简论园林虚景

虚景相对于实景存在,园林虚景在园林景观设计中发挥着及其重要的作用。本文通过列举园林虚景在中国古典园林设计中的应用,从空间、光影、声香3个方面介绍园林虚景在园林景观中的设置及功能。     

华南地区常见观根植物及其在园林中的应用

初步调查了华南地区常见的园林观根植物,发现裸露于空气中从而具备观赏性的植物根系类型大多为定根中的侧根、不定根中的气根(呼吸根、支持根、攀援根)和板根。探讨了植物根景具有表现特定环境、体现顽强生命意志、表达故土情怀等园林意境功能,可以盆景、雕塑、小品等形式在园林中应用。不同植物根景的形成需要不同的时间和人工介入管理程度;根据观赏根对空间的占据情况可以形成特置点景、画面装饰及空间围合等不同的植物根景应用方式。最后指出华南地区园林观根植物应用的现状和进一步研究方向。     

芳香植物的功能及园林应用

植物是园林景观的基本要素,构成了极富变化的园林动景,为园林增添了无穷生机,而香味是"植物之灵魂",在园林植物的观赏性状中最具特色.中国古典园林注重意境美的创造,主张运用植物时 "重于香而轻于色",以芳香植物来提升园林景观的文化底蕴,把独特的韵味和意境带给园林.现代园林常追求大色块,重视视觉冲击力,反而忽略了嗅觉的感受,忽视了芳香植物的应用,而这类植物恰恰最具中华民族的文化特质和中国园林的文化特色,它们有姿态、有韵味、有意境,是园林"绿化"、"美化"、"香化"的重要材料,因此,应在摸清家底的基础上,大力加强芳香植物的引种及育种,并在园林中广泛应用,使我们的园林在世界园林中独树一帜,芳香溢远.     

中国古典园林中的声景营造

在中国古典园林的营造中,直接或间接以声音为元素的景观营造比比皆是。作者通过传统诗词、美学理论以及古典园林中的实例,阐述了声景的概念以及中国古典园林声景的构成,并从植物、地形和建筑等园林设计要素层面探讨了古典园林声景的营造方法,以期为现代园林声景设计提供值得借鉴的依据。     

植物造景手法与理念在现代园林中的应用

作为四大造园要素之一的植物是现代园林景观中最具生命活力的元素。在现代园林中应用的植物造景手法包括分景、借景、框景、对景等,其体现的应用理念为结合地域文化创造园林景观、在特定环境中塑造植物景观、根据立地条件营造特色景观等。结合某CBD庭院植物造景设计案例,借助园林空间艺术造景手法与其他造园要素巧妙融合,合理配置相宜的植物种类,营造出与周围环境和谐统一而又富于变化的植物景观。     

合肥滨水植物配置及绿地景观营造的研究

水体是园林中重要的构景元素,能使园林产生很多生动活泼的景观,形成开朗的空间和透景线。我国古典园林常被称作自然山水园,传统造园理论中曾有"无水不成园"之说,可见水体在园林中的重要地位。园林绿地中的各类水体,不论它是园林的主景、配景还是点缀,无一不是借助于植物丰富景观。植物景观本     

既要突出重点 又要展示多样性——北京园林建设运用植物应丰富多彩

我国植物的多样性在世界上是突出的，原产植物三万多种，其中原产木本植物就约有7500种，占世界树种总数比重极大，所以素有“园林之母”的美誉。北京皇家园林和寺观园林、私家园林等不同类型的古典园林，在植物的运用上有着独到之处，有很多好的传统。国内除按设计构思栽植树木花卉之外，还广泛采用借景、小中见大等艺术手法，     

“一分钟游程”构园法则的适用性研究

“一分钟游程”构园法则将人的视觉感受与园林组景共同考虑,以25~30 m作为组景转换的理想距离,对游路结构进行反复烘托与不断强化,从而形成柔和、丰富的“构景曲线”。选择南北方各具代表性的苏州沧浪亭和北京恭王府花园,分析其园林的景观布局,对比园林空间序列的“起”“承”“转”“合”间距。结果表明,“一分钟游程”构园法则在南方私家园林及北方皇家园林中同样适用,为今后的游线组织与组景布设提供了设计参考。     

河北省园博园燕赵园区景观分析

河北省第一届园林博览会以“园林走进生活”为主题,而园博会燕赵园区的景观特色是对这一主题的最好诠释,通过多种表现形式、造园手法将园林艺术融入到城市和市民生活中,向世人传达“低碳、生态、智慧”的园林理念.文中以燕赵园区为例,从园区创意、组景手法、植物造景等方面对其进行了景观分析.     

浅谈园林中的绿篱艺术

浅谈园林中的绿篱艺术海安县李堡镇政府季拥军园林植物以行列式紧密栽植，组成边界篱笆、树墙或栅栏等，常称为植篱。植篱的植物通常是常绿树，保持冬夏常青，故名为“绿篱”。绿篱除了具有绿化和美化的作用外，在园林中起着独特的作用。它主要作为隔景的材料，对园林中的...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.