柑橘渣的综合利用

柑橘渣是柑橘果实加工制汁或制罐后的下脚料,主要有皮、种子、橘络和残余果肉等,约占果实的40 %～5 0 %。我国柑橘生产及加工业发展迅速,柑橘渣资源丰富。但长期以来,研究的缺乏及技术的落后使其大部分弃而不用,造成资源浪费及环境污染。柑橘渣用途广泛,综合利用可创造相当于甚     

Effect of inclusion of sugar beet pulp,pelleting and season on laying hen performance

1. The effect of three metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations 12.2, 11.3 and 10.5 MJ ME/kg and two forms of diet (mash and pellet) on egg production in summer and winter were studied. The different ME values were obtained by diluting the 12.2 MJ ME/kg diet with sugar beet pulp of 2.88 MJ/kg DM. In a 3rd summer experiment the water intake of hens on these diets was examined. Data were analysed by factorial analysis of variance, and the relationship between performance and dietary energy concentration was examined by regression analysis.

2. The use of low energy diets (10.5 to 11.3 MJ ME/kg) decreased egg production in both seasons, but pelleting diets improved egg production and egg weight in summer. Egg weight was not affected by energy density in winter, but decreased in the summer when energy density increased.

3. In winter, food consumption was not affected by the dietary ME, while in summer food consumption increased when the dietary ME increased. Therefore, energy intake was not the same at all energy densities, but tended to increase as the energy density increased.

4. In summer, pelleting improved food efficiency and egg production and increased water consumption and the ratio of water to food intake. Water intake and water: food ratio decreased with increasing dietary energy concentration.     

柑橘渣中柚皮苷的提取纯化工艺

研究柑橘渣中柚皮苷的提取纯化工艺,为增加柚皮苷产量提供参考方法,以期大量应用于饲料生产中。采用乙醇提取和超声波辅助提取柑橘渣中的柚皮苷,通过单因素试验和正交试验得到两种方法的最优工艺参数。通过吸附试验,获取最适宜纯化柚皮苷的大孔树脂及最优工艺参数。乙醇提取法的最优工艺参数为:提取时间3.5 h、料液比145 g/ml、乙醇体积分数65%、提取温度80℃,在此条件下,柚皮苷提取率为15.09 mg/g。超声波辅助提取法的最优工艺参数为:乙醇体积分数70%、料液比160 g/ml、提取时间90 min、提取温度80℃、超声波频率500 W,在此条件下,柚皮苷提取率为24.15 mg/g。HPD600具有良好的吸附和解吸效果,HPD600的最优工艺条件为:吸附时间4.0 h、样品pH值4、上样流速2 BV/h、洗脱液浓度0.05 mol/l、解吸流速2 BV/h。乙醇提取和超声波辅助提取成本低,无毒害,易操作,适用于工业生产。HPD600是最适合用于柚皮苷分离纯化的大孔树脂。乙醇或超声波辅助提取,结合大孔树脂纯化工艺,可以提高柑橘渣中柚皮苷的提取效率。     

柑橘渣在动物生产中的应用研究

柑橘渣是柑橘加工业的主要副产物,约占鲜重的45%￣60%,是优良的反刍动物饲料,在单胃动物的营养和免疫方面也具有开发价值。文章主要从3个方面综述了国内外关于柑橘渣作为饲料资源开发的研究进展:①柑橘渣的不同加工处理方法对营养成分的影响;②柑橘渣在牛、羊、猪、家禽生产方面,特别是在反刍动物饲料中的应用;③柑桔渣作为添加剂在饲料加工业中的研究和应用。     

Substitution of corn silage with shredded beet pulp affects sorting behaviour and chewing activity of dairy cows

This study aims to evaluate the effects of substituting increasing concentrations of shredded beet pulp (SBP) for corn silage (CS) on nutrient intake, sorting index, intakes of particle size and nutrients, meal and rumination patterns, and chewing activity of dairy cows. Four multiparous (126 ± 13 day in milk) and 4 primiparous (121 ± 11 day in milk) Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 4 periods of 21 days. Dietary treatments were (DM basis): 16% of dietary DM as CS without SBP (0SBP); 8% CS and 8% SBP (8SBP); 4% CS and 12% SBP (12SBP); and 0% CS and 16% SBP (16SBP). We observed a reduction in the extent of sorting against long particles and medium particles but for fine particles with increasing SBP levels in the diets. The number of eating bouts per day was lesser (8.2%) in cows fed SBP diets compared with 0SBP cows and corresponded with a reduction in eating time per d across treatments. The number of ruminating bouts per day was similar across diets (16.8 bouts/day), but substituting SBP for CS in the diets tended to decrease linearly ruminating bout length (5 min/bout) and tended to increase ruminating bout interval (8 min/day). Eating, ruminating and total chewing time when expressed as minutes per kilogram of forage NDF intake and peNDF > 8 intake increased when SBP was substituted for CS in the diets. Primiparous cows had greater ruminating time (57 m/day) and total chewing time (73 min/day), eating rate (0.01 kg of DM/min) compared with multiparous cows. Also, increasing forage NDF and peNDF_>8, >8‐mm DM intakes are effective means of stimulating ruminating and chewing activities. This study showed that SBP could partially replace CS and not affect DM intake, but chewing activity may decrease slightly.     

Nutrient digestibility in sheep fed diets containing Roundup Ready or conventional fodder beet, sugar beet, and beet pulp

The objective of this digestibility assessment was to determine whether there are significant differences in the digestibility of Roundup Ready (glyphosate-tolerant) and conventional sugar beet, fodder beet, and beet pulp produced from sugar beet varieties when fed to sheep (seven wethers per treatment group). Three experiments were conducted in this assessment. Experiment 1 (35 wethers) compared one glyphosate-tolerant fodder beet variety with four conventional varieties, Exp. 2 (42 wethers) compared one glyphosate-tolerant sugar beet variety with five conventional varieties, and Exp. 3 (42 wethers) compared beet pulp derived from glyphosate-tolerant sugar beet with beet pulp from five European locations. The experimental phase consisted of a 2-wk preliminary period followed by a 1-wk collection period for Exp. 1 and 2, and a 1-wk preliminary period followed by a 1-wk digestibility collection period for Exp. 3. Diets were comprised of grass hay at 30, 30, and 20% of DM for Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with the balance being beet components. Urea and sodium sulfate were supplemented (8 and 2.9 g, respectively, for Exp. 1 and 2; and 6 g and 2.16 g, respectively, for Exp. 3) to supply sufficient dietary N and S. Each diet was fed to sheep (96 +/- 0.9 kg) in the three experiments to at or near maintenance energy levels. Treatment differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and DE for glyphosate-tolerant fodder and sugar beets did not differ from those for commercial fodder and sugar beets in Exp. 1 and 2. There were differences (P < 0.05) in DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and DE digestibilities influenced by the different varieties of beet pulp in Exp. 3, but these were not unique to just the Roundup Ready sugar beet variety. Digestibilities and feeding values of Roundup Ready fodder beet, sugar beet, and beet pulp produced from Roundup Ready sugar beet varieties were not influenced by the introduction of the Roundup Ready trait compared with conventional varieties.     

Effect of partial replacement of oats with sugar beet pulp and maize oil on nutrient utilisation in horses.

The objective of the present work was to assess the influence of partial replacement of oats with dried unmolassed sugar beet pulp (SBP) and/or maize oil on nutrient utilisation in horses fed a traditional hay and concentrate diet. The total tract digestibility of nutrients, urinary excretion and plasma parameters were studied in a 4 x 4 Latin-square design experiment with purebred Arabian geldings. Horses fed the SBP diets responded with a reduced (P<0.05) apparent digestibility of crude protein and feeding of maize oil resulted in an increased (P<0.05) apparent digestibility of crude fat. The apparent energy digestibility was unaffected by the replacement of oats with SBP, but increased (P<0.05) when maize oil replaced part of the oats. The urinary excretion of nitrogen increased (P<0.05) when maize oil replaced oats and the excretion of energy was higher (P<0.05) on the diets where oats were replaced by maize oil and SBP. There was a significant (P<0.05) effect across treatments of postprandial blood sampling time on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Also, plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin tended to be higher on the oats than on the SBP diets. In conclusion, the limited effects on the digestibility of nutrients and energy suggest that it should be possible to partially replace oats with maize oil and/or SBP in diets for horses without any impairing effects on the overall nutrient utilisation. However, the dietary-induced changes in the urinary excretion of energy and on plasma glucose and insulin levels, indicate a possible influence of dietary carbohydrate composition on nutrient utilisation at the organ level, which requires further study.     

Suspected citrus pulp toxicosis in dairy cattle.

Thirteen lactating dairy cows from a herd of 650 died over a 6-week period. Most animals were down in milk production at 1 milking and were found dead at the next milking. Two cows had elevated heart rate and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Two others had azotemia, elevated heart rate, hyperglycemia, and weight loss. Necropsy of 10 cows revealed hemorrhages on the intestinal serosa and epicardium, lymphadenopathy, interstitial nephritis, small intestinal hemorrhage, and interstitial pneumonia. Histopathology showed lymphocytic to lymphogranulomatous inflammation in the heart, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, liver, lung, pancreas, and adrenal gland. Phlebitis was present in 2 livers. The lesions resembled those of hairy vetch toxicosis, but no vetch was being fed. Similar lesions have been reported with the feeding of citrus pulp. Citrus pulp was being fed to the lactating cows and had been added to the diet 6 weeks before the first death. The syndrome resolved with elimination of citrus pulp from the diet.     

甜菜渣中添加不同农作物副产品对其青贮发酵品质的影响

本试验以甜菜渣为主要青贮原料,研究均添加20%(占鲜重)粉碎稻秸、粉碎玉米秸、豆荚和麸皮作为吸收剂对甜菜渣青贮品质的影响,甜菜渣直接青贮为对照组。结果表明,在发酵品质方面:各组pH值组间差异不显著(P0.05);所有处理组的氨态氮含量比甜菜渣组低,且与甜菜渣组均差异极显著(P0.01);各个处理组的乳酸含量和乙酸含量差异显著(P0.05);各处理组可降低丁酸的含量,尤其是稻秸组和豆荚组,未检测到丁酸含量。而在营养价值方面:各处理组可以较多的保存可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量,各处理组达到极显著(P0.01);同时各处理组还能较好的保留干物质,干物质损失率的组间差异显著(P0.01)。综合青贮品质和经济方面考虑,本试验中20%(占鲜重)的粉碎稻秸与甜菜渣青贮效果最好,其次是添加20%(占鲜重)的豆荚、麸皮和粉碎玉米秸。     

Effect of citrus pulp silage feeding on concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma and milk of dairy cows

Citrus pulp is known to contain a functional molecule of beta‐cryptoxanthin which is one of the carotenoids showing anti‐oxidative capacity. Influences of citrus pulp silage feeding to dairy cows on beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration in plasma, other blood properties and milking performances were investigated. Four Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) containing citrus pulp silage 20% dry matter (DM) for 2 weeks with free access to the TMR. Dry mater intake, milk production and milk components 2 weeks later were not altered compared with those of the control group without citrus pulp silage. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase and gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase in plasma were not affected by feeding of citrus pulp silage. Concentrations of protein, albumin, sulfhydryl residue, ascorbic acid, thio‐barbituric acid reactive substance and urea nitrogen in plasma were also not altered by citrus pulp silage feeding. Concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma was increased approximately 20‐fold compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Content of beta‐cryptxanthin in pooled milk fat fraction was also increased approximately three times compared with that of the control group. Feeding of TMR containing citrus pulp silage 15% DM for 30 days to eight dairy cows also increased plasma beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration 30‐fold compared with that before feeding.     

Feeding value of dried sugar beet pulp from Egyptian production.

Dried sugar beet pulp was fed to sheep in mixture with molasses (BPM), molasses plus urea (BPMU) or with hay (BPH) in comparison to whole diet of hay (H) in four metabolic trials. There were no significant differences among the four rations although BPMU reflected the highest digestibility of nutrients. The BPH had the highest feeding value (total digestible nutrients "TDN" and metabolizable energy) and caused the highest retention of nitrogen. Blood profile revealed that there were no significant effect of the rations on packed cell volume, haemoglobin, activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase, Mg and Na. Whereas glucose, total N, Ca, P and K significantly affected. The BPMU and BPH were found to be the best mixtures of the four tested rations in respect to the digestibility, feeding value and blood picture. Thus, dried sugar beet pulp could be offered to animals in a mixture with molasses and urea or with hay according to the availability and price of the other ingredients than beet pulp, i.e. molasses and urea or hay.     

Effects of feeding ratio of beet pulp to alfalfa hay or grass hay on ruminal mat characteristics and chewing activity in Holstein dry cows

The influence of the feeding ratio of a non‐forage fiber source and hay on ruminal mat characteristics and chewing activity was evaluated in dairy dry cows. Cows were fed four different diets: the ratios of alfalfa hay (AH) to beet pulp (BP) were 8:2 (dry matter basis, A8B2) and 2:8 (A2B8), and those of grass hay (GH) to BP were 8:2 (G8B2) and 2:8 (G2B8). Total eating time was decreased with increasing BP content (P < 0.01). Total rumination time for AH was shorter than that for GH (P < 0.01), and it decreased with increasing BP content (P < 0.01). The ruminal mat was detected by using a penetration resistance test of the rumen digesta. Penetration resistance value (PRV) of ruminal mat was highest with the G8B2 diet and PRV decreased with increasing BP content (P < 0.05) and feeding AH (P < 0.05). Thickness of the ruminal mat was greater for increasing BP content (P < 0.05). Simple linear regression of ruminal mat PRV on total rumination time resulted in a high positive correlation (r = 0.744; P < 0.001; n = 16). The results demonstrated that increasing the PRV of the ruminal mat stimulated rumination activity and a ruminal mat could be formed, although it was soft even when cows were offered a large quantity of BP.     

柑橘渣自然发酵过程中pH及营养物质含量的变化规律研究

为研究柑橘渣在自然发酵过程中pH和营养物质含量的动态变化规律,本试验将新鲜柑橘渣密封后自然厌氧发酵,分别在第0、7、14、21、28、56天采集样品,测定pH和营养物质含量。试验结果表明:柑橘渣自然发酵7 d内pH迅速下降,粗蛋白质、粗灰分、钙、磷含量分别提高58.18%、52.38%、57.45%、30.00%,然后保持相对稳定;14 d内干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量保持稳定,14 d后逐渐下降,发酵56 d较发酵前分别降低9.20%、19.33%、13.02%。试验结果提示,柑橘渣自然发酵能降低pH和纤维含量,提高营养物质含量,但由于蛋白质和干物质含量低,因此需要与其他低水分、高蛋白质的饲料进行混合发酵,以提高其饲用价值。     

Adjustment of the ammonia level in the rumen by sorption on bentonite and dried beet pulp

The effect was studied of bentonite and spent sugar beet pulp on the ammonia level in the rumen juice sheep fed hay, ground barley and a urea supplementation. In comparison with a control trial, the nitrogen supply to the rumen juice proved more continuous, this fact improving the conditions for the microbial protein synthesis at the time fo the strongest fermentation. The interaction of bentonite, beet pectin and ammonium ions is attributed to the ion exchange.     

Effect of coarse ground corn, sugar beet pulp and wheat bran on the voluntary intake and physicochemical characteristics of digesta of growing pigs

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of a coarse ground cereal and two fibrous ingredients incorporated in the diet on the physicochemical properties of digesta and productive parameters of pigs during the first stage of the growing period. A total of 96 pigs (initial body weight, BW, 15 kg) were distributed into four experimental treatments: the control diet (CT) consisted of corn, barley and soybean meal milled to pass through a 2.5 mm screen; the coarse corn diet (CC) was prepared by milling the corn to a coarser particle size (4.0 mm screen); the sugar beet pulp diet (SBP) and the wheat bran diet (WB) were prepared by replacing some of the corn for sugar beet pulp (80 g/kg) or wheat bran (100 g/kg) respectively, in order to contain a higher amount of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Three experimental periods were considered (7, 21 and 42 days) during which body weight (BW) and voluntary feed intake were assessed. At the end of each period eight animals per diet were slaughtered. Weight of the gastrointestinal tract and its compartments (full and empty) was recorded and the contents were sampled. Digesta samples were analysed for water concentration, water retention capacity (WRC), ammonia and short-chain fatty acids concentration (SCFA). Histological study of the proximal colon tissues was also performed. In general, the different parameters evaluated showed differences between the experimental periods, but few interactions were recorded. Animals fed CC, SBP and WB diets presented a lower feed intake (P ≤ 0.009) compared to CT fed animals. Compared to the control diet, coarse grinding of corn provoked an increase in the colonic digesta content (P = 0.032). Similarly, animals fed the SBP diet compared to CT animals, showed an increase in the contents (P = 0.009) of hindgut, and in the concentration of water in the digesta (P ≤ 0.011). Compared to CT diet the SBP diet lowered the ammonia concentration in the hindgut contents (P ≤ 0.045) and increased the concentration of SCFA in the distal colon (P ≤ 0.025). Animals fed the SBP diet also showed a lower number of lymphoid nodes in the colonic mucosa compared to the other diets (P ≤ 0.043). Minor modifications were observed associated with the incorporation of wheat bran in the diet, but colonic water from WB fed animals showed a tendency to increase cytolytic capacity. The results confirm major changes in the voluntary intake and physicochemical properties of digesta as affected by the incorporation in the diet of a fibrous ingredient or coarse grinding of cereals.     

重庆市三峡库区柑橘渣的营养物质和苦味物质研究

本文对重庆市三峡库区柑橘渣的营养物质和苦味物质含量进行了系统检测。结果表明,重庆市三峡库区的柑橘渣无氮浸出物、消化能和钙含量较高,氨基酸组成全面,但粗蛋白质和总磷含量低,水分、粗纤维和苦味物质含量高,作为潜在的饲料资源,经过适当处理可以大量开发作畜禽饲料。     

柑橘渣青贮过程中营养物质和苦味物质含量的动态变化规律研究

为了研究柑橘渣青贮过程中营养物质和苦味物质含量的动态变化规律,本文按筛选出的柑橘渣青贮适宜配方制作柑橘渣青贮饲料,在青贮3个月内每15 d采集一次样品,测定青贮柑橘渣的常规营养物质和苦味物质含量。试验结果表明,随着青贮时间延续,青贮柑橘渣的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量逐渐上升,真蛋白质、无氮浸出物、柚皮苷和柠檬苦素含量逐渐下降,干物质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分和总磷含量基本没有变化。试验结果显示,青贮提高了鲜柑橘渣的营养价值,改善了适口性,解决了贮存难题,从而提高了饲用价值。     

Effects of enzyme supplementation on the nutrient,amino acid,and energy utilization efficiency of citrus pulp and hawthorn pulp in Linwu ducks

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of enzyme supplementation on the nutrient, amino acid, and energy utilization efficiency of citrus...     

The assessment of the frequency of chews during rumination enables an estimation of rumination activity in hay-fed sheep

The objective was to assess rumination behaviour and, more specifically, the intra-individual and inter-individual variation of the frequency of chews during rumination (per min) in five Blackhead sheep fed hay at a level of 100% maintenance (experimental period [EP] I), 50% maintenance (EP II) and ad libitum (EP III). Animals ruminated in EP II less (416 min/day) than in EP I and III (558 and 592 min/day, respectively). Mean inter-individual coefficents of variation (CV) of frequency (defined as number of chews/duration of chewing per cycle) were 12.5%, mean intra-individual CV were 2.5%. The respective CVs for the duration of rumination per day were 8.1 and 9.7%, respectively. The level of intake influenced the frequency of chews significantly. It is concluded that the frequency of chews has to be considered in studies investigating chewing behaviour of ruminants. Under the experimental conditions investigated, number of chews during rumination per day could be estimated by the frequency of chewing with nearly the same precision as by using the duration of rumination per day.     

Effects of carbohydrates from citrus pulp and hominy feed on microbial fermentation in continuous culture.

Eight dual-flow continuous-culture fermenters were used to evaluate the effect of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates (NDSC) on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms. Citrus pulp and hominy feed were added to a basal diet as sources of NDSC, with citrus pulp providing neutral detergent-soluble fiber (NDSF) in the form of pectic substances and with hominy feed in the form of starch. The basal diet contained 26.7% corn silage, 6.0% alfalfa hay and 3.8% cottonseed hulls on a DM basis. The dried citrus pulp diet contained on a DM basis 17.2% CP, 34.7% NDF, 33.7% NDSC, and 14.4% NDSF, whereas the hominy feed diet contained 17.9% CP, 33.2% NDF, 35.9% NDSC, and 8.8% NDSF. Organic matter, DM, and NDF and ADF digestion were not affected by source of carbohydrate. Ammonia N concentration was greater (P < 0.05) for the hominy feed diet (14.2 mg/100 mL) than for the dried citrus pulp diet (9.3 mg/100 mL). Total N, nonammonia N, microbial N, and dietary N flows were not affected by treatments; however, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was greater (P = 0.055) for the dried citrus pulp diet than for the hominy feed diet (30.6 vs 27.8 g of bacterial N/kg of OM truly digested). Results from this experiment indicate that NDSF from citrus pulp can provide similar sources of energy compared with starch from hominy feed to support ruminal microbial growth.