基于儿童友好城市理念的通学道路交通安全研究——以咸阳市杨凌区为例

城市街道通学空间存在大量"儿童不友好"现象。为解决这一问题并丰富我国相关规划设计理论,以杨陵区3所学校为实验点,以道路交通要素为基础,设立针对性评价指标体系,结合问卷打分与实地调研,研究了不同年龄段儿童的通学情况,并针对发现的问题以"十四五"规划纲要中有关儿童友好城市建设的提案为基础提出了相应的解决措施与建议,包括提升步行空间、停留空间和通学路径中相关设施的安全性和舒适度,提升乘车环境和到达娱乐运动环境便捷性,提升步行空间形式多样性等,为中国相关领域环境建设提供参考。     

儿童友好理念助推城市公共空间微更新策略解析

随着我国城市化进程不断发展,生活在城市中儿童比例逐渐增加,但户外活动空间不足,极易引起多种儿童生理心理健康问题。因此,亟需将儿童友好理念纳入新一轮城市建设中。以安全性、可达性、参与性为基本原则,提出了指导城市公共空间微更新的交通友好、空间友好、参与友好策略,即打造安全的街区环境,结合社区生活圈合理布局儿童活动空间,鼓励儿童参与符合其年龄特点的活动,以儿童友好理念助推城市微更新实现建设儿童友好型城市目标。     

从儿童友好到全龄友好——复合空间视角下的佛山公园改造设计研究

以家庭为单位的亲子游是目前城市公园中儿童游憩的最主要形式。建设儿童友好城市,将老公园改造成儿童公园,不仅要考虑儿童自身的行为特征和活动要求,也要统筹考虑儿童家庭群体的游憩需求。佛山公园是佛山新城中央发展轴上的老公园之一,以绿化为主,服务功能单一,2020年政府提出将其改造为禅城区儿童公园。在改造设计实践中,积极探索以儿童家庭为服务主体,覆盖全龄需求的设计方法,从儿童、家人及其互动的游憩需求出发,突破传统的并列式功能分区布局,探索功能混合利用的公园复合空间体系构建思路,营造对儿童家庭全年龄层友好的开放式共享空间。     

儿童公园设计发展新方向初探

针对我国目前儿童公园很多只是单调的娱乐设施添加的初级设计阶段,不能很好地培养和锻炼儿童未来所需具备的各种能力及儿童对娱乐的复杂要求,总结了儿童公园设计发展三大新背景：适应＂少年儿童友好型＂的城市建设、积极探讨游戏与儿童发展的关系、深入儿童心理学,并从主题创意性、游戏艺术性、空间趣味性、自然互动性四方面初步探讨了儿童公园设计发展新方向。     

浙闽丘陵型城市的城市森林建设探究——以邵武市为例

城市化和城市蔓延导致了城市森林的破碎化和布局变化,从而影响到城市森林作为城市绿色基础设施的生态、服务功能的发挥。在总结浙闽丘陵型城市生态建设普遍存在问题的基础上,对森林城市建设规划内涵、规律进行研究。最后,对邵武市城市森林建设进行实证分析,提出构建邵武市"两环两带多廊多单元"的森林生态网络格局,分析城市森林现存问题并提出解决方案,以期最大程度地发挥城市森林的服务功能和生态功能。研究结果可为同一类型的浙闽丘陵城市的城市森林建设提供参考。     

厦门森林城市建设理念与布局研究

通过对厦门城市森林的综合分析,研究了厦门建设海湾型森林城市的总体布局。根据厦门城市特点和城市发展对城市林业的多种需求,提出了"海西森林城市,温馨宜居厦门"的理念;在城市森林发展结构布局上,根据国家林业发展战略和厦门城市森林多功能特点,提出"生态林、文化林、产业林"统筹兼顾的"三林体系"建设思路;在空间布局上,根据厦门地貌特征、森林资源分布现状、新特区发展趋势,提出了"一心两带五湾多点"的城乡一体化城市森林建设空间格局,分析了不同区块的综合特征,提出了具体的发展对策。       

山东省青少年教育实践基地植物应用调查与分析

为提升友好型儿童户外活动空间的建设水平,以山东省4所青少年教育实践基地为研究对象,对基地内的植物应用情况进行实地调研,主要从植物种类组成、应用频度、植物景观营造特点等方面进行分析,总结出山东省4所青少年教育实践基地植物应用存在的问题,并提出相应建议。     

城市森林型绿地的植物景观改造设计初探——以怀柔城南森林公园为例

北京市在城市森林型绿地建设的大背景下,开展了一系列此类项目的建设。笔者在工作中参与了怀柔区2018年"城市森林"建设项目——怀柔城南森林公园的规划设计工作,该项目场地内存在大量现状造林地块,对城市森林建设中的近自然植物景观营造带来较高的难度。考虑到城市森林建设趋势和城市化区域内现状林存在的普遍性,笔者认为城市森林型绿地建设中对植物景观的改造设计十分重要,并以此为契机对其进行研究。依托规划实践,提出理结构、调林相、建群落、注文化四大策略。笔者以此为基础,初步完成了怀柔城南森林公园植物景观的改造设计,为后续城市森林型绿地建设过程中植物景观改造设计提供了一定的参考依据。     

建设节约型园林应采取的技术措施分析

指出了提高城市生活质量、建造生态友好型城市,是“建设节约型社会”的重要举措,而其中建设节约型园林是走节约型路线中必不可少的中心环节。结合实例针对建设节约型园林应采取的技术措施进行了探讨。     

基于儿童友好的城中村空间环境影响因素分析——以佛山市城中村为例

城中村作为承载儿童成长与生活的重要空间载体,其空间环境是否对儿童友好对于儿童成长有重要的意义。从儿童友好的角度出发,对佛山市18个城中村的空间环境进行实地调查,结合其中5个城中村的儿童户外活动特征问卷调查结果,分析城中村儿童友好空间环境影响因素。结果表明街巷是儿童上学、外出活动必经区域和玩耍的场地,存在安全因素、适儿程度低等因素影响其儿童友好程度;儿童户外活动空间方面存在集中性绿地的面积不足、设施可供性不足与质量不佳、可探索性少等问题,难以满足不同年龄段儿童活动的需求。最后,根据这些影响因素提出了对儿童友好的城中村改造建议。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.