密度对黑腹果蝇胚细胞系L-2/M delta 2-3 冻存效果的影响

使用双翅目昆虫黑腹果蝇( Drosophila melanogaster Fallen )胚细胞系L-2/M delta 2-3作为研究材料,制备10个密度试验组(0.81×10⁶~2.88×10⁷ 个·mL^-1,每组跨度大于2.00×10⁶ 个·mL^-1),分别在冻后第6、10、14个月对各组细胞冻后活力、回复时间长短、以及生长状况进行观察和比较,研究密度因素对细胞系L-2/M delta 2-3长期冻存效果的影响。结果表明:冻存密度对细胞系L-2/M delta 2-3冻后活力和状态恢复均有显著影响( P<0.05 )。细胞冻后活力下降速率随冻存密度增高而减慢,复苏后细胞状态恢复所需时间较短。将L-2/M delta 2-3的冻存密度提高至1.3×10⁷ 个·mL^-1以上有利于细胞活力的保持与冻后的恢复。     

不同径级云南松各部位生物量及其分布规律

利用标准木法测定了不同径级云南松人工林生物量及生物量在垂直方向上的分布规律。结果表明:云南松生物量随径级的增大而增大,5~7.5 cm径级云南松生物量为(6.642±1.129)×10³ g·株^-1;7.6~12.5 cm径级为(2.533±0.387)×10⁴ g·株^-1;12.6~17.5 cm径级为(5.897±1.331)×10⁴ g·株^-1;17.6~22.5 cm径级为(1.063±0.211)×10⁵ g·株^-1;≥22.6 cm径级为(2.208±0.409)×10⁵ g·株^-1。在不同径级组成中云南松各器官生物量的分配比例存在一定的变化:随着径级的增大,主干和根部生物量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,枝和叶生物量占总生物量的比例为先升高后降低,而树皮的比例则一直下降。主干生物量在0~2 m高度层最大,占总生物量的27.62%。6~8 m高度层枝、叶生物量最大,分别占各自总生物量的35.85%、38.34%。云南松根系生物量主要分布在0~30 cm土层深度内,占总根系生物量的65.49%。     

侧柏种子用硝酸稀土浸种盆栽试验初报

为探讨稀土微肥对侧柏种子萌芽及幼苗鲜重的影响 ,并筛选促进苗期生长的适宜剂量 ,特在温室内进行试验测定。结果报告如下 :1　材料与方法1.1　材料河南省商丘冶炼化工厂生产的粉状硝酸稀土[ＲＥ(ＮＯ3) 3·4Ｈ2 Ｏ];侧柏种子采自枣庄 ,千粒重 2 1.37ｇ ,净度为 96 .7%。盆栽试验在温室内进行。1.2　方法试验设计硝酸稀土为 7个水平 ,3次重复。各水平浓度如下 :ＣＫ ,Ａ(1× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｂ(10× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｃ(5 0× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｄ (10 0× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｅ(5 0 0× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｆ(10 0 0×10 - 6 )。每水平浸种 3× 5 0粒 ,浸种时间为 2 4ｈ。从种…     

中国思茅松林生态服务功能价值动态研究

对我国思茅松林生态服务功能价值20年来的变化规律进行了研究。1987—2002年期间,思茅松林面积呈下降趋势,思茅松林的生态服务功能价值也相应下降,从365.81×10⁸元·a^-1降至313.50×10⁸元·a^-1,之后随思茅松林资源的恢复而增至328.44×10⁸元·a^-1;思茅松林生态服务功能价值随着资源的增长而增长,随着思茅松林资源的消耗而降低。思茅松林单位面积生态服务     

马尾松与红椎等3种阔叶树种营造混交林的生长效果

对马尾松分别与红椎等3种阔叶树种及与杉木混交试验林的6年生和11年生林分生长数据进行了分析,结果表明:(1)6年生林分,混交小区及纯林小区中马尾松的平均树高为4.6 4.9 m,平均胸径为6.0 7.4 cm,不同混交组合间差异不显著,但在马尾松×米老排混交组合中马尾松生长不良;11年生林分,不同处理对马尾松平均胸径和蓄积量均有显著影响,其中,对照(马尾松纯林)的平均胸径和蓄积量最大,分别为12.6 cm和121.05 m³·hm^-2;马尾松×米老排混交组合中马尾松的平均胸径和蓄积量最小,分别为8.7 cm和43.18 m³·hm^-2。(2)11年生林分各树种平均树高顺次为:米老排(14.3 m)>红椎(10.2 m)>火力楠(9.9 m)>杉木(9.1 m)>马尾松(8.1 m);马尾松×米老排组合中的马尾松和马尾松×红椎组合中的红椎,因林木生长竞争剧烈,需要及时间伐。(3)适合培育阔叶树种大径材的松阔混交组合有2种,分别为马尾松×红椎和马尾松×火力楠,而米老排以人工纯林方式造林效果好,初植密度建议为1 000 1 600株·hm^-2。     

北五味子丰产栽培产技术

北五味子Shisantdra chinensis Bai1l.木兰科植物,用于中药已有1千多年的历史。浆果与种子含有1种刺激神经兴奋的物质,通常用于消除疲劳,治疗神经衰弱。果实含大量抗坏血酸,对改善血质,治疗循环系统疾患,抗癌都有一定的辅助疗效。干果和种子含大量挥发油,用于饮料和化妆品工业原料会取得特殊效果。据对五味子干果、种子及干树皮的主要化学组成成分的分析:含挥发油0.8×10~(-2);五味子醇0.12×10~(-2);糖份19.6×10~(-2);蛋白质10.6×10~(-2);柠檬酸11.2×10~(-2);苹果酸8×10~(-2) ;酒石酸2×10~(-2)。抗坏血酸350～470mg/kg干果。干种子中含挥发油2×10~(-2);脂肪油4×10~(-2);干树皮中含挥发油2.6～3.2×10~(-2)。     

HMC-60催化α-蒎烯异构化反应动力学研究

用HMC 6 0催化剂催化α 蒎烯异构化反应 ,考察了反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对反应结果的影响 ,研究了反应动力学。确定在 140～ 156℃范围α 蒎烯异构化反应均为一级反应。分别求出在 140、150和 156℃时的反应速率常数为 4 .4 1× 10 - 4、4 6 9× 10 - 4和 5.11× 10 - 4;表观活化能为 1.75kJ/mol,频率因子A =5.314×10 - 4。建立了反应速率方程式和反应速率常数与温度的关系式。     

紫斑牡丹反季节盆栽中打破休眠技术的研究

本试验共选用了2种不同的方法处理盆栽紫斑牡丹,每种处理各设了4个不同的赤霉素浓度,经分析,包芽和喷施最适宜的浓度分别为1600×10-6和20×10-6。     

新型漆酚铁树脂修饰的固体传感器的制备及应用

研究了一种用漆酚铁树脂进行化学修饰的固体传感器的制备方法,并初步探讨了其提高金属离子测定灵敏度的机理。在HOAc+NaOAc和KNO3混合介质中,该传感器测定铜离子的线性范围为4×10-9mol/L至2.5×10-7mol/L之间,富集20min后铜离子的检出限为8×10-11mol/L。用于实际水样的测定,平均回收率可达99.10%,结果满意。     

锐劲特和氯菊酯毒杀两种天牛成虫研究

利用锐劲特和氯菊酯两种农药毒杀光肩星天牛成虫 ,分别用 2 .0× 10 - 6和 110 .4× 10 - 6时 ,致死效果都能达到 10 0 % ;锐劲特的浓度 30×10 - 6时 ,对桑天牛的致死效果为10 0 %。锐劲特施药 18～ 4 8d时仍能使光肩星天牛成虫死亡 10 %～2 5 % ,氯菊酯施药 18～ 32d ,能使天牛成虫死亡 15 %～ 2 5 %。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.