益生素和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪肠道pH及肠黏膜形态的影响

本试验旨在研究益生素和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪肠道pH及肠黏膜形态学的影响。将240头平均体重6．83kg的21±2日龄PIC杂交断奶仔猪分为4个处理．试验Ⅰ组（正对照组,含有较多的鱼粉和乳清粉）、试验Ⅱ组（负对照组,含有较多的豆粕）、试验Ⅲ组（负对照＋益生素0．035％）和试验Ⅳ组（负对照＋低聚木糖0．002％）。试验结果表明：与负对照相比．日粮中添加益生素和低聚木糖能显著提高仔猪十二指肠、回肠、盲肠和结肠的pH（p〈0．05）,能显著提高仔猪空肠绒毛长度（p〈0．05）,对仔猪十二指肠和回肠绒毛长度影响不明显;日粮中添加益生素能显著缩短仔猪十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度（p〈0．05）：添加低聚木糖有缩短仔猪回肠隐窝深度的趋势：仔猪日粮添加益生素和低聚木糖能显著提高仔猪十二指肠和空肠绒腺比（p〈0．05）,对仔猪回肠绒腺比影响不显著（p〉0.05）。     

益生素和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪肠道pH及肠黏膜形态的影响

本试验旨在研究益生素和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪肠道pH及肠黏膜形态学影响。用240头平均体重6．83kg的21±2日龄PIC杂交断奶仔猪,分为4个处理,试验Ⅰ组（正对照组,含有较多的鱼粉和乳清粉）,试验Ⅱ（负对照组,含有较多的豆粕）,试验Ⅲ组（负对照＋益生素0．035％）,试验Ⅳ组（负对照＋低聚木糖0．002％）,营养水平参照PIC猪营养需要设计。结果表明：与负对照相比,日粮中添加益生素和低聚木糖能显著提高仔猪十二指肠、回肠、盲肠和结肠的pH（p〈0．05）,能显著提高仔猪空肠绒毛长度（p〈0．05）,对仔猪十二指肠和回肠绒毛长度影响不明显;日粮中添加益生素能显著缩短仔猪十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度（p〈0．05）;添加低聚木糖有缩短仔猪回肠隐窝深度的趋势;仔猪日粮添加益生素和低聚木糖能显著提高仔猪十二指肠和空肠绒腺比（p〈0．05）,对仔猪回肠绒腺比影响不显著（p〉0．05）。     

酸化剂对早期断奶仔猪胃肠道pH和肠黏膜形态结构的影响

通过在饲粮中添加不同的酸化剂探讨其对早期断奶仔猪肠道结构功能的影响。选用54头(35±1)d断奶、体重10.04kg左右的杜长大三元杂种仔猪,随机分为3个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复6头(阉公、母各半)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组和2组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加康体酸8g/kg和乳味酸8g/kg的试验饲粮。预试期2d,正试期28d,于试验最后一天早晨从各处理中随机选取1头阉公猪屠宰,并测定胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和结肠内容物的pH及十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜上皮的绒毛高度和隐窝深度。结果显示,试验组胃及各肠段内容物的pH比对照组均有所降低,尤其是胃和十二指肠,差异极显著;试验组各肠段的绒毛高度均高于对照组,试验1组、2组和对照组十二指肠的绒毛高度分别为525.91、484.53、374.39μm,空肠分别为339.46、319.65、307.17μm,回肠分别为327.62、332.04、299.48μm,试验组隐窝深度低于对照组,试验1组、2组和对照组十二指肠的隐窝深度分别为336.92、322.15、344.13μm,空肠分别为241.18、235.36、257.23μm,回肠分别为212.02、206.17、221.37μm,试验组绒毛高度与隐窝深度之比高于对照组。表明,在早期断奶仔猪饲粮中添加适量的酸化剂,能降低其胃肠道内容物的pH,改善肠黏膜的形态结构。     

断奶应激对仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响

在仔猪断奶过渡期，胃肠结构受损是很普遍的，断奶后一段时间内，胃肠结构受损程度不同，本文研究了断奶后7d内（断奶后0-6d)，仔猪小肠黏膜形态的变化，试验仔猪28日龄断奶。试验分7组，每组6头仔猪。从断奶当天开始，每1d定时定点剖杀取小肠前段，小肠中部，小肠后段作组织切片，观察其绒毛高度，隐窝深度。结果表明，断奶后前4d，绒毛高度缩短，隐窝加深，断奶后第4d绒毛高度最短，断奶后第5d开始恢复。     

低聚木糖和酸化剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

本试验研究了低聚木糖及其与酸化剂合用对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。选择72头35±1日龄、平均断奶体重(10.33±0.34)kg的健康三元(杜×长×大)杂交仔猪,按体重和性别分成4个处理组,每处理组3个重复。第1组为对照组,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮;第2组为低聚木糖(200mg/kg)组;第3组为酸化剂(8g/kg)组;第4组为合用组,添加低聚木糖(200mg/kg)和酸化剂(8g/kg)。研究结果表明,各试验组日增重、料重比得到显著改善(P<0.05),腹泻率显著下降(P<0.01)。     

谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响

甘氨酰谷氨酰胺( Gly-Gln)和牛磺酸(Tau)对早期断奶仔猪小肠各段黏肠DNA和形态的影响.以28日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪为研究对象,通过饲养和屠宰试验,研究Gly-Gln和Tau对早期断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏肠DNA及形态的影响.结果表明:饲粮中分别或同时添加Gly-Gln和Tau均可提高小肠各段黏膜DNA的含量.Gly-Gln组能显著提高空肠和回肠段的黏膜DNA含量,Tau组和复配组对小肠各段黏膜DNA含量影响不显著;Gly-Gln组极显著增加了十二指肠和回肠的黏膜厚度(MT),显著提高了十二指肠和回肠后段的绒毛高度(VH),显著或极显著降低了空肠前段和中段的隐窝深度(CD),极显著提高了空肠前段和中段的VH/CD,显著提高了回肠段的VH/CD;Tau组极显著提高了十二指肠段的VH并降低了CD,极显著提高了十二指肠段和空肠中段的VH/CD;复配组显著或极显著降低了十二指肠段和空肠中段的CD,极显著提高了空肠前段、中段和回肠段的VH/CD.这说明,在早期断奶仔猪饲粮中分别或同时添加0.25%Gly-Gln和0.1% Tau能有效提高仔猪肠黏膜的发育及功能.     

益生菌制剂对早期断奶仔猪肠道pH、黏膜形态结构和挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响

本试验旨在研究益生菌制剂对早期断奶仔猪肠道pH、黏膜形态结构和挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响.选用48头平均体重为(6.39±0.42)kg的(21±2)日龄“杜×长×大”三元杂交断奶仔猪,按性别、体重和窝源基本一致原则随机分为2个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复6头猪.试验1组为对照组,采用基础饲粮;试验2组为益生菌组,每千克基础饲粮中添加1×109 CFU活菌.试验期为21d.结果表明:1)28日龄时,益生菌组回肠内容物pH显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).2)和对照组相比,添加益生菌制剂,28日龄时,显著增加空肠、回肠绒毛高度和上皮内淋巴细胞数量(P＜0.05),显著提高回肠杯状细胞数量(P＜0.05),显著降低回肠隐窝深度(P＜0.05);35日龄时,显著增加空肠、回肠绒毛高度(P＜0.05),显著提高空肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量(P＜0.05),显著降低空肠、回肠隐窝深度(P＜0.05);42日龄时,显著增加空肠、回肠绒毛高度,显著提高空肠上皮内淋巴细胞和杯状细胞数量(P＜0.05),显著降低空肠隐窝深度(P＜0.05).3)28日龄时,益生菌组盲肠内容物中丁酸和乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);35日龄和42日龄时,益生菌组盲肠内容物中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).由结果可知,添加益生菌制剂能改善断奶应激对绒毛高度和隐窝深度的影响,提高肠道淋巴细胞数量和挥发性脂肪酸含量,降低肠道pH,从而缓解断奶应激对肠道环境的影响.     

蛋白酶解物对早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜形态和生长性能的影响

本文旨在研究自制蛋白酶解物对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。选用40头健康杜×长×大三元杂交商品仔猪(约3.5 kg/头),随机分为5个处理组(1个对照组,4个试验组),每个处理组设4个重复,每重复2头。对照组添加1.5%血浆蛋白粉,试验1~4组分别添加2%玉米蛋白粉酶解物(HCPP)、豆粕酶解物(HSM)、鱼粉酶解物(HFM)和酵母酶解物(HY)。仔猪14日龄断奶,预试期2 d,正试期14 d。试验测定了早期断奶仔猪生长性能和肠黏膜形态。结果表明:日粮中添加2%酵母酶解物通过保护小肠黏膜的正常形态结构,能有效地提高早期断奶仔猪平均日增重(24.64%,P<0.05)和日采食量(7.80%),并改善饲料转化率(13.68%)。     

低聚木糖对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选择同批健康的去势断奶仔猪60头,随机分为3组,分别饲喂基础日粮、添加0.01%和0.02%低聚木糖的基础日粮,进行生产性能、腹泻以及经济效益的对比试验,找出低聚木糖在饲粮中的最适添加量。结果表明,在日粮中添加0.01%的低聚木糖可以增加仔猪采食量,显著提高日增重(P<0.05);可以显著降低仔猪腹泻率(P<0.05);使经济效益显著提高(P<0.05)。     

Effect of xylo-oligosaccharides from corn cobs autohydrolysis on the intestinal microbiota of piglets after weaning

The effect of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), a probiotic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and the combined administration of XOS and SC on the piglet intestinal microbiota was investigated. Twenty four weaned piglets were fed during 4 weeks with one of the following diets: (BD) basal diet; (BD + XOS) basal diet supplemented with xylo-oligosaccharides (20 g kg^− 1); (BD + SC) basal diet supplemented with S. cerevisiae (6 × 10⁹ CFU kg^− 1); and (BD + XOS + SC) basal diet supplemented with xylo-oligosaccharides and S. cerevisiae. Samples from the ileum, caecum and colon were collected and analysed for total anaerobes growing in XOS or glucose, xylose and arabinose (GXA) containing media. Specific primers were used to evaluate differences in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus populations and ERIC PCR to fingerprint the intestinal microbiota.

The lowest number of culturable bacteria was obtained from the ileum of animals fed BD + XOS. The highest PCR titres with Lactobacillus group-specific primers in BD and BD + SC were obtained in the caecal contents. In XOS-supplemented diets the PCR titres were increased or maintained, from the caecum to the colon. Bifidobacteria were not detected in any samples using genus-specific primers. In the dendrogram from ERIC PCR, the piglets fed with XOS diets presented the highest similarity between samples and probiotic reference strains.     

加温饲养和定时饲喂对断奶仔猪肠黏膜形态和肠道发育的影响

试验旨在探索对仔猪床进行加温处理以及采用定时饲喂的方式的对早期断奶仔猪不同肠段黏膜形态和肠道发育的影响,从而为确定断奶仔猪适宜的饲养温度和科学的饲喂方式提供理论依据。试验采用2×2因子设计。选用21日龄杜长大断奶仔猪240头,随机分到4个处理组:1):28~30℃的仔猪床加温处理组;2)23~25℃的低温对照组(炉火暖气管道舍内加热);加温处理组和低温对照组中又根据不同的饲喂模式分为每天6次定时饲喂组和自由采食组。每个处理6个重复,每个重复10头猪。经过14 d的试验之后,在每圈仔猪中随机抽取1头,屠宰后取样检测小肠黏膜的绒毛高度、隐窝深度和肠壁厚度。结果表明:加温饲养组(28~30℃)的仔猪空肠中段的绒毛高度显著高于低温对照组(23~25℃)(P<0.05)。加温饲养组十二指肠的隐窝深度和空肠中段的肠壁厚度显著低于低温对照组(P<0.05)。定时饲喂饲养的仔猪空肠后段的绒毛高度显著高于自由采食饲养的仔猪(P<0.05)。定时饲喂组仔猪空肠中段的肠壁厚度和十二指肠隐窝深度显著低于自由采食组(P<0.05)。2因子的互作效应表明:加温定时饲喂组饲养的仔猪空肠后段的绒毛高度显著高于其他处理组。低温自由采食组饲养的仔猪空肠后段的绒毛高度极显著低于其他处理组(P<0.01)。加温定时饲喂组的仔猪空肠中段的肠壁厚度极显著低于其他处理组(P<0.01)。由结果可知,28~30℃的加温饲养组以及定时饲喂的饲喂模式有利于仔猪的肠道黏膜形态的改善,有益于肠道的发育和健康。     

Effects of feeding linseed and linseed expeller meal to newly weaned piglets on growth performance and gut health and function

The effects were evaluated of the inclusion of full fat linseed (125 g/kg) (LS) or linseed expeller meal (85 g/kg) (LSM) in diets for weaned piglets on growth performance and parameters of gut health and function. The diets were fed to groups of 12 post weaning single housed piglets. Three of the five treatments (Control (C)+, LS+, LSM+) were challenged with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli on day 6. Two treatments were not challenged (C− and LS−). The main response criteria were daily feed intake, body weight gain, faecal shedding of the E. coli, faecal consistency score, faecal nutrient digestibility and gut wall morphology and histology of the jejunal mucosa on day 18/19 of the study. Over the total experimental period (day 0–18) feed intake and body weight gain were highest in treatment C− and lowest in treatment LSM+ (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio did not differ between treatments over the total experimental period. Over day 10–12 of the study, the faecal digestibility of dry matter, ash and energy was higher for treatments C− and C+ compared to treatments LS−, LS+ and LSM+ (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the faecal shedding of E. coli between treatments C+, LS+ and LSM+. Intestinal mucosal histology and morphology were only slightly affected by the dietary treatments. It was concluded that the use of full fat linseed or linseed expeller meal did not show to be functional ingredients in diets for post-weaning piglet in terms of supporting gut health.     

仔猪肠道免疫与肠道健康

肠道黏膜免疫系统是仔猪体内最大的黏膜免疫器官,在识别和清除有害物质的过程中发挥着重要作用,同时能够对营养物质和肠道益生菌形成免疫耐受,与仔猪的健康关系最为密切。随着养殖业进入全面减抗、限抗的时代,养猪业面临巨大的挑战。仔猪肠道健康决定了猪场的生产效益,正确认识仔猪肠道免疫系统,科学调节肠道免疫,提高仔猪抗病能力,是决定养猪生产能否成功的重要因素。     

Effects of benzoic acid,Bacillus coagulans and oregano oil combined supplementation on growth performance,immune status and intestinal barrier integrity of weaned piglets

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of benzoic acid, Bacillus coagulans and oregano oil combined supplementation on growth performance, immune status and intestinal barrier integrity of piglets. In a 26-d experiment, 25 piglets were randomly assigned to 5 treatments: 1) a basal diet, negative control (NC), 2) NC added with antibiotics, positive control (PC); 3) NC added with benzoic acid at 3,000 g/t and Bacillus coagulans at 400 g/t (AB); 4) NC added with benzoic acid at 3,000 g/t and oregano oil at 400 g/t (AO); 5) NC added with 3,000 g/t benzoic acid and Bacillus coagulans at 400 g/t and oregano oil at 400 g/t (ABO). On d 27, all piglets were euthanized to obtain jejunal mucosa to measure immune status and intestinal barrier integrity. Results showed that pigs fed AB diet increased the final body weight and average daily body weight gain and decreased the ratio of feed to gain compared with NC group (P < 0.05). Compared with NC group, AB, AO and ABO decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentration and ABO decreased interleukin-1β concentration in serum and jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). Compared with NC group, AB up-regulated mRNA expressions of sodium-glucose cotransporte1, claudin-1, occludin and mucin2 in jejunal mucosa and the populations of Bifidobacterium and Bacillus in cecal digesta (P < 0.05). Compared with NC group, ABO increased jejunal mucosal occludin mRNA abundance and Bifidobacterium population in cecal digesta, and decreased Escherichia coli population in cecal digesta (P < 0.05). Furthermore, AB and ABO increased Bacillus population in cecal digesta compared with PC group (P < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary AB supplementation could improve growth performance and intestinal barrier integrity of piglets when fed antibiotic-free diets, which was possibly associated with the improvement of immune status and intestinal microflora. Dietary ABO supplementation is also beneficial to improve immune status and intestinal barrier integrity and microflora of piglets.     

低聚木糖对仔猪生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究低聚木糖对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选用72头35日龄断奶,体重相近(10kg左右)的健康三元(杜×长×大)杂交仔猪,随机分成4个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复6头猪。以玉米-豆粕型日粮为基础日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组为分别在基础日粮基础上添加0.01%、0.02%、0.04%低聚木糖。试验期28d。研究结果表明:①相对于对照组,0.02%低聚木糖组日增重提高15.34%(P<0.05),0.01%、0.02%低聚木糖组料重比显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组仔猪腹泻率均极显著降低(P<0.01);②各试验组仔猪的血清尿素氮和总胆固醇含量与对照组比较差异均显著(P<0.05),0.02%低聚木糖组血糖含量比对照组提高7.83%(P<0.05),血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白含量都有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);③0.02%低聚木糖组的淀粉酶和碱性磷酸酶活性比对照组有显著提高(P<0.05),各试验组与对照组之间谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。④各试验组与对照组相比,断奶仔猪血清中IgG水平都显著提高(P<0.05)。除了0.01%低聚木糖组IgA略...     

植物多糖对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

旨在探讨断奶仔猪饲粮中单独或联合添加黄芪多糖、牛膝多糖及白术多糖对其小肠黏膜形态及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。选取256头35日龄的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为8个组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头猪,采用三因素两水平(2×2×2)试验设计,饲粮中黄芪多糖、白术多糖和牛膝多糖的添加水平均为0,800mg/kg,试验共进行28d。结果显示:植物多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠的黏膜绒毛高度,提高绒腺比(P0.05),3种多糖联用效果最适。与对照组相比,多糖组断奶仔猪回肠V/C比值显著提高(P0.05),各单一多糖组之间差异不显著(P0.05),3种多糖联合添加与两两添加及单一添加相比显著提高了V/C比值(P0.05)。多糖组断奶仔猪血清中二胺氧化酶(DAO)的活性、血清中内毒素(ET)含量及D-乳糖的含量均显著降低(P0.05),3种多糖联用效果最适。多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道黏膜Occludin、Claudin和ZO-1的基因表达量(P0.05)。单一添加黄芪多糖、白术多糖及牛膝多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道钠-葡萄糖共转运载体1(SGLT1)的mRNA相对表达量(P0.05),对葡萄糖转运载体2(GLUT2)mRNA相对表达量有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05)。多糖两两联用及3种多糖联合添加能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道SGLT1和GLUT2mRNA相对表达量(P0.05)。结果表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加植物多糖可显著改善断奶仔猪肠道黏膜形态结构和肠道的通透性,其机制可能与植物多糖改善断奶仔猪肠黏膜屏障功能作用有关。     

Effect of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation and ileo rectal anastomosis on intestinal morphology of weaned piglets

Forty eight 21 days old piglets were used to compare the effect of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation and ileo rectal anastomosis on the morphology of the small intestine. Half of the piglets were maintained intact and the other half was subjected to an ileo rectal anastomosis (IRA). Each group of piglets received one of the following diets: 1) basal diet (C), 2) basal diet supplemented with a Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS), 3) basal diet supplemented with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and 4) basal diet supplemented with XOS and SC. Villus height was greatest with XOS and with XOS + SC, only in the ileum, as compared to controls. In the duodenum, crypt width was highest in the control group, but no significant differences were found in the jejunum and ileum. The IRA piglets had longer villi in the jejunum and shorter villi in the ileum. The crypt depth was greater in the duodenum and in the ileum of IRA piglets. Villus height/crypt depth was lower in the duodenum and in the ileum, in the IRA piglets. In conclusion, the XOS, but not the SC, moderately modified the intestinal morphology. The IRA modified the intestinal villus and crypt architecture but its consequence on the absorption of nutrients needs to be investigated.