不同惰性有机碳物料对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究镉污染土壤和模拟镉污染土壤中加入草炭、活性碳和风化煤3种物料对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响,探讨其作为重金属镉污染土壤修复剂的可行性。研究结果表明：3种有机碳物料均降低了土壤pH值,镉污染土壤加入不同惰性有机碳修复剂后,土壤中醋酸铵提取态Cd含量和DTPA提取态Cd含量变化不明显。在模拟Cd污染土壤上则不同,加入不同惰性有机碳修复剂后土壤中醋酸铵提取态Cd含量和DTPA提取态Cd含量均明显降低,降低幅度以风化煤最高,且随加入时间延长降低幅度增加。土壤中加入风化煤和草炭可显著增加土壤中轻组有机质含量,风化煤对土壤中镉有较强富集作用。两种土壤镉赋存形态均为酸提取态〉可还原态〉可氧化态,镉污染土壤加入有机物料后酸提取态镉含量无显著性变化,可还原态镉草炭和活性碳处理显著降低,草炭处理可氧化态镉也显著降低,模拟镉污染土壤加入有机物料后,酸提取态镉风化煤处理显著性降低,可还原态镉活性碳处理显著提高,可氧化态镉无显著性变化。在镉污染土壤上,3种有机碳物料对玉米生长没有显著影响,但增加了玉米体内镉含量;风化煤处理显著降低了白菜生物量,增加了白菜体内镉含量。模拟镉污染土壤上3种有机碳物料对白菜和玉米的生长和体内镉含量均没有显著影响。     

Organic Matter Associated with Soil Aggregate Fractions of a Black Soil in Northeast China: Impacts of Land-Use Change and Long-Term Fertilization

Soil organic matter plays a pronounced role in soil aggregation, showing a wide variation depending upon soil-management practices. This study was conducted to characterize organic-matter changes in aggregate fractions in response to land-use change and long-term fertilization. Two experimental sites were established for this study: Site 1 included grassland (GL) and bare land (BL); site 2 comprised three treatments under cropland: no fertilizer application (NF), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application (NP), and NP amended with organic manure (NPM). There was significantly increased carbon (C) sequestration (P < 0.001) in particulate organic matter (POM) observed under grassland and NPM relative to other plots, especially in large macroaggregates, attributable to lack of disturbance and organic input. The protected coarse and fine POM-C together accounted for 15% on average of soil organic carbon, ranging from 10.1 to 18.6% for all plots. The enhanced correlation occurred between protected POM-C fractions and soil C stocks and soil aggregation (calculated as mean weight diameter, MWD) (P = 0.000) relative to other C fractions, indicating that the increases in POM fractions resulting from long-term vegetation restoration and organic amendment enhance soil aggregation and C sequestration in this black soil. In contrast, the significantly negative relationship between MWD and fine-to-coarse POM-C ratio implied that this ratio might account for the decreased soil aggregation. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that three PCs accounted for 42.6, 25.7, and 11.8%, respectively, and together more than 80% of the total variance. The protected POMs with significantly greater positive PC1 loadings (>0.8), particularly for large macroaggregates, were highly sensitive to changes induced by land use and fertilizer-management practices, leading to the wide variations in soil properties. The interrelation of organic matter with soil aggregation helps us to better understand the mechanisms of C protection and restoration in this black soil in the context of soil degradation and climate change.     

有机物料对红壤团聚体稳定性的影响

试验设置了对照(CK)、秸秆混匀(M-Str)、秸秆覆盖(Str)、生物质炭混匀(BC)和猪粪混匀(SM)5个处理,采用室内培养法研究有机物料种类与施用方式对红壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明,秸秆混匀与猪粪处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)、热水溶性有机碳(HWC)、土壤抗破碎性和团聚体水稳定性(MWD)显著提高(p0.05),而秸秆覆盖对土壤有机碳和土壤团聚体形成的提升作用不明显(p0.05)。相对于对照处理,生物质炭提高了土壤有机碳含量,但对团聚体稳定性的影响不显著(p0.05)。秸秆混匀和猪粪处理下团聚体稳定性的变化与土壤累积呼吸之间存在线性关系(p0.05)。可见,有机物的性质(秸秆、猪粪和生物质炭)与还田方式(混匀和覆盖)对红壤团聚体的稳定性存在显著差异。     

Decomposition of Organic Matter with Previous Cadmium Adsorption in Soils

Decomposition of organic matter with previous Cd adsorption (thereafter referred to as OMACd) in soils and in water was studied in order to clarify the mechanism of Cd-induced inhibition of organic matter decomposition in soil. Two types of organic materials (sludge, rice straw) with or without previous Cd adsorption were mixed with a Gley soil or a Light-colored Andosol in a proportion of 1%. In the soils amended with the Cd-free organic materials, a CdCl₂ solution was added to the soils. The decomposition of the organic matter was examined by measuring the CO₂ evolution for 4 weeks at 28°C. Although the same amount of Cd was added to the soils, the decomposition of OMACd was inhibited to a greater extent than that in the soils to which a CdCl₂ solution had been added.

Furthermore the decomposition of sludge with previous Cd adsorption (thereafter referred to as SACd) in water after inoculation of soil microorganisms was investigated. Although the control sludge without Cd was markedly decomposed at 30°C during 4 weeks, SACd was not appreciably decomposed. These results suggest that OMACd cannot be readily decomposed by microorganisms.     

Effects of organic versus conventional arable farming on soil structure and organic matter dynamics in a marine loam in the Netherlands

Abstract. We compared the effects of conventional and organic arable farming on soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil structure, aggregate stability and C and N mineralization, which are considered important factors in defining sustainable land management. Within one soil series, three different farming systems were selected, including a conventional and an organic arable system and permanent pasture without tillage. The old pasture represents optimal conditions in terms of soil structure and organic matter inputs and is characterized by high earthworm activity. More than 70 years of different management has caused significant differences in soil properties. SOM content, mineralization, earthworm activity and water-stable aggregation decreased as a result of tillage and arable cropping when compared with pasture, but were significantly greater under organic farming than under conventional farming. Total SOM contents between 0 and 20 cm depth amounted to 15, 24 and 46 g kg⁻¹ for the conventional arable, organic arable and permanent pasture fields, respectively. Although less sensitive to slaking than the conventionally managed field, the soil under organic farming was susceptible to compaction when high pressures were exerted on the soil under wet conditions. The beneficial effects of organic farming are generally associated with soil biochemical properties, but soil physical aspects should also be considered. Depending on soil type and climate, organic farmers need to be careful not to destroy the soil structure, so that they can enjoy maximum advantage from their organic farming systems.     

Effects of long-term treatments of different organic fertilizers complemented with chemical N fertilizer on the chemical and biological properties of soils

Continuous cultivation has been known to decrease soil organic matter content. Application of organic matter to cultivated soil is an important practice from the point of view of maintaining an adequate amount of soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content significantly affects soil microbial activity, which is an important index of soil quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine the long-term effects of different kinds of organic matter in combination with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on chemical and biological properties of soils. There were seven treatments, namely (1) CK (without fertilization), (2) Chem-N (applying chemical N fertilizer only), (3) Comp (applying compost with the same rate of N as the Chem-N treatment), (4) Comp + l/3 N (applying compost complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (5) Comp + 2/3 N (applying compost complemented with 66% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (6) GM + 1/3 N (applying green manure complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment) and (7) Peat + 1/3 N (applying peat complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment). After continuous treatment for 12 years and with cultivation of 24 crops on the same area, soils were sampled for analyses of chemical and biological properties, enzymatic activities and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The results showed that compared with CK and Chem-N treatments, applications of compost and peat increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content and altered microbial activities and microbial community structure. However, application of green manure for 12 years had no effect on SOC content. Both microbial activities and PLFA profiles were clearly dependent on the characteristics of the applied organic amendments. In summary, a peat application led to the highest increase in SOC content compared to compost and green manure; however, compost-treated soil had a higher microbial population and higher microbial and enzyme activities, while the effects of both green manure and chemical N fertilizer on soil properties were similar.     

Effects of Different Organic Materials on Crop Production under a Rice–Corn Cropping Sequence

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important index of soil quality because of its relationship with crop yield. The application of organic matter to soil is a significant method for increasing SOM. Different organic materials have varying effects in increasing SOM. This study investigates the effects of combining different sources of organic matter (i.e., compost, leguminous green manure, and peat) with a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the growth and N accumulation in corn and rice plants. This study examines seven treatments, including a no-fertilization check and a conventional chemical fertilizer treatment. Shoots of corn and rice were sampled at the tasseling (panicle initiation for rice) and maturity stages. The biomass yield was measured and the total N was analyzed. At the maturity stage, the soil samples were collected to determine the chemical properties. The results showed that a small percentage of the N in the compost and peat, after their application, was available to the crop during the growth season; the production of biomass and N absorption among rice and corn plants was minimal compared to that treated with chemical N fertilizer. The application of compost and peat resulted in SOM accumulation, particularly with peat. However, the application of compost combined with chemical fertilizer not only produced sufficient nutrients for crop growth but also resulted in an accumulation of SOM, which is vital for enhancing the soil quality. Most of the N in green manure (GM) was mineralized shortly after application, causing excessive growth of rice and corn plants during the early stage, but reducing their reproductive growth and grain yield.     

基于木本泥炭快速构建红壤新垦耕地优质耕作层技术与效果

为了探究木本泥炭对红壤岗地新垦耕地优质耕作层构建的机理以及木本泥炭相对于其他有机物料对红壤新垦耕地的改良效果,采用田间小区试验的方法,研究添加不同有机物料对红壤新垦耕地0—20cm耕作层土壤理化性质和微生物生物量以及水稻产量的影响。试验共设6个不同处理:CK(不添加改良材料)、M30FS(木本泥炭30t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、M15FS(木本泥炭15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、CFS(生物炭15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、OFS(有机肥15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)和FS(腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理显著降低了耕作层土壤容重,提高了土壤总孔隙度和pH,且添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理中土壤肥力均有不同程度提高,其中土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量分别提高了36.41%～88.53%,2.22%～37.78%,6.25%～93.75%和27.57%～85.60%,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和有效钾含量分别提高了17.21%～134.85%,1.42%～72.76%,8.71%～156.79%和12.99%～332.39%。(2)添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理对耕作层土壤微生物生物量影响比较明显,与对照相比,各处理中土壤微生物量碳和氮含量分别显著增加了52.95%～219.00%和121.45%～548.73%。(3)添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理中水稻产量均明显提高,其中M30FS增产效果最明显,增幅为39.53%。(4)利用聚类分析方法将添加不同有机物料处理下新垦耕地耕作层土壤质量等级划分为3级,分别为:一级(M30FS)、二级(M15FS,OFS,CFS)、三级(FS,CK),其中经M30FS处理后土壤质量水平等级最高。添加木本泥炭与有机物料可显著降低新垦耕地耕作层土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度和pH,解决了红壤黏重和酸化的特征,且土壤养分和微生物量碳、氮含量均得到了提高,改善了土壤理化性状和生物学特征,提高了水稻产量,其中添加30t/hm2木本泥炭对红壤新垦耕地优质耕作层构建效果最明显。     

Response of Soil Aggregate Stability to Manure Amendments in the Ultuna Long-Term Soil Organic Matter Experiment

The present paper deals with the long-term effects of bare fallow and organic treatments on soil aggregate stability. Soil samples were collected from plots of the long-term soil organic matter experiment in Ultuna/Sweden, which is already running for 38 years. Soil aggregate stability (SAS) showed a clear response to soil management. SAS increased in following order: bare fa llow < no-N < green manure < peat ≤ farmyard manure. Humus contents of the plots had a significant impact on S AS. Increasing C_org^? contents generally enhanced aggregation. However, the unfavourably high C/N ratio of peat treatments and the resulting small size of microbial biomass led to a distinctly lower positive influence of accumu lated soil organic matter in case of peat additions.     

PAM与天然土壤改良材料混合对部分土壤理化性质的影响

为了充分发挥高分子土壤改良剂和一些天然土壤改良材料改土培肥作用,选取了高分子土壤改良剂聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）,分别与具有改土培肥功能的天然土壤改良材料——油渣、秸秆、蛭石、草炭、页岩、风化煤按不同用量混合施入土壤,利用湿筛法、称重法、重铬酸钾容量法、离心机法,测定对土壤水稳性团聚体、孔隙度、土壤有机质、有效含水量和水分蒸发等土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:（1）各处理与单施PAM相比,对土壤孔隙度没有明显影响,但对土壤水稳性团聚体含量均有不同程度的提高,其中PAM与0.6%秸秆处理和PAM与0.3%油渣处理对其影响最为显著,较单施PAM提高4.9%和4.6%;（2）通过天然土壤改良剂自身的有机质含量测定以及PAM分别与六种天然土壤改良材料混合施入土壤培养前后有机质含量测定,结果分析得出,随着材料施入量增加,各处理培养前后土壤有机质含量呈现递增趋势;风化煤处理对土壤有机质含量增加显著,培养后其土壤损失有机质百分比较高,幅度约50%,页岩处理培养土壤损失有机质的百分比较少,幅度约为6%;（3）通过各处理在不同水吸力下土壤持水量和蒸发观测得出,PAM与3%的风化煤处理显著提高土壤有效水含量,PAM与1%的秸秆处理和PAM与1%的油渣处理显著提高了土壤抗蒸发能力。总体上,PAM与风化煤、PAM与油渣和PAM与秸秆处理对土壤结构、土壤有机质含量、土壤水分等方面有显著改善作用。这对进一步研制具有多重功能的土壤改良剂提供参考。     

后续施肥措施改变对水稻土团聚体有机碳分布及其周转的影响

利用一个长达30 a且已进行适当变更的长期定位施肥试验,改施C4玉米秸秆以替代C3水稻秸秆,运用δ~(13)C自然丰度方法,研究长期施用高量有机肥、常量有机肥、化肥及当其施肥措施改变(化肥改为常量有机肥、常量有机肥改为高量有机肥、高量有机肥改为化肥、常量有机肥改为化肥)3 a后对红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳分布及其周转的影响。结果表明:在所有施肥处理条件下红壤性水稻土团聚体分布以大团聚体(0.25 mm)为主,占72.48%~86.33%。与施用化肥30 a相比,长期施用常量有机肥、高量有机肥有利于促进红壤性水稻土粗大团聚体(2 mm)的形成,并提高团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)。团聚体中有机碳含量随着团聚体粒径的增大而增大,大团聚体更有利于有机碳富集。长期常量有机肥、高量有机肥处理下红壤性水稻土中有机碳主要贮存在粗大团聚体(2 mm)中,而长期化肥处理下以细大团聚体(2~0.25 mm)对土壤有机碳贡献率最高。外源新碳施入量越多,全土和各粒径团聚体新碳含量越高,且外源新碳主要分布在大团聚中。在后续施肥措施改变3年后,增加有机肥施入量(化改常、常改高)2 mm粗大团聚体、MWD、全土及各粒径团聚体中有机碳含量将分别显著提高7.08%~73.13%、5.38%~44.22%、14.53%~38.50%、0.70%~35.86%;而减少有机肥施入量(高改化、常改化)则与之相反,分别降低28.17%~43.20%、21.17%~31.54%、17.54%~27.30%、11.49%~29.77%。因此,在我国南方红壤性稻作区的农业生产过程中应继续或加大施用有机肥,从而进一步维持或改善土壤结构,提高土壤有机碳含量。     

Physical protection of mineralizable C in aggregates from long-term pasture and arable soil

Depending on agricultural management, soil aggregation can provide physical protection of organic matter against rapid decomposition. Within a given soil series, farm management affects the quality and quantity of organic inputs, soil disturbance and biological activity, and thereby the processes of aggregate formation (biogenic vs. physicogenic). We determined the physical protection of readily mineralizable organic matter against mineralization in undisturbed aggregates from a conventional arable field and a permanent pasture (>70 years). Soil samples from the two fields were incubated at constant temperature and moisture content, corresponding to field capacity. The increase in CO₂ evolution due to crushing (<250 μm) of the aggregates was used to estimate the macroaggregate-protected C fraction. The fraction of C protected at the microstructural level was estimated from the increase in CO₂ evolution after ball-mill grinding. In addition, aggregate size distribution and bulk density and porosity of undisturbed soil and macroaggregates were determined. Unprotected C fractions were not significantly different between the management systems and ranged from 1.9% to 2.4% of total organic C. In the arable soil, 1.4% of total soil organic C was physically protected in macroaggregates. Crushing of macroaggregates did not significantly increase C mineralization in the pasture soil. The results indicate that mineralization was considerably suppressed in the dominantly large and dense physicogenic macroaggregates from the arable field, but not in the dominantly porous, biogenic macroaggregates of the pasture soil. However, the protection in macroaggregates from the arable soil is not likely to be effective on the long-term because of the low water stability and the disrupting forces of cultivation under field conditions. A relatively high additional C mineralization from ground compared to crushed soil material, especially in the upper layer of the pasture soil, suggests a more important C protection at the microstructural level. Higher C protection in microaggregates from the pasture soil was supported by a previous micromorphological study of soil microstructures in thin sections of the considered management systems.     

Differences in the Influence of Cadmium on the Decomposition of Various Types of Organic Materials in Soil

The influence of Cd on the decomposition of various types of organic materials in soil was studied. CdCl₂ or CaCl₂ (control) was added to a Gley soil at a level of 10 mmol kg^-1 soil. Three days later, organic materials including glutamic acid, glucose, casein, starch, cellulose, lignin, rice straw, rice straw compost, or 3 kinds of sludges were mixed with the soil in a proportion of 1%, respectively. During an 8-week period of incubation at 28°C, CO₂ evolution was measured periodically. At the end of the incubation period, the form of Cd in the soil was analyzed by successive extractions with water, CaCl₂, CH₃COOH, Na₄P₂O₇, and with hot HCl after HNO₃-HClO₄ digestion.

The decomposition of all the organic materials was inhibited by the addition of Cd, but the degree of inhibition varied considerably among the types of organic materials. The decomposition of rice straw, rice straw compost, and sludges was markedly inhibited by Cd. The amount of water-soluble Cd was less in the soils treated with rice straw, rice straw compost, and sludges than in the soils treated with other types of organic materials, while the amounts of CaCI₂-extractable Cd were much larger in the latter soils. In the case of rice straw, rice straw compost, and sludges Cd was easily adsorbed from the CdCl₂ solution.

These results suggest that the inhibition of organic matter decomposition by Cd is caused by the adsorption of Cd onto organic matter.     

有机物料对淹水土壤中施入的镉形态的影响

The effect of three organic materials(rice straw,Chinese milk vetch and pig manure)on the fractionation of cadmium added into two soils(a red soil and a fluvo-aquic soil) was studied using submerged incubation experiment.The organic materials increased soil soild organic carbon(SOC),pH value,the concentration of active Si in all the treatments and active Fe and Mn in some treatments.Accumulated SOC caused directly the increase of Cd bound to solid organic matter and consequently the decrease of exchangeable Cd.Higher active Si and pH,as well as lower Eh,were also responsible for the reduction of exchangeable Cd.Cd bound to mn oxide was positively correlated with pH values and rose significantly after one-month incubation,but decreased after three-month incubation.Cd bound to amporphous Fe oxide increased with the incubation time,but was not affected significantly by adding organic materials.     

Organic resource quality influences short-term aggregate dynamics and soil organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation

Organic C inputs and their rate of stabilization influence C sequestration and nutrient cycling in soils. This study was undertaken to explore the influence of the combined application of different quality organic resources (ORs) with N fertilizers on the link between aggregate dynamics and soil organic C (SOC) and soil N. A mesocosm experiment was conducted in Embu, central Kenya where 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ of Tithonia diversifolia (high quality), Calliandra calothyrsus (intermediate quality) and Zea mays (maize; low quality) were applied to soil compared to a no-input control. Each treatment was fertilized with 120 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea [(NH₂)₂CO] or not fertilized. The soils used in the mesocosms were obtained from a three-year old-field experiment in which the same treatments as in the mesocosm were applied annually. No crops were grown in both the mesocosms and the thee-year field experiment. Soil samples were collected at zero, two, five and eight months after installation of the mesocosms and separated into four aggregate size fractions by wet sieving. Macroaggregates were further fractionated to isolate the microaggregates-within-macroaggregates; all soils and fractions were analyzed for SOC and N. The addition of ORs increased soil aggregation and whole SOC and soil N compared to the control and sole N fertilizer treatments. There were no differences among different OR qualities for whole SOC or soil N, but maize alone resulted in greater mean weight diameter (MWD), macroaggregate SOC and N than sole added Calliandra. The addition of N fertilizer only influenced SOC and soil N dynamics in combination with maize where SOC, soil N and aggregation were lower with the addition of N fertilizer, indicating an increased decomposition and loss of SOC and soil N due to a faster aggregate turnover after addition of N fertilizer. In conclusion, compared to high quality ORs, low quality ORs result in greater aggregate stability and a short-term accumulation of macroaggregate SOC and N. However, the addition of N fertilizers negates these effects of low quality ORs.     

硫酸铝和有机物料对盐碱土有机碳组成及复合体的影响

通过进行实验室室内培养试验,以盐碱土为研究对象,添加不同梯度有机物料(10,20,30,40,50,60 t/hm²)和同一硫酸铝添加量(0.2 t/hm²),研究硫酸铝和有机物料对盐碱土有机碳组成及复合体的影响。结果表明：施用硫酸铝和有机物料能够显著提高有机碳含量及活性有机碳含量。在施用硫酸铝且有机物料施用量为30 t/hm²时,微生物碳增长趋势开始减缓,土壤微生物商值到达峰值,Kos值与其他处理相比最低;硫酸铝和有机物料的施用可以促进土壤中粒级由小向大聚集,同时使各粒级复合体内有机碳含量增加,在有机物料施用量为30 t/hm²时,可以明显看出土壤结构变化。即在施用硫酸铝且有机物料施用量为30 t/hm²时,既能够有效提高盐碱土土壤肥力,又能改善土壤结构,能够经济合理地改良培肥盐碱地。     

不同有机物料投入下黄河故道土壤有机碳积累特征的研究

潮土有机质含量低、结构差是限制黄河故道区作物优质高产的主要原因.通过连续施用不同种类及用量有机物料,探究有机物料投入下,黄河故道区土壤有机质的积累特征,为该区土壤快速固碳提供理论依据和参考方案.试验采用随机区组设计,设置7个处理:单施氮磷钾肥作为对照(CK),其他处理在单施氮磷钾肥的基础上增施有机肥6 000 kg/h...     

改良剂对复垦土壤团聚体组成及有机碳含量的影响

为探究改良剂对复垦土壤团聚体组成及有机碳含量的影响,采用田间微区的方法按表层0—20 cm土壤重量占比1%,3%,5%的比例添加泥炭、腐殖酸和蛭石,研究3种改良剂对复垦土壤团聚体组成、总有机碳、各粒级团聚体有机碳含量、土壤红外光谱特征的影响。结果表明:施用3种改良剂后各处理土壤机械稳定性团聚体均以>5 mm的最多,施用泥炭和腐殖酸后>5 mm团聚体含量随着改良剂施用比例的升高而增大,且MWD(平均质量直径)值均高于CK。其中,5%腐殖酸对调控>5 mm团聚体含量效果最佳,在6个月时>5 mm机械稳定性团聚体占比达到60.03%。而施用蛭石后>5 mm机械稳定性团聚体的占比与CK相比有所下降。施用3种改良剂后土壤水稳性团聚体以<0.053 mm团聚体含量最高,但其含量均随改良剂施用比例的升高而降低。泥炭和腐殖酸能够提高复垦土壤总有机碳的含量,增强抗侵蚀能力和团聚体的稳定性,而施用蛭石后有机碳含量减少。泥碳、腐殖酸和蛭石各处理下各粒级机械稳定性团聚体有机碳含量均以>5 mm最高,0.053~0.25 mm次之,<0.053 mm最少,有机碳含量贡献率也以>5 mm团聚体的最大,泥炭和腐殖酸处理下>5 mm团聚体有机碳含量贡献率均高于50%,<0.053 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率仅有0.63%~2.82%。从土壤的红外光谱特征峰可以看出,施用腐殖酸能够增加土壤中的多糖类物质,而多糖类物质有大量的—OH,能与黏粒矿物晶面上的氧原子形成氢键而把土粒团聚起来。     

不同土地利用与施肥管理下黑土团聚体颗粒有机碳分配变化

土地利用和土壤管理方式的变化强烈影响土壤结构及土壤有机碳的稳定机制。基于长期定位试验,通过分析土壤团聚体粒级及碳分布,以揭示和探讨不同土地利用和施肥管理下东北黑土团聚体颗粒有机碳分配特征及其稳定性机制。通过分析>0.25mm团聚体的变化,草地植被恢复和农田有机培肥团聚体稳定性显著提高。所有处理团聚体碳的分布趋势均表现为:>0.25mm团聚体>微团聚体>粉粘粒。草地粗颗粒有机碳总量和细颗粒有机碳总量均显著高于裸地和无肥处理(p<0.05),表明自然植被恢复可有效提高物理保护颗粒有机碳含量。农田有机培肥明显增加粗颗粒有机质(p<0.05),但并没有提高细颗粒有机质的量。物理保护颗粒有机碳占土壤总碳的比例为10.1%～18.6%,平均约15%。平均重量直径与粗、细颗粒有机碳的相关性达极显著水平(p<0.001),特别是与>2mm团聚体内各颗粒有机质组分碳的相关性更强(r≥0.9,p<0.001)。长期植被恢复和增施有机肥不仅可提高土壤碳库储量,并增强了土壤结构稳定性及土壤组分有机碳的物理性保护。     

盐分对土壤呼吸和有机质动力学的影响与土壤电导率相关，而与渗透势的关系更为密切

Osmotic potential (OP) of soil solution may be a more appropriate parameter than electrical conductivity (EC) to evaluate the effect of salts on plant growth and soil biomass.However,this has not been examined in detail with respect to microbial activity and dissolved organic matter in soils with different texture.This study evaluated the effect of salinity and sodicity on respiration and dissolved organic matter dynamics in salt-affected soils with different texture.Four non-saline and non-sodic soils differing in texture (S-4,S-13,S-24 and S-40 with 4％,13％,24％ and 40％ clay,respectively) were leached using combinations of 1 mol L-1 NaC1 and 1 mol L-1 CaC12 stock solutions,resulting in EC (1:5 soil:water ratio) between 0.4 and 5.0 dS m-1 with two levels of sodicity (sodium absorption ratio (SAR) ＜ 3 (non-sodic) and 20 (sodic),1:5 soil:water ratio).Adjusting the water content to levels optimal for microbial activity,which differed among the soils,resulted in four ranges of OP in all the soils:from-0.06 to--0.24 (controls,without salt added),-0.55 to-0.92,-1.25 to-1.62 and-2.77 to-3.00 Mpa.Finely ground mature wheat straw (20 g kg-1) was added to stimulate microbial activity.At a given EC,cumulative soil respiration was lower in the lighter-textured soils (S-4 and S-13) than in the heavier-textured soils (S-24 and S-40).Cumulative soil respiration decreased with decreasing OP to a similar extent in all the soils,with a greater decrease on Day 40 than on Day 10.Cumulative soil respiration was greater at SAR =20 than at SAR ＜ 3 only at the OP levels between-0.62 and-1.62 MPa on Day 40.In all the soils and at both sampling times,concentrations of dissolved organic C and N were higher at the lowest OP levels (from-2.74 to-3.0 MPa) than in the controls (from-0.06 to-0.24 MPa).Thus,OP is a better parameter than EC to evaluate the effect of salinity on dissolved organic matter and microbial activity in different textured soils.