黑龙江省昆虫病原线虫资源和越冬情况调查初报*

为明确我国黑龙江省昆虫病原线虫资源及其越冬情况,在黑龙江省9个县市林下和农田中采集土样分离昆虫病原线虫,并选用从哈尔滨分离的线虫和从美国新泽西引进的昆虫病原线虫进行越冬条件的调查,调查线虫在土壤中越冬深度及土壤温湿度。据不完全统计目前从黑龙江省29份土壤样品中分离得到2个昆虫病原线虫品系,分离频率是6.9%,经鉴定为Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HBN和H. bacteriophora ZT。户外调查结果显示侵染期病原线虫在土壤中越冬深度为5~15 cm,土壤温度为-5~-13 ℃,土壤湿度为(12.9±2.9)%~(17.3±1.2)%。而来自新泽西的对照组线虫在哈尔滨的冬天不能存活。本文调查结果表明在中国最北部黑龙江省有嗜菌异小杆线虫分布,增加了我国昆虫病原线虫资源,扩大了调查地域。     

Formation of overwintering structures of Uncinula necator and colonization of grapevine under field conditions

Developing shoots of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera cv. Kerner) were inoculated with conidia of the powdery mildew, Uncinula necator , at well-defined phenological stages of the host to provoke the development of flag shoots in the field and to investigate these shoots as early as possible in the following growing season for the presence of the pathogen. The disease progress was monitored and fungal growth and development on samples from a field trial were analysed by means of low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LT–SEM). Mycelium was detected on the surface and in the interior parts of buds. The suitability of the field plot to analyse flag shoots was proven by the occurrence of such shoots in the following spring. Furthermore, early stages of cleistothecia development on berries were described for the first time. Establishment of U. necator in dormant buds of grapevine, giving rise to flag shoots in the following spring, is considered to play a significant role in overwintering of the pathogen in the vineyards of southern Germany.     

Experimental comparison of aerial larvicides and habitat modification for controlling disease-carrying Aedes vigilax mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: Microbial and insect‐growth‐regulator larvicides dominate current vector control programmes because they reduce larval abundance and are relatively environmentally benign. However, their short persistence makes them expensive, and environmental manipulation of larval habitat might be an alternative control measure. Aedes vigilax is a major vector species in northern Australia. A field experiment was implemented in Darwin, Australia, to test the hypotheses that (1) aerial microbial larvicide application effectively decreases Ae. vigilax larval presence, and therefore adult emergence, and (2) environmental manipulation is an effective alternative control measure. Generalised linear and mixed‐effects modelling and information‐theoretic comparisons were used to test these hypotheses. RESULTS: It is shown that the current aerial larvicide application campaign is effective at suppressing the emergence of Ae. vigilax, whereas vegetation removal is not as effective in this context. In addition, the results indicate that current larval sampling procedures are inadequate for quantifying larval abundance or adult emergence. CONCLUSIONS: This field‐based comparison has shown that the existing larviciding campaign is more effective than a simple environmental management strategy for mosquito control. It has also identified an important knowledge gap in the use of larval sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of vector control strategies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preliminary studies on the insecticidal activity and wash-fastness of twelve pyrethroid treatments impregnated into bednetting assayed against mosquitoes

The insecticidal properties of twelve pyrethroid preparations impregnated into polyester netting were compared, before and after washing, with a view to assessing their suitability for treating bednets (mosquito nets) in the field. Bioassays were carried out by exposing the mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto andAedes aegypti L. to netting with two concentrations of insecticide, on washed and unwashed samples, for 30 s and 3 min at different times after impregnation. Mortality was recorded after 24 h. Permethrin applied at 97°C at pH 3.4 resulted in increased uptake by polyester fibres. The performance of most insecticides on unwashed netting had not declined appreciably 12 weeks after impregnation. However, all the insecticides were depleted by washing. The treatments with best insecticidal activity after washing were cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin applied at ambient temperature and normal pH and permethrin applied in a hot acid solution.     

Repellency of aerosol and cream products containing fennel oil to mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions

The repellency of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller)-containing products (5% aerosol and 8% cream) against mosquitoes was compared with those of citronella oil, geranium oil and deet, as well as three commercial repellents, Baby Keeper cream containing IR3535, MeiMei cream containing citronella and geranium oils, and Repellan S aerosol containing 19% N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) under laboratory and field conditions. In a laboratory study with female Aedes aegypti (L), fennel oil exhibited good repellency in a release-in-cage test and repellency in skin and patch tests of the oil was comparable with those of citronella and geranium oils. In paddy field tests with five human volunteers, 5% and 8% fennel oil-containing aerosol and cream produced 84% and 70% repellency, respectively, at 90 min after exposure, whereas Baby Keeper cream and MeiMei cream gave 71% and 57% repellency at 90 min after exposure, respectively, and Repellan S aerosol gave 89% repellency at 210 min. The species and ratio of mosquitoes collected were the genera Culex (44.1%), Anopheles (42.2%), Aedes (7.8%) and Armigeres (5.9%). Fennel oil-containing products could be useful for protection from humans and domestic animals from vector-borne diseases and nuisance caused by mosquitoes.     

二点委夜蛾越冬虫态及其在越冬场所的空间分布调查初报

为了明确二点委夜蛾越冬虫态及其空间分布,为二点委夜蛾的预测预报提供科学依据,通过对模拟大田自然环境观测区和大田环境下不同类型作物田二点委夜蛾越冬情况的系统调查,明确了二点委夜蛾是以休眠的老熟幼虫结一土茧或叶茧越冬,在空间分布上主要是在地表,占越冬幼虫的77％以上,部分叶茧在覆盖物中越冬.棉田、花生田、豆田、药材田、杂草地等多种田块的残留秸秆枝叶覆盖地为其越冬场所.棉田、豆田、杂草地的越冬存活率研究表明,棉田越冬存活率相对较大,秸秆覆盖厚度对存活率影响不显著.     

二点委夜蛾越冬场所调查初报

为了明确二点委夜蛾的越冬场所,为预测预报和防治提供科学依据,对玉米田、豆田、花生田、棉田、甘薯田等作物植株、地表和0~5 cm表土进行调查,记录二点委夜蛾幼虫的分布部位和数量。结果表明,在玉米植株苞叶、玉米田的麦秸和杂草下、豆田、棉田、花生田、甘薯田、冬瓜田植株下或落叶下、桃园、田边地头和废弃农田杂草下均发现有二点委夜蛾幼虫,以植株密度大、落叶多、地表覆盖程度高的棉田、豆田和花生田虫口密度高。说明二点委夜蛾食性杂,越冬场所复杂, 棉田、豆田、花生田和玉米田等多种作物田以及田间杂草均可为其越冬场所。     

未来气候变暖对褐飞虱越冬界限的影响分析

全球气候变暖将对农业病虫害的越冬界限产生影响,从而影响病虫害的发生动态。本文以GIS（地理信息系统）技术研究了未来高经济发展条件下能源种类平衡发展排放情景（A1B）下褐飞虱越冬界限及相应越冬区相对于baseline时段（1961-1990）的可能变化。结果表明：（1）越冬北界在2020s（2010-2039）北移约50 km,安全越冬北界北移约110 km;2050s（2040-2069）越冬北界北移约120 km,安全越冬北界北移约250 km。由于经纬度及海拔的影响,越冬界限北移存在一定区域差异。（2）越冬区明显扩大。相对于baseline时段,2020s褐飞虱间歇越冬区扩大约11.93万km2 （约23.24%）,安全越冬区增加约2.08万km2 或0.66倍;2050s间歇越冬区扩大约25.99万km2（约50.63%）,安全越冬区增加约18.82万km2或5.93倍。这些结果表明褐飞虱越冬界限对气候变暖响应明显,其中安全越冬北界较越冬北界北移幅度更大。气候变暖导致的安全越冬北界北移对未来褐飞虱的发生动态可能产生重要影响。     

绿盲蝽越冬卵发育过程的微观观察

为探究绿盲蝽越冬卵的发育过程, 明确其防治的关键期, 本文在显微镜下观察了绿盲蝽越冬卵浸水后的发育过程, 并测定了其长度?宽度及卵盖长度?结果表明, 绿盲蝽越冬卵在浸水后第4天开始出现眼点; 第5天85.00%的卵出现眼点; 第7天卵的孵化率达到87.50%?越冬卵在发育过程中不断增长, 浸水3 d后卵宽达到最大值, 孵化前卵长和卵盖长度均达到最大值, 分别为1 473.96 μm和605.89 μm?总之, 绿盲蝽越冬卵在发育过程中形态不断变化, 眼点出现后的2~3 d是防治的关键期?     

棉蚜生活史类型及其越冬寄主研究进展

棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)是一种生活史较复杂的杂食性农业害虫,由于以不同地域气象因素和植被的差异,限制了其生活史类型和越冬寄主种类。分析全球研究棉蚜生活史策略文献,以棉蚜能否以卵越冬为主线,分析世界不同区域棉蚜的2种生活史类型,对棉蚜异寄主全周期型这一生活史策略的原生寄主进行梳理。通过分析棉蚜在不同区域的生活史策略及其越冬寄主,有助于深入研究农作物保护策略,为棉蚜的系统化防治奠定理论基础。     

橘小实蝇生活习性观察及其在石河子越冬情况调查

在室内饲养条件下,橘小实蝇能侵染冬枣果实,羽化的第1代成虫可在冬枣果实中成功繁殖下一代。卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹的发育历期分别为1.9、10.0、12.6 d。橘小实蝇在冬枣果实中可以独立完成整个生活史,羽化成虫雌雄比约为1.2∶1。初步证实了冬枣果实不仅可作为橘小实蝇的寄主,还可为其羽化阶段提供庇护所。经2年在新疆石河子埋蛹观察,橘小实蝇的越冬蛹不能成功羽化为成虫,因此,橘小实蝇在石河子地区不能越冬。     

新嫁接枣树对枣黏虫越冬场所和虫态的影响

为探索枣树嫁接对枣黏虫越冬场所和虫态的影响,调查了枣树主干、主枝、侧枝嫁接部位、主干绑缚防虫带部位枣黏虫的越冬情况。结果表明,在10~15年生枣树(尚未形成老翘皮)的新嫁接区,枣黏虫已向新越冬场所转移,在4个调查部位均有越冬蛹,以主干防虫带处越冬蛹数最高,平均达16头左右,其次为主干和主枝嫁接部位,平均达6~8头,越冬蛹存活率均在60%以上。另发现枣黏虫除以蛹越冬外,在新嫁接处还有越冬幼虫存在,这些幼虫可能会对枣树的新愈伤组织造成危害。本研究表明枣树栽培模式的改变对枣黏虫的越冬场所和越冬虫态均有一定的影响作用。     

我国草地贪夜蛾冬繁区和越冬区调查

2019年12月-2020年3月初调查结果显示,草地贪夜蛾在我国云南、广东、海南、四川、广西、福建、贵州7省(区)的47个市(州)183个县(市、区)发生,玉米是其冬季主要寄主作物,局部地区可见为害小麦和甘蔗;福建、广东、广西、贵州在幼虫冬繁区以外地区诱到成虫.浙江、湖南、江西、重庆等4省(市)的16个市27个县(市、...     

草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬研究初探

湖北省位于我国中部,承接南北,区位优势十分明显。草地贪夜蛾在湖北省广大区域能否越冬直接影响翌年当地甚至华北草地贪夜蛾发生的早期预测、预警及防治策略的制定。为探明草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬规律,本研究采用室内低温试验,冬季室外越冬模拟试验及冬季田间调查等方法,初步明确了草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬情况。结果表明:经35 d的7℃低温胁迫,草地贪夜蛾幼虫、蛹、成虫均死亡;2019年12月15日-2020年3月1日在湖北省襄阳、武汉两地室外越冬模拟试验表明,2020年2月1日,即放虫后第47天两地均未发现存活虫体;2019年12月中旬-2020年4月中旬,湖北襄阳、武汉、通山田间生境调查表明,只有2019年12月15日在襄阳发现1头草地贪夜蛾5龄活体幼虫,其他各地均未发现存活虫体或诱捕到成虫。经过室内低温试验、室外越冬模拟试验及田间越冬调查,初步认为2019年-2020年冬季草地贪夜蛾在湖北大部分地区不能越冬。     

胡萝卜斑枯病病原菌越冬场所及初侵染来源研究

胡萝卜斑枯病的病原菌可在种子、病残体及土壤中存活越冬,腐熟的粪肥中未分离出病原菌。带菌的种子和土壤是胡萝卜斑枯病的初侵染来源。     

人为打破滞育对东亚小花蝽越冬成虫生殖的影响

东亚小花蝽是多种农作物害虫的捕食性天敌。实验表明,在２７℃、ＲＨ７０％、２４ｈ的光照条件下,可在３～４ｄ内终止其越冬成虫的滞育,所需时间极短,并对其生殖力的影响不大。     

柿树炭疽病菌在越冬枝条上的菌态及数量

柿树炭疽病是由胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz。侵染造成的,在全世界产柿国家均有发生。近几年该病在浙江淳安地区的无核柿Diospyros kaki上危害严重,病原菌侵染柿树新梢后,产生数个病斑,如果条件适合,病斑互相融合,环绕枝条一圈或连成一片,引起叶片脱落,枝条当年死亡;如果病斑较少,病斑随着木栓化的形成和气温升高     

温度与取食对越冬后马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响

［目的］ 探明马铃薯甲虫的迁飞规律,为防止马铃薯甲虫的扩散提供依据。［方法］ 通过昆虫飞行磨系统测定温度和营养条件对越冬后马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响。［结果 ］马铃薯甲虫雄虫飞行能力稍大于雌虫,但无显著性差异。温度≤25 ℃时,越冬后饥饿3 d马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力大于越冬后补充营养3 d的成虫,在30 ℃和33 ℃时饥饿状态与补充营养的马铃薯甲虫飞行能力无明显差别,35 ℃和38 ℃越冬后补充营养的马铃薯甲虫飞行能力大于饥饿3 d的马铃薯甲虫。饥饿3 d的马铃薯甲虫在常温下更容易迁飞。［结论］ 温度对越冬后马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力影响较大,越冬后马铃薯甲虫起飞温度为23 ℃,25～33 ℃是越冬后马铃薯甲虫的最适飞行温度。     

Experimental transmission of Tahyna virus (California group) to wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) by mosquitoes.

Two wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were subcutaneously infected with a dose of 2.6 dex. i.c. LD50/0.02 ml of extraneurally passaged Tahyna virus strain "236". During the 24-72 hours interval p.i. viremia was demonstrated in both animals ranging from 1.0 to 3.42 dex. i.e. LD50/0.02. Mosquitoes Aedes vexans, which had fed on them, transmitted the virus to one of three other rabbits. During 24-96 hours interval after terminated feeding of infectious mosquitoes viremia was detected in this animal ranging from 0.49 to 4.08 dex i.c. LD50/0.02 ml. Seroconversion was revealed by means of plaque reduction neutralization test 11 days after infection.