用过硫酸铵、过硫酸钾处理芨芨草提高其营养价值的研究

分别用0.5%过硫酸铵(B)、1%过硫酸铵(C)、2%过硫酸铵(D)、0.5%过硫酸钾(E)、1%过硫酸钾(F)、2%过硫酸钾(G)、4%尿素(H)处理芨芨草,A组为对照,水分调至45%,密封保存20天,然后利用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定芨芨草有效降解率,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明:B、C、D可极显著(p<0.01)提高芨芨草DM中CP含量,分别提高CP8.62%、16.01%、30.30%;过硫酸铵可显著降低(p<0.05)NDF含量,B、C、D分别比对照组A降低2.14%、5.04%、9.09%。过硫酸钾可显著降低(p<0.05)NDF含量,E、F、G三个处理组分别比对照组A降低3.53%、6.74%、10.43%;4%尿素处理芨芨草后,芨芨草DM中CP含量极显著(p<0.01)提高(145.81%),NDF含量略有降低(2.5%),差异不显著(p>0.05)。用过硫酸铵、过硫酸钾处理芨芨草后,可极显著地(p<0.01)提高芨芨草DM、OM、NDF有效降解率,以0.5%过硫酸铵处理芨芨草效果最好,可分别提高芨芨草DM、OM、NDF有效降解率48.70%、53.43%、38.13%;4%尿素可极显著地(p<0.01)提高芨芨草DM、OM、NDF有效降解率,分别提高46.61%、50.87%、18.80%;0.5%过硫酸铵与4%尿素处理芨芨草的效果相当,但在提高NDF降解率方面,0.5%过硫酸铵优于4%尿素处理芨芨草的效果。     

过硫酸钾对麦秸营养价值及其瘤胃有效降解率的影响

分别用 0 5 %过硫酸钾 (B)、1 %过硫酸钾 (C)、2 %过硫酸钾 (D)、4 %尿素 (E)处理麦秸 ,A为对照组 ,水分调至 4 5 % ,密封保存 2 0d ,然后利用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定麦秸有效降解率 ,分析相关营养指标。结果表明 ,过硫酸钾可显著降低 (P <0 0 5 )NDF含量 ,B、C、D三个处理组分别比对照组降低 3 2 0 %、6 90 %和 1 0 79% ;4 %尿素处理麦秸后 ,麦秸DM中CP含量极显著 (P <0 0 1 )提高 ,比对照组提高 1 63 1 9% ,NDF含量显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,比对照组降低 5 3 8%。用过硫酸钾处理麦秸 ,可极显著地 (P <0 0 1 )提高麦秸DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 ,以 2 %过硫酸钾处理麦秸效果最好 ,可分别提高麦秸DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 2 9 5 9%、3 0 76%和 3 0 5 7% ;4 %尿素可极显著地 (P <0 0 1 )提高麦秸DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 ,分别提高 2 6 73 %、2 7 2 9%和 1 1 74 % ;2 %过硫酸钾稍优于 4 %尿素处理麦秸的效果 ,二者差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但在提高NDF降解率方面 ,2 %过硫酸钾极显著(P <0 0 1 )优于 4 %尿素处理麦秸的效果     

亚硫酸铵对稻草瘤胃有效降解率的影响

用0%、4%、8%的亚硫酸铵处理稻草,水分调至45%,填紧压实,密封保存于贮罐内1个月,然后用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定稻草有效降解率,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明:4%、8%的亚硫酸铵可显著提高(P<0.01)稻草中CP、S元素含量,分别提高CP83.80%、174%,S370%、465%;显著降低(P<0.01)NDF、ADF含量,分别降低NDF5.48%、6.98%,ADF3.94%、14.16%。可显著提高(P<0.01)稻草中DM、OM有效降解率,其中8%亚硫酸铵分别提高DM、OM有效降解率12.57%、13.11%,显著降低(P<0.01)NDF有效降解率13.54%。     

亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸铵处理稻草提高其营养价值的效果研究

用0%亚硫酸铵、4%亚硫酸铵、8%亚硫酸铵、4%尿素、8%亚硫酸铵+等当量盐酸、8%亚硫酸钠、8%亚硫酸钠+等当量盐酸处理稻草,水分调至45%,填紧压实,密封保存于贮罐内1个月,然后用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定稻草有效降解率,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明:①4%亚硫酸铵、8%亚硫酸铵可显著提高稻草中粗蛋白(CP)、硫(S)及粗灰分(Ash)含量,降低中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量;可显著提高(P<0.05)稻草中干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)有效降解率,降低(P<0.05)NDF有效降解率。其效果不及4%尿素处理稻草的效果;②8%亚硫酸钠可显著提高稻草中Ash和S元素含量,大幅度降低NDF、ADF含量;8%亚硫酸钠可提高稻草DM、OM、NDF有效降解率,其效果优于尿素,差异极显著(P<0.01);③8%亚硫酸钠处理稻草效果优于4%尿素、8%亚硫酸铵、4%亚硫酸铵;8%亚硫酸钠、8%亚硫酸铵与等当量的盐酸反应可生成亚硫酸氢盐及SO2,用其处理稻草的效果与8%亚硫酸钠、8%亚硫酸铵单独处理稻草的效果相比,前者使有效降解率显著(P<0.05)下降,后者相差不大(P>0.05),因此添加盐酸没有意义。     

甲酸对全株玉米青贮饲料营养价值的影响

全株玉米秸青贮时分别加入0%、0.05%、0.1%的甲酸,添紧压实,密封保存于罐内一定时间,然后测定玉米青贮原料、青贮饲料DM损失率,用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定青贮饲料有效降解率,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明:甲酸有提高青贮料中NDF、ADF及Ash含量的趋势,且随着甲酸量的提高而提高。玉米秸经青贮后,无论有无甲酸,都可显著提高CP含量,CP含量提高22.53%-28.68%;降低NDF、ADF含量,分别比青贮原料降低9.22%-16.37%、15.84-23.66%;灰分含量比青贮原料提高7.98%-22.5%。甲酸有提高青贮玉米秸DM、OM、NDF有效降解率的作用趋势,其中0.1%甲酸组与QⅢ对照组相比差异极显著(P〈0.01)。但添加甲酸会提高青贮饲料DM损失率。0.05%甲酸组、0.10%甲酸组与对照组相比,DM损失率分别增加38.7%、120.14%,差异显著,表明玉米秸青贮时添加甲酸不利于营养物质的保持。玉米秸经青贮(QⅠ、QⅡ、QⅢ)后,不管有无甲酸,DM、OM、NDF有效降解率与青贮前玉米秸对比差异极显著(P〈0.01),玉米秸经青贮后可提高DM有效降解率17.79%～24.30%;OM有效降解率13.62%～20.51%;NDF有效降解率10.43%～23.70%。     

氢氧化钙尿素食盐复合调制稻草的效果研究

用氢氧化钙、尿素、食盐组成的复合处理剂调制稻草 ,共设 8个处理组 ,稻草水分调至 4 5 % ,填紧压实 ,密封保存于贮罐内 1个月 ,然后用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定稻草有效降解率 ,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明 :①复合处理剂可提高稻草中CP、Ash、Ca含量 ,降低 (P <0 .0 1)NDF、ADF含量。复合处理剂可极显著地提高 (P <0 .0 1)稻草中DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 ,其中以H组 ,即 4 %Ca(OH) 2 +4% (NH2 ) 2 CO +2 %NaCl处理组效果最佳 ,与对照、A组比较 ,分别提高DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 4 4 .0 4 %、4 3.0 5 %、31.85 % ,其效果优于Ca(OH) 2 +尿素处理稻草或单独用尿素处理稻草的效果 ,差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1)。生产实践中应用时 ,要考虑反刍动物的消化生理特点和秸秆加工成本 ,可适当降低尿素和食盐添加量。②复合处理剂中添加食盐、尿素有利于提高 (P <0 .0 1)稻草中DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 ,2 %食盐添加量优于 1%食盐添加量 ,4 %尿素添加量优于 2 %尿素添加量     

中药复方对山羊的影响:Ⅵ·日粮营养物质瘤胃降解特性

试验旨在研究中药复方对日粮营养物质在山羊瘤胃内降解特性的影响。择6头健康的体重相近的安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的周岁大足黑山羊羯羊,按3×3重复拉丁方试验设计,随机分为3组,1个对照组和2个处理组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,2个处理组分别在基础日粮上给每头羊日喂15 g复方Ⅰ和复方Ⅱ(由藿香、苍术、黄柏和生石膏等中药按不同比例组成)。采用瘤胃尼龙袋法对日粮精料和粗料干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)及酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)在瘤胃内不同时间点的降解率进行测定,再根据动态降解率计算出降解模型参数及有效降解率。结果表明:复方Ⅰ能极显著提高精料DM和ADF及粗料DM、OM、NDF和ADF的有效降解率(P<0.01);复方Ⅱ能极显著提高精料DM及粗料DM、OM和ADF的有效降解率(P<0.01),显著提高精料ADF和粗料NDF的有效降解率(P<0.05)。研究结果提示,中药复方能改善山羊瘤胃降解能力,且复方Ⅰ作用效果优于复方Ⅱ。     

不同温度和CO2浓度生长环境下小麦麦秸的消化率研究

本试验以优良中筋小麦“扬麦14”为试验材料,在小麦整个生育期提高CO₂浓度和温度,分为4组:空白组,升温组,CO₂组,升温和CO₂混合组,空白组小麦生长平均温度10.5 ℃,CO₂浓度413 μmol/mol,升温组温度高于空白组2 ℃,CO₂组浓度500 μmol/mol,升温和CO₂混合组同时提高温度与CO₂浓度,收割时采集麦秸用于体内消化试验。用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法评定温度和CO₂浓度升高环境下小麦秸瘤胃的降解特性。结果显示,与空白组相比,升温组DM快速降解部分显著升高(P<0.05),ADF降解率与ADF慢速降解部分显著降低(P<0.05);CO₂组DM,OM,NDF及ADF降解率均显著降低(P<0.05),且DM,OM与NDF有效降解率显著降低(P<0.05);混合组DM,OM,NDF及ADF降解率均显著降低(P<0.05),DM,OM及ADF慢速降解部分显著降低(P<0.05),DM,OM与NDF有效降解率显著降低(P<0.05)。不同处理后麦秸DM,OM,NDF与ADF瘤胃内降解率从高到低为空白组、升温组、CO₂组和混合组。综合以上结果表明,温度和CO₂浓度升高降低了麦秸DM,OM,NDF及ADF瘤胃内降解率,导致麦秸营养价值降低,温度升高对降解率影响最小,其次为CO₂浓度升高,温度和CO₂浓度同时升高对麦秸营养价值的影响最为显著。     

氢氧化钙与食盐处理稻草的效果研究

分别用0％（A）、4％氢氧化钙（B）、4％氢氧化钙＋41％食盐（C）、4％氢氧化钙＋2％食盐（D）处理稻草，水分调至45％，填紧压实，密封保存于贮罐内1个月，然后用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定稻草有效降解率，分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明，B、C、D可极显著（P＜0．01）降低稻草DM中NDF、ADF含量，分别平均降低11．67％、13．18％；极显著提高（P＜0．01）DM中Ash,Ca含量，分别平均提高28．84％、6．06倍。氢氧化钙与食盐结合（C、D组）复合处理稻草，与A组对比，可极显著地（P＜0．01）提高DM、OM、NDF有效降解率，分别平均提高43．30％、44．32％、20．48％。C、D组与B组对比，可显著或极显著提高DM、OM、NDF有效降解率，表明复合处理效果优于单独用氢氧化钙处理稻草的效果，有效降解率随着食盐添加量的提高而提高，表明食盐对提高稻草营养价值有重要作用。     

不同精粗比全混合饲料在绵羊瘤胃内的降解动态

研究了在舍饲条件下绵羊利用精粗比例为6∶4,5∶5和4∶6的全混合饲料(TMR)的降解情况,并进行了对比分析.结果表明,不同精粗比例全混合饲料的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)在绵羊瘤胃中8个时间点(2,4,8,12,24,36,48和72 h)有效降解率分别呈现不同的降解规律.从总体上看,TMR2和TMR1比较,其有效降解率分别是DM提高11.40%(P<0.01),OM提高8.48%(P<0.01),CP降低14.65%(P<0.01),NDF降低3.45%(P>0.05),ADF降低8.38%(P<0.01);TMR2和TMR3比较,其有效降解率分别是DM降低3.43%(P>0.05),OM降低9.29%(P<0.01),CP变化不显著(P>0.05),NDF提高8.34%(P<0.05),ADF提高1.30%(P>0.05);TMR1和TMR3比较,其有效降解率分别是DM降低15.37%(P<0.01),OM降低19.60%(P<0.01),CP提高13.27%(P<0.01),NDF提高12.08%(P<0.01),ADF提高9.80%(P<0.01).说明精粗比例各为50%时,既有利于粗料的利用,又能有效地利用精料达到育肥的目的.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.