干旱胁迫对油茶成林光合作用的影响

为了探究干旱胁迫对油茶成林光合作用的影响,从而为油茶大田栽培的水分管理提供参考,以7年生‘长林4号’油茶林为试验材料,设置4个不同处理:重度干旱胁迫(T1,土壤含水率15%~20%)、中度干旱胁迫(T2,土壤含水率20%~25%)、轻度干旱胁迫(T3,土壤含水率25%~30%)和对照(CK,无干旱),采用自动灌溉设备控制土壤水分,研究不同程度干旱胁迫对油茶光合作用的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的不断增加,油茶叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率(WUE)均呈下降的趋势,胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)总体呈现上升趋势;P_n、T_r、G_s日均值随干旱胁迫程度的加剧逐渐下降,日变化曲线由"双峰型"逐渐过渡为"单峰型",C_i在中度、重度干旱胁迫处理下呈先升后降的趋势,在轻度干旱胁迫、对照处理下C_i日变化曲线呈"W"型变化,且均在10:00和14:00出现低谷,WUE在重度干旱胁迫下一直处于较低水平,在轻度、中度干旱胁迫下存在小幅下降现象。     

干旱胁迫对蚬木幼苗生长及光合特征的影响

为探讨蚬木(Excentrodendron hsienmu)幼苗对干旱的适应能力,采用盆栽水分胁迫试验法,比较了田间最大持水量的65%~75%(对照)、50%~60%(轻度胁迫)、35%~45%(中度胁迫)和20%~30%(重度胁迫)4个水分梯度下,蚬木幼苗的生长、生物量分配及光合参数的变化。结果显示,重度胁迫显著抑制了幼苗的株高生长,地径生长受干旱影响不明显;中度和重度胁迫对植株茎、叶及总生物量积累产生显著影响,地上生物量比随土壤干旱增强下降、根生物量比和根冠比增加。干旱胁迫显著降低蚬木幼苗叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度。胞间CO2浓度在干旱初期先降后升、气孔限制值逐渐增加;随干旱时间延长和胁迫增强,胞间CO2浓度显著上升,气孔限制值变化趋势与之相反。水分利用效率总体上表现为随胁迫加剧而增强的趋势。胁迫初期,气孔限制因素与非气孔限制因素的共同作用可能导致了蚬木幼苗净光合速率的下降。蚬木幼苗在干旱胁迫下采取降低光合、增加地下生物量分配并减缓生长等适应策略,对干旱具有一定的耐受能力。土壤含水量低于最大田间持水量的65%~75%时,及时补充水分可以保证幼苗正常生长。     

铅和水分胁迫对国槐幼苗光合特性的影响

为探究国槐(Sophora japonica)幼苗对铅和干旱胁迫的抗性,采用盆栽控水方法对幼苗的叶绿素含量变化、净光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:在铅胁迫下,幼苗叶绿素a和叶绿素(a+b)的含量随着水分胁迫加剧先升高后降低,且二者都在土壤相对含水量为70%时达到最大值。在100%水分处理下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)的含量都达到最小值,而水分胁迫造成了叶绿素a/b比值的下降;铅胁迫下,净光合速率随土壤相对含水率的减小呈降低-升高-降低的趋势,最小值出现在土壤相对含水量为40%处,水分利用效率(WUE)随着水分胁迫的加剧呈现先增大后减小再增大的趋势,在SRW为52.16%达到最小值。     

水分胁迫下新西伯利亚银白杨光合能力变化

采用室内盆栽试验,研究不同程度水分胁迫24 d对新西伯利亚银白杨叶片光合生产力和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明：水分胁迫抑制了新西伯利亚银白杨幼苗叶片的光合能力,提高了叶片细胞中可溶性蛋白质含量,并影响了叶片中可溶性糖含量.随着胁迫强度和胁迫时间的增加,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著减小.叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系.气孔导度蒸与腾速率呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤含水量、可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关关系.蒸腾速率与可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关关系.在土壤相对含水量≥25％的条件下,净光合速率下降主要由气孔因素导致.在土壤相对含水量＜25％的条件下,净光合速率下降主要由非气孔限制导致.     

土壤含水量和光照对祁连圆柏光合生理指标的影响

采用人工控制土壤水分的方法,测定不同土壤含水量条件下祁连圆柏苗木的蒸腾速率、净光合速率和水分利用效率等指标,分析祁连圆柏在不同土壤含水量和光照条件下光合生理响应特征及其变化规律。结果表明:祁连圆柏的蒸腾速率、净光合速率均随着土壤含水量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。光合有效辐射在400-2 000μmol/(m~2·s)范围内,祁连圆柏的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用率均呈现最高值。土壤水分含量在17.04%、15.54%和11.77%时,祁连圆柏的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用率达到最高值,土壤含水量11.7%-17.04%是祁连圆柏生长最适宜的土壤水分区间。     

不同土壤水分条件下雷公藤的生长及光响应特征

选择2年生雷公藤盆栽扦插苗为实验材料,研究了不同土壤水分条件下(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%)雷公藤的生长及光响应特征,结果表明:在4种水分条件下,雷公藤枝条和叶片的生长量及叶片质量均随土壤含水量的增加而逐渐增加,土壤含水量为80%时生长量较好,叶绿素含量及比叶鲜重、干重均较高,土壤含水量为20%时生长相对较差,与各处理间差异显著;随着水分胁迫的加重,雷公藤的光合和蒸腾速率逐渐降低,不同土壤水分条件下,雷公藤光合与蒸腾的光响应均表现出一致的变化趋势,即随着光照强度的增加,其光合与蒸腾速率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

花吊丝竹对干旱胁迫的光合和生理响应

通过盆栽实验,研究了花吊丝竹在自然耗水的干旱胁迫处理下土壤含水量、叶片水势、叶片光合作用参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及相关酶类生理指标的变化。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫下,土壤含水量与叶片水势显著下降,叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均有不同程度下降,胞间CO2浓度呈先降后升的趋势,而气孔限制值则呈先升后降的趋势,说明轻度干旱胁迫下,气孔限制是花吊丝竹净光合速率降低的主要因素,重度干旱胁迫下,非气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要因素。(2)花吊丝竹叶片光系统Ⅱ的实际光化学效率、表观光合电子传递速率和非光化学猝灭系数在胁迫后段(15~30 d)呈显著下降趋势,而叶片初始荧光在后期呈上升趋势,表明随胁迫程度加重,PSⅡ的结构受到较严重的损伤。(3)随干旱时间的延长,脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量均显著上升,而超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性则先升后降,这表明随胁迫程度加深花吊丝竹细胞结构被破坏。综上所述,干旱胁迫环境下,花吊丝竹叶片光合作用和保护酶类均发生相应的变化,其自身能够提高叶片对光能的捕获能力、提升光能转化效率、增强叶片中的酶活性以及减少热能的耗散等形式,实现对干旱胁迫较强的忍耐性和较好的适应性。     

茶条槭山梨山桃苗木对土壤水分胁迫的适应性

在温室内用盆栽法栽植了1年生茶条槭、山梨和山桃苗木,并采用4种土壤水分处理,土壤相对含水量分别为75.0%、61.1%、46.4%和35.4%。结果表明:随土壤含水量降低,3树种苗木净光合速率,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均下降,土壤含水量最低时,茶条槭苗木各生理指标降低幅度最大,山梨和山桃次之。茶条槭和山梨水分利用效率随土壤含水量的减少呈降低趋势,山桃水分利用效率呈升高趋势。水分胁迫下,3树种苗木根分配生物量显著增加。茶条槭在水分胁迫下,根冠比增加幅度最大,山梨次之,山桃最小。此外,茶条槭叶形态可塑性强,随土壤含水量降低,茶条槭单叶叶面积和总叶面积显著减小,叶厚度增加。山梨和山桃在水分胁迫下单叶叶面积及总叶面积无显著变化。综合3树种苗木在水分胁迫下的生理和形态指标及生物量分配的变化,茶条槭对水分胁迫的适应能力强于山桃和山梨。表3参31。     

山桃叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分的响应特征

为探明山桃幼苗叶片光合生理特性对土壤干旱胁迫的响应规律,明确干旱胁迫下山桃幼苗的光合作用特性,以期为山桃幼苗的水分栽植管理提供理论依据。本研究以3 a生山桃幼苗为研究对象,模拟设置土壤相对含水量(RWC)为90.49%～30.28%共5个水分梯度,采用便携式光合仪Li-6400,测定分析不同土壤水分条件下山桃叶片的光合光响应曲线,筛选适宜的光合光响应模型,探讨山桃叶片净光合速率(P_n)、光合光响应参数、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)对土壤水分的响应规律。土壤水分可显著影响山桃幼苗叶片的光合作用和蒸腾作用,直角双曲线修正模型可较好模拟不同土壤水分条件下山桃叶片光合光响应曲线。山桃叶片表观量子效率、最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率随土壤水分的降低均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在RWC为59.68%～74.26%时光照生态幅较宽,利用弱光能力较强。随土壤水分的降低,山桃叶片P_n和T_r呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,分别在RWC为74.26%和59.68%下达最高值,而WUE表现为先降低后升...     

水分胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生理特性及生长的影响

通过盆栽实验，研究了在不同的水分条件下栓皮栎幼苗生理特性的变化和苗木生长量的变化。研究表明，在水分胁迫初期，随土壤含水量的降低，栓皮栎叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率下降，而水分利用效率提高。在水分胁迫末期，由于长期的干旱胁迫，水分条件最差的一组苗木已干枯死亡，土壤含水量从38．123％下降到20．323％时，净光合速率和蒸腾速率均下降，水分利用效率也下降。随着土壤含水量的降低，苗高、地径和生物量均有下降的趋势，其中生物量下降的幅度最大。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.