燃烧加热污染空气对超燃冲压发动机性能影响研究

针对燃烧加热地面试验设备存在的工质污染问题,采用数值模拟方法研究了燃烧加热污染空气对氢燃料超燃冲压发动机性能的影响。以飞行马赫数Ma=6.5,当量油气比ER=0.6为计算基准状态,分别对纯净空气和污染空气来流下氢燃料超燃冲压发动机的整机流场和性能进行了对比计算分析。燃烧化学反应模拟采用了改进的H₂/O₂七组分八方程模型,湍流模型为标准的 k-ε模型,并采用直连式燃烧室试验数据进行了数值方法的验证。研究结果表明:(1)相对于纯净空气来流,污染空气来流下的超燃冲压发动机推力和比冲均有所下降。(2)采用酒精燃烧加热器的前提下,来流参数匹配静温、静压、马赫数时,发动机性能与纯净空气来流下的结果最为接近,而匹配总温、总压、马赫数时相差最大。(3)来流参数匹配总焓、静压、马赫数的前提下,采用氢燃烧加热器时发动机性能与纯净空气来流下的结果最为接近,而采用甲烷燃烧加热器时相差最大。      

模拟城市SO2污染对晚松生理特性的影响

以2年生晚松盆栽苗为供试材料,从抗大气环境中SO₂污染方面对晚松的抗逆能力进行了定量评价,为晚松的园林应用提供理论依据。研究表明,晚松叶绿素a、b对模拟SO₂污染反应敏感,叶绿素b所受伤害大于叶绿素a,类胡萝卜素较不敏感。过氧化物酶活性的提高有助于减轻膜脂过氧化造成的伤害,从而使其在SO₂污染胁迫较轻(10 mmol/L)时免受伤害。     

一种机动车尾气遥感检测设备CO2吸收增量的算法研究

通过一种机动车尾气遥感检测设备二氧化碳(CO₂)吸收增量的算法研究,分析了目前燃烧方程甚或修正后的燃烧方程反演式,其基础都是基于CO₂作为参比气体进行的计算,但这些方法并没有阐述如何对CO₂气体本身进行采集、计算、算法优化等。基于此现状,阐述了CO₂气体采集后,如何从采集到的数据中进行取值,算法模型建立,算法优化的过程。经过此算法研究和改进后,对机动车尾气烟羽中的CO₂本身的采集以及计算方法进行了优化,避免出现污染物偏差,为尾气遥感检测以及检测中使用燃烧方程或修正后的燃烧方程反演式提供更准确的CO₂数据。     

大气中O3与CO2浓度升高对植物影响研究进展

由于工业的快速发展,大气中的O₃和CO₂浓度有逐年上升的趋势,对植物产生了很大的影响。目前,植物对O₃和CO₂浓度变化的复合作用的响应机制研究已经成为生态学研究的热点问题。文中阐述了O₃和CO₂浓度升高及其复合作用对植物的形态特征、光合作用、抗氧化系统及生物量等生理生化机制的影响,指出目前研究中存在并有待进一步研究的问题,以期为进一步开展高浓度O₃和CO₂对植物生理生态学影响研究提供科学参考和理论依据。     

高CO2 和纯N2 冲击处理对板栗货架期萌芽及激素含量变化的影响

以'燕昌'板栗为试材,研究了50%CO2和纯N2冲击处理5 d和 10 d对经过0 ℃ 7个月冷藏板栗的货架期呼吸强度、发芽率和胚芽内几种激素(ABA、GA3、IAA、ZR)含量变化的影响.结果表明:(1)纯N2冲击处理对板栗货架期呼吸强度有明显的抑制作用,但50%CO2冲击处理与对照差异不明显;(2)50%CO2冲击处理可明显抑制板栗的发芽,货架期结束时,处理5 d和10 d的板栗发芽率分别为2.07%和3.65%,显著低于对照(18.06%);而纯N2冲击处理则显著促进板栗发芽,货架期结束时,处理5 d和10 d的板栗发芽率分别为45.04%和39.69%;(3)50%CO2冲击处理可明显提高板栗胚芽中ABA含量及ABA/GA3比值,而纯N2冲击处理使板栗胚芽中ABA含量下降,ABA/GA3比值降低;(4)虽然各冲击处理的IAA和ZR含量与发芽率之间没有表现出明显的相关性,但50%CO2冲击处理后ABA/ZR比值较大,纯N2冲击处理10 d明显抑制了ABA/ZR比值,这与各处理影响板栗发芽的结果基本一致.     

不同CO2 浓度对4个桤木品系光合特性的影响

对H1、H12、J5和J10 4个桤木品系苗期在不同CO2浓度条件下的光合生理生态特性进行了研究,结果表明:随着CO2浓度的增加,4个桤木品系净光合速率呈上升趋势,其CO2补偿点为39～154 μmol·mol-1,CO2饱和点为800～2 000 μmol·mol-1,净光合速率最大值Pm以6月份最高,10月份最低;羧化效率(CE)介于0.001 5～0.051 5之间,H1、H12在7月份有较大的CE;4个桤木品系蒸腾速率(Tr)下降、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升,气孔导度(Cond)下降,光合特征值在10月份最低,可能是10月初突然降温、秋天干旱等对桤木生长有影响;叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺(Vp)随着CO2浓度的增加缓慢上升,增加幅度不大.     

高CO2浓度和干旱胁迫对4种树苗光合特性的影响

在不同CO2浓度(380、720 μmol·mol-1)的密闭式生长箱内,对5年生油松和侧柏苗、3年生元宝枫和刺槐苗进行培养,研究CO2浓度升高与干旱胁迫对4种树苗光合特性和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:高CO2浓度均能增加正常水分和重度干旱胁迫下4个树苗的光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和瞬时水分利用效率(WUE;),而降低蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Cord);在轻度干旱和重度干旱条件下,Pn、Ci、Tr、Cond和WUEi增加,刺槐的WUEi却减少.CO2浓度增加,4个树种在同一干旱时期的碳稳定同位素比值(δ13C)减少.随着干旱胁迫加剧,不同CO2浓度下4个树种的Pn、Tr和Cond减少,而720 μmol·mol-1 CO2浓度下4个树种和380 μmol·mol-1CO2浓度下刺槐和元宝枫的WUEi和δ13C增加,而380μmol·mol-1CO2浓度下油松和侧柏的WUEi和δ13C先增加,到重度干旱时又下降.CO2浓度增加与干旱胁迫的交互作用减弱了干旱胁迫或者CO2浓度增加中的某一因子对气孔变化的敏感性,使得气孔变化缓慢,延迟了水分胁迫的发生.     

模拟CO2浓度和温度升高对宁夏枸杞果实品质形成的影响

【目的】探究CO₂浓度和温度升高对3个宁夏枸杞品种形态特征和营养组分积累的影响,为未来气候变化背景下培育高抗性优良枸杞品种以及经济林应对气候变化的适应性管理提供依据。【方法】采用开顶气室(OTC)模拟控制系统,对3个宁夏枸杞品种(‘宁杞1号’、‘宁杞7号’、‘宁杞10号’)分别进行CO₂浓度(e CO₂)和温度(e T)升高处理。在果实发育的幼果期(YF,处理60天)、青果期(GF,处理70天)、转色期(CF,处理80天)和红果期(RF,处理90天)采集果实,测定其形态特征和营养组分含量。【结果】1)形态特征分析表明,在CO₂浓度升高处理下,‘宁杞1号’果实转色期纵、横径及红果期横径和单果质量显著增加,‘宁杞7号’青果期纵径和转色期横径显著增加,‘宁杞10号’幼果期横径和转色期单果质量显著增加。在温度升高处理下,‘宁杞1号’果实转色期和红果期纵径以及红果期单果质量显著增加,‘宁杞7号’青果期和转色期纵径、转色期和红果期横径和单果质量也显著增加,‘宁杞10号’单果质量显著增加(P<0.05)。2...     

大气CO2浓度增加对不同层次生物组织结构与功能的可能影响

本文系统地综述了国际上开展与全球气候变化有关的大气CO₂浓度增加对植物和生态系统影响研究的实验技术方法和细胞、叶片和个体水平对CO₂反应的最新研究成果,人工气候模拟装置和测定技术;大气CO₂浓度增加对细胞、叶片及个体植物生长的影响;主要的研究结论。     

温室效应与植物光合作用 ——大气CO2浓度升高对植物光合机理影响的分析

比较分析了植物光合同化CO     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from drained coniferous forests on organic soils

Fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were measured during two to three years at four sites, located within an area of 9 km² in southern Sweden, using dark static chamber techniques. Three of the sites were drained coniferous forests on moist organic soils that differed in forest productivity and tree species. The fourth site was an undrained tall sedge mire. Although the drained sites were all moist, with average groundwater levels between 17 and 27 cm below the soil surface, the mean annual dark forest floor CO₂ release rate was significantly higher at the drained sites, (0.9–1.9 kg m⁻² y⁻¹) than at the undrained mire site (0.8 to 1.2 kg m⁻² y⁻¹). CH₄ emissions were significantly lower from the drained sites than from the undrained mire (0.0 to 1.6 g m⁻² y⁻¹, compared to 10.6 to 12.2 g m⁻² y⁻¹), while N₂O emissions were significantly lower from the undrained site than from the drained sites (20 to 30 mg m⁻² y⁻¹, compared to 30 to 90 mg m⁻² y⁻¹). There were no clear effects of site productivity or tree species on the soil fluxes of any of the gases. The annual net primary production of the forests was modeled. All drained sites were net sinks, while the undrained mire was a net source of greenhouse gases. The estimated net greenhouse gas exchange of the drained sites was correlated with productivity: the most productive site was the largest net sink and the least productive the smallest net sink for greenhouse gases. The results indicate that, to mitigate the increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases, drained forest sites, which have been unsuccessfully drained or rewetted due to subsidence, should be managed in a way that keeps the groundwater level at a steady state.     

多孔炭材料吸附CO2研究进展

由CO₂等温室气体排放带来的全球变暖问题是目前最严峻的环境问题之一。因此,利用多孔炭材料作为其高效吸附材料的研究得到了广泛的关注。系统综述了近年来用于CO₂吸附的5种多孔炭材料,即煤/石油焦基活性炭、生物质多孔炭、炭气凝胶、金属有机骨架衍生物和碳纳米材料,以及多孔炭材料主要的4种制备方法(高温炭化与活化法、水热炭化法、溶胶-凝胶法和模板法),并重点讨论其结构与CO₂吸附性能的关系;随后对多孔炭材料的孔结构和表面化学性质吸附CO₂的机理进行总结。最后,提出多孔炭材料吸附CO₂发展过程中尚待解决的问题,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

大气CO2浓度和温度升高对紫花苜蓿生物量及其分配的影响

本文利用封闭式生长室系统,研究了环境CO2浓度和温度(对照处理,CON)、CO2浓度升高(环境CO2浓度加倍,EC)、温度升高(环境温度+2.2℃,ET)以及二者同时升高(ECT)对紫花苜蓿生物量积累及其分配的影响.结果表明,CO2浓度升高增加了紫花苜蓿根、茎、叶和总生物量的累积.温度升高仅增加了叶、茎和总生物量,对根生物量的累积无显著影响.在温度升高条件下,CO2浓度升高对紫花苜蓿的根、茎、叶和总生物量的累积效应更多.单独CO2浓度、温度升高以及二者交互作用显著降低了根冠比与地下生物量,显著提高了源汇比和利用率.     

基于3S和OpenGL的CO2浓度空间可视化研究

基于3S和OpenGL的CO2浓度空间可视化利用强大的技术特点对全球气候变暖因数的重要因子进行了客观描述。采用了ArcGIS二次开发、OpenGL和3D Max空间模型等现代科学技术,运用以上技术在.Net上对某空间内CO2浓度可视化进行平台搭建。研究采取OpenGL雾效果和DEM等方式直观地把某区域内CO2浓度显示于视野内,使得CO2浓度在空间内达到了可视化效果。     

增温和氮添加对中亚热带杉木人工林土壤氮矿化和N2O排放的影响

目的 研究增温和氮沉降对中亚热带森林土壤氮矿化和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的影响,以期深入认识全球变化背景下中亚热带森林土壤氮循环过程。 方法 选取经过野外增温和氮添加处理的中亚热带杉木人工林土壤,将野外非增温处理和增温处理的土壤置于不同温度（20、25 ℃）培养箱中,同时对野外氮添加处理的土壤继续添加不同梯度的氮素（0.1、0.2 g·kg−1,以干土计）,进行为期28 d的室内培养,研究增温和氮添加对土壤氮矿化和N2O排放的影响。 结果 与对照相比,增温和氮添加及二者交互处理增加了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和矿质氮含量,且氮添加水平越高增加越明显,增温处理增加不显著。与对照相比,培养28 d后增温处理的土壤净铵化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率变化不显著,低氮、增温 + 低氮显著增加土壤净硝化速率,而高氮、增温 + 高氮显著降低土壤净氮矿化速率。与对照相比,增温和氮添加及二者交互处理总体降低土壤N2O排放速率,土壤N2O累积排放量也显著降低（P<0.05）,其中,单独增温、低氮、高氮、增温 + 低氮和增温 + 高氮处理土壤N2O累积排放量显著低于对照50%、21%、29%、62%和31%。增温和氮添加及二者交互处理显著降低土壤pH值。相关性分析表明：土壤N2O排放速率与土壤pH值呈显著正相关,与硝化速率呈显著负相关,而与土壤铵化速率无显著相关。 结论 增温和氮添加降低土壤pH值,同时抑制土壤N2O排放,因此,全球变化背景下中亚热带森林土壤中存留的硝态氮可能以淋溶方式损失。     

Effects of winter selective tree harvest on soil microclimate and surface CO2 flux of a northern hardwood forest

Soil surface CO₂ flux (S_flux) is the second largest terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux, and may be affected by forest harvest. The effects of clearcutting on S_flux have been studied, but little is known about the effect of alternative harvesting methods such as selective tree harvest on S_flux. We measured S_flux before and after (i) the creation of forest canopy gaps (simulating group tree selection harvests) and (ii) mechanized winter harvest but no tree removal (simulating ground disturbance associated with logging). The experiment was carried out in a sugar maple dominated forest in the Flambeau River State Forest, Wisconsin. Pre-treatment measurements of soil moisture, temperature and S_flux were measured throughout the growing season of 2006. In January–February 2007, a harvester created the canopy gaps (200–380 m²). The mechanization treatment consisted of the harvester traveling through the plots for a similar amount of time as the gap plots, but no trees were cut. Soil moisture and temperature and S_flux were measured throughout the growing season for 1 year prior to harvest and for 2 years after harvest. Soil moisture and temperature were significantly greater in the gap than mechanized and control treatments. Instantaneous S_flux was positively correlated to soil moisture and soil temperature at 2 and 10 cm, but temperature at 10 cm was the single best predictor. Annual S_flux was not significantly different among treatments prior to winter 2007 harvest, and was not significantly different among treatments after harvest. Annual (+1 std. err.) S_flux averaged 967 + 72, 1011 + 72, and 1012 + 72 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ in the control, mechanized and gap treatments, respectively, for the 2-year post-treatment period. The results from this study suggest selective group tree harvest significantly increases soil moisture and temperature but does not significantly influence S_flux.     

Effects of [CO2] and nitrogen on morphological and biomass traits of white birch (Betula papyrifera) seedlings

To investigate the interactive effects of CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) and nitrogen supply on the growth and biomass of boreal trees, white birch seedlings (Betula papyrifera) were grown under ambient (360 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated [CO₂] (720 μmol mol⁻¹) with five nitrogen supply regimes (10, 80, 150, 220, and 290 μmol mol⁻¹) in greenhouses. After 90 days of treatment, seedling height, root-collar diameter, biomass of different organs, leaf N concentration, and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured. Significant interactive effects of [CO₂] and N supply were found on height, root-collar diameter, leaf biomass, stem biomass and total biomass, stem mass ratio (SMR), and root mass ratio (RMR), but not on root mass, leaf mass ratio (LMR), leaf to root ratio (LRR), or leaf N concentration. The CO₂ elevation generally increased all the growth and biomass parameters and the increases were generally greater at higher levels of N supply or higher leaf N concentration. However, the CO₂ elevation significantly reduced SLA (13.4%) and mass-based leaf N concentration but did not affect area-based leaf N concentration. Increases in N supply generally increased the growth and biomass parameters, but the relationships were generally curvilinear. Based on a second order polynomial model, the optimal leaf N concentration was 1.33 g m⁻² for height growth under ambient [CO₂] and 1.52 g m⁻² under doubled [CO₂]; 1.48 g m⁻² for diameter under ambient [CO₂] and 1.64 g m⁻² under doubled [CO₂]; 1.29 g m⁻² for stem biomass under ambient [CO₂] and 1.43 g m⁻² under doubled [CO₂]. The general trend is that the optimal leaf N was higher at doubled than ambient [CO₂]. However, [CO₂] did not affect the optimal leaf N for leaf and total biomass. The CO₂ elevation significantly increased RMR and SMR but decreased LMR and LRR. LMR increased and RMR decreased with the increasing N supply. SMR increased with increase N supply up to 80 μmol mol⁻¹ and then leveled off (under elevated [CO₂]) or stated to decline (under ambient [CO₂]) with further increases in N supply. The results suggest that the CO₂ elevation increased biomass accumulation, particularly stem biomass and at higher N supply. The results also suggest that while modest N fertilization will increase seedling growth and biomass accumulation, excessive application of N may not stimulate further growth or even result in growth decline.