight was higher in aerohydroponics than in aeroponics, whereas there was no difference in the number of tubers >30 g between aerohydroponics and aeroponics. For cv. Superior, there was no difference in the size distribution of tubers between the two aeroponic systems. It could be concluded that deep-water culture system could be used to produce many small tubers (1–5 g) for plant propagation. However, the reduced number of large tubers above 5 g weight in the deep-water culture system, may favor use of either aeroponics or aerohydroponics. These two systems produced a similar number of tubers in each size group for the medium-early season cv. Superior, whereas aerohydroponics produced more tubers than aeroponics for the mid-late cultivar Atlantic.     

Metalaxyl and other fungicides for control ofPhytophthora infestans on potato in northwest Washington State

In northwest Washington State, fungicidal control of late blight caused byPhytophthora infestons was evaluated for three years. During 1977, a high rainfall year with supplemental sprinkler irrigations, all metalaxyl and chlorothalonil treatments reduced tuber rot at harvest, but only metalaxyl extended control of tuber rot after 4 months’ storage. During 1978, a high rainfall year, one application of metalaxyl sprayed over or dusted on potato seed pieces at planting or applied five times to foliage at 2 or 4 wk intervals gave excellent blight control equal to that with chlorothalonil applied to foliage every 2 wk. In 1979, a low rainfall year,P. infestons did not kill plants in untreated plots until October. Five applications of metalaxyl sprayed every 2 wk on foliage did not control foliage blight. However, metalaxyl reduced foliage blight when dusted on cut potato seed pieces. Mancozeb sprayed every 2 wk also gave excellent control. The possibility that metalaxyl applied to foliage is effective in late blight control only when washed into the soil by rainfall or irrigation for uptake by roots is discussed. Yields and percent U.S. No. 1 grade tubers were not significantly affected by any treatment in these 3-year trials.     

马铃薯对氮、磷、钾的吸收及分配规律研究进展

马铃薯的生长发育受到很多因素的影响,特别是养分的供应以及马铃薯对养分的吸收、利用,对其块茎的形成、膨大及淀粉积累的影响尤为显著。氮、磷、钾在马铃薯生长发育中需要量大,必须加以补充,才能满足其正常生长需求。生产上不合理的施肥,导致马铃薯产量不高、品质较差及生产成本增高。通过分析马铃薯不同生育阶段、不同器官吸收养分的特征和分配规律,从而探索马铃薯生产中最佳的氮、磷、钾施肥组合,这对于丰富马铃薯栽培生理理论和指导生产中氮、磷、钾肥合理配施均具有重要的现实意义。     

施用冷杉针叶三萜酸对水稻产量和品质的影响

以镇稻8号为材料,研究了不同用量冷杉针叶三萜酸对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与喷清水对照相比较,施用冷杉针叶三萜酸后能够提高水稻千粒重和产量,并能提高稻米的糙米率、整精米率、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量,改善稻米碾磨品质和营养品质。10%冷杉针叶三萜酸水乳液最适施药方法为:播种前拌种剂量80 mL/t、分蘖期和抽穗期喷施剂量80 mL/hm~2,能使水稻增产16.60%。     

赤霉素(GA_3)与茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对雾培马铃薯内源激素与生长发育的影响

试验以品种为主区,激素处理为副区进行裂区设计,研究了赤霉素(GA3)与茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对雾培马铃薯内源激素与生长发育的影响。结果表明:外源GA3处理增加了3个马铃薯品种叶片内源IAA和JA的含量,降低了中晚熟品种高原7号的内源ABA含量。外源MeJA对马铃薯块茎均有一定诱导作用,但结合GA3处理其诱导结薯的能力会减弱。