冲角对轴流泵叶轮水力性能的影响

【目的】研究冲角对轴流泵叶轮水力性能的影响。【方法】针对比转数为880的轴流泵叶轮,采用数值模拟方法和数值优化技术,基于儒可夫斯基翼型从3个角度进行冲角对轴流泵水力性能的影响研究。【结果】当设计参数保持不变时,冲角增大,扬程升高,比转数发生变化,最高效率增大,高效区往大流量偏移。为了使翼型处于更高质量区,建议轮缘侧翼型冲角在0～3°之间,且比转数大者取小值。当改变轮毂侧和中间断面翼型冲角时,设计工况下,为了得到较高扬程和较高效率的轴流泵叶轮,可以适当增加中间断面的翼型冲角,同时为了减小叶片扭曲改善非设计工况的水力性能,可以适当减小轮毂侧的翼型冲角。当比转数保持一致时,冲角增大,流量-扬程性能曲线的斜率减小,最高效率值保持相当,高效区范围往大流量偏移且高效区范围变宽。【结论】冲角对轴流泵叶轮水力性能有着重要影响,实际工程应用中,为保证轴流泵叶轮具有较好的水力性能应同时兼顾轮毂和轮缘侧的翼型冲角。     

15°斜轴泵装置特性试验

结合广东省惠州市文头岭大型排涝泵站,对经过CFD数值模拟优化后的斜式进水与斜式出水流道匹配组成的15°斜轴模型泵装置进行了能量试验、汽蚀试验和飞逸特性试验研究．通过特性试验研究得出了模型及原型装置的能量特性曲线、3个不同叶片角度下特征扬程的临界汽蚀余量及0°叶片角下最大装置扬程的飞逸转速．试验结果表明,该泵装置最高效率随叶片角度减小而增大,叶片角-4°时的最高效率可达80％左右,泵站进、出水流道型线设计合理,汽蚀性能优良,飞逸转速安全,15°斜轴泵装置性能优越．提出的斜轴泵装置对同类低扬程泵站水力优化设计具有重要的参考价值．     

ZM931高比转数轴流泵水力模型的设计

介绍了ＺＭ９３１高比转数低扬程轴流泵水力模型的设计,提出了一些实用的处理方法,实践表明,用这些方法能够设计出效率高,高效范围宽,过流量大,抗汽蚀性能好,工艺性好的轴流泵水力模型。设计的模型已推广应用。     

基于三元设计及数值试验轴流泵抗空化性能

为了提高轴流泵抗空化性能,采用泵的三元设计理论与数值试验相结合的方法,研究了汽蚀比转数为1 290的轴流泵抗空化性能.在相同的流量、扬程、转速等设计指标下,采用泵的三元设计理论对具有不同叶片数和过流通道形状的轴流泵模型分别进行了设计;并采用数值试验手段对所设计轴流泵模型性能进行计算和分析,得到了适合于该轴流泵的过流通道形状和最佳叶片数.运用相同的方法对不同叶片负载分布规律的轴流泵叶轮分别进行了设计,并采用数值试验手段计算了各水力模型的扬程、功率和效率特性曲线,对比和分析了不同负载分布规律对泵效率和抗空化性能的影响,得到了有利于轴流泵空化性能提高的负载分布规律.最后,根据数值计算结果,对如何有效提高轴流泵抗空化性能提出了建议:叶轮叶片后部重载光顺无阻塞的过流通道、适当增加叶片数将有利于轴流泵抗空化性能的提高.     

杆塔的挠曲和倾斜度

编辑同志：请问怎样选择避雷线的保护角？ 成琳同志： 架空电力线路的避雷线对外侧导线的保护角，一般应为20～30°，另外还有以下特殊要求。     

轴流泵系统技术创新与发展分析

论述了我国轴流泵系统水力性能研究和技术创新,探讨了轴流泵系统研究发展趋势。阐述了高比转数轴流泵水力模型和应用发展的过程;通过归纳轴流泵系统特点提出按电动机安装位置进行分类,即轴伸式轴流泵系统和贯流式轴流泵系统两类结构形式。分别阐述了不同类型轴流泵系统在泵站工程中的创新应用。从技术发展的角度研判轴流泵系统的发展趋势及应用前景。讨论了传统水泵选型方法的局限性,分析了适用轴流泵系统的水泵选型新方法的合理性。分析基于试验数据的轴流泵变角调节公式及适用性;分析了进水旋涡危害和安全策略,总结了进水池旋涡研究的成果和消防涡措施。针对该领域研究发展中的现实和潜在问题,提出进一步深化研究创新的思路。     

轴流泵叶片的参数化造型及多参数优化

为了实现轴流泵水力性能的自动优化,建立了基于I-sight软件的轴流泵叶轮设计优化平台,实现了模型更新、计算域网格划分、数值模拟计算以及数据读写的自驱动.为了避免传统优化过程中出现的反复造型所带来的问题,对基于圆弧法设计的轴流泵叶片通过进、出口角及不同位置的叶片厚度进行参数化解析,据此提出一种轴流泵叶片的参数化造型方法,实现以较少的变量控制叶片的外形.以轴流泵的水力效率为优化目标,以叶片二维截面的进、出口角为优化变量,以表征性能的参数扬程为约束条件,应用多岛遗传算法对一台比转数为1 500的轴流泵进行优化计算.结果表明:通过500次迭代计算,额定工况的水力效率由80.4%提升到82.4%;在(0.8~1.2)Q_BEP,泵的水力效率均有所提高,高效区域得到了扩大.该结论对于叶轮机械的水力优化和工程应用,有一定的价值.     

翼型最大厚度与最大拱度位置对轴流泵水力性能的影响

为了研究翼型最大厚度与最大拱度位置对轴流泵水力性能的共同影响,以"儒可夫斯基翼型"为基础翼型,对轴流泵叶片的设计参数进行调整,通过数值模拟的方法,分析翼型最大厚度位置及最大拱度位置对轴流泵水力性能的影响。首先对轴流泵进行单因素分析,分别针对翼型最大厚度位置和翼型最大拱度位置,保持水泵其余设计参数不变,对设计的不同叶轮模型进行数值模拟计算,再将2者协同考虑,最后取最优设计结果进行不同工况下轴流泵水力性能分析。设计结果表明,最大翼型厚度位置的理想取值范围为(0.175～0.25)L,翼型最大拱度位置的推荐取值范围为(0.6～0.7)L。同时发现当参数κ取为0～0.07时,水泵综合性能较好。研究可为轴流泵高效设计提供一定的理论基础及设计依据。     

立式轴流泵装置的三维湍流流动数值模拟

采用三维湍流数值模拟方法对南水北调东线工程某泵站立式轴流泵装置进行了优化水力设计研究工作;分别建立了轴流泵模型和立式轴流泵装置几何型体数学模型,并分别对轴流泵模型和立式轴流泵装置的内部流动进行了三维湍流数值模拟,计算所得的轴流泵模型的水力性能与模型试验的结果一致;轴流泵装置数值计算所得的水力性能与装置模型试验结果的基本规律相符。计算结果表明:采用数值计算的方法研究立式轴流泵装置内部的三维湍流流动及其水力性能是可行的,在此基础上对立式轴流泵装置进行深入的优化水力设计,可以最大限度地提高泵装置的水力性能。     

五轴全轮转向汽车动力学模型分析

为提高多轴汽车操纵稳定性,针对五轴全轮转向汽车的高速同相位转向工况,进行了受力分析,建立了运动微分方程,利用Fiala轮胎模型建立了轮胎的力学模型,利用LabVIEW软件建立了整车的动力学仿真程序。通过虚拟试验仿真分析,发现采用全轮转向,可以使后轴车轮较早地参与转向,从而提高了汽车的转向响应速度,并使车身侧倾角由7．5°减小为4°。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。