不同曝气位置曝气生物滤池（BAF）处理对虾养殖污水的试验研究

采用不同曝气位置的上向流生物滤池处理对虾养殖污水,连续运行30d,分析出水水质,并观察系统运行情况和装置污染状况。考察了对虾养殖污水中化学需氧量、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、无机氮及活性磷酸盐6项指标的去除效果。结果表明：从养殖污水主要污染物指标的去除效果上看,中下部曝气生物滤池（MUBAF）要优于底部曝气生物滤池（BUBAF）。在系统进水化学需氧量质量浓度为7.62～8.20mg·L-1,氨氮质量浓度为0.62～0.65mg·L-1,硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.54～0.59mg·L-1,亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.23～0.27mg·L-1,无机氮质量浓度为1.40～1.47mg·L-1,活性磷酸盐质量浓度为0.24～0.29mg·L-1,水温为25℃～30℃时,中下部曝气生物滤池对养殖污水中6项指标的去除率分别为45.2%、88.9%、58.5%、78.8%、75.3%和25.1%。可见,对氨氮的去除效果最佳,亚硝酸盐氮和无机氮次之,化学需氧量和硝酸盐氮的去除效果较差,活性磷酸盐去除率最低。总体而言,曝气生物滤池在水产养殖污水应用中处理效果明显,具有可行性和实用性。     

紫云英翻压后稻田土壤可溶性有机氮迁移特性与损失风险

可溶性有机氮在氮素转化和生态环境安全方面具有重要的作用。在等氮磷钾条件下以单施化肥(CK)为对照,研究不同数量紫云英(CMV1,15 000 kg·hm^–2;CMV2,30 000 kg·hm^–2和CMV3,45 000 kg·hm^–2)翻压后灰泥田土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)和溶解性有机氮(DON)的动态变化、迁移特征及损失量。结果表明,不同施肥处理20～40 cm和40～60 cm土层SON含量分别较0～20 cm土层降低了58.50%和78.47%;施用紫云英利于SON在灰泥田土壤剖面中累积,水稻生育期0～60 cm土层CMV1、CMV2和CMV3处理SON密度分别较CK处理提高5.57%、10.11%和21.39%;不同施肥处理DON总损失量介于18.33～58.55 kg·hm^–2,占可溶性总氮的46.52%～50.16%,其中3.77～37.85 kg·hm^–2(以N计,下同)随淹水层径流损失,14.5～18.02 kg·hm^–2随渗滤液迁移损失...     

钾肥、尿素与有机物料或双氰胺配施对菜园土壤中氮素分解转化特征的研究

采用室内培养试验探讨了钾素、尿素与有机物料或双氰胺配施对土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N含量变化及相关的脲酶、转化酶的影响。试验结果表明,尿素与双氰胺配施延缓硝化作用的进行,有效地降低土壤中NO3--N的积累和维持土壤中较高的NH4+-N含量,而尿素配施有机物料对土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量的影响与单施尿素处理间没有显著差异。土壤铵态氮含量随施钾量的增加而增加,而硝态氮含量则呈下降趋势。钾对土壤脲酶和转化酶活性没有明显的影响,但是配施有机物料处理的脲酶和转化酶活性显著高于单施尿素或尿素配施DCD。     

Extractable and dissolved soil organic nitrogen - A quantitative assessment

Extractable Organic N (EON) or Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) pools are often analyzed to predict N mineralisation, N leaching, and to evaluate agricultural (nutrient) management practices. Size and characteristics of both pools, however, are strongly influenced by methodology. Quantifying the influence of methodology can increase the accuracy of soil tests to predict N mineralisation, improve model simulations, and can help to quantify the contribution of the EON and DON pools to soil N cycling. We estimated the relative impact of methodological, management, and environmental factors on EON and DON, using a meta-analysis approach based on 127 studies. Our results indicate that the EON and DON pools are neither similar in size nor controlled by the same factors. The influence of factors controlling EON generally decreased in the order of methodology (Δ10-2400%), followed by environment (Δ11-270%) and management (Δ16-77%). DON concentrations were primarily controlled by management factors: different land use and fertilisation caused a variation of 37-118%. Seasonal variations in DON concentrations were generally smaller than variations in EON, suggesting that high mineralisation and sorption rates buffer DON. The large range in EON as affected by different methodology emphasizes the importance of using appropriate and standardized methods for the determination of EON. The determination of DON can be useful to estimate leaching losses. EON, however, can be used to assess the impact of soil management practices on the turnover rate of labile soil organic matter pools.     

Dynamics of dissolved and extractable organic nitrogen upon soil amendment with crop residues

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is increasingly recognized as a pivotal pool in the soil nitrogen (N) cycle. Numerous devices and sampling procedures have been used to estimate its size, varying from in situ collection of soil solution to extraction of dried soil with salt solutions. Extractable organic N (EON) not only consists of DON but contains also compounds released from soil biomass and desorbed organic matter. There is no consensus whether DON or EON primarily regulates N mineralisation in soil, and their contribution to N mineralisation has not been quantified simultaneously. We evaluated three sampling procedures on their ability to determine the dynamic of dissolved organic N pools. The three procedures were the determination of DON in 1) soil solution collected by centrifugation, and the determination of EON in 2) a 0.01 M CaCl₂ extract of field moist or 3) dried soil. We added unlabeled leek and ¹⁵N-labeled ryegrass residues to a loamy sandy soil to create a temporarily increase in DON and EON, to stimulate microbial activity, and to test whether the source and dynamics of the three pools differ. We also tested whether the flow of N through DON or EON was associated with the production of inorganic N using ¹⁵N isotope tracing. Sampling procedures significantly affected the amount, but not the dynamics and origin of the three organic N pools. DON and EON (determined on field-moist and dried soils) showed all a significant increase upon crop amendment and returned to their background concentrations within 10 to 30 days. The fraction of DON and EON originating from the crop residue slightly decreased over 138 days and was not different for DON and EON. Field moist extraction of a loamy sandy soil with 0.01 M CaCl₂ gave a reliable estimate of the concentration of in situ dissolved organic N. In contrast, extraction of dried soil significantly increased EON compared to DON. The agreement in dynamics, ¹⁵N enrichment and C-to-N ratio’s indicate that dissolved and extracted organic N have a similar role in N mineralisation. Our results also suggest that they make a minor contribution to N mineralisation; changes in the turnover rate of EON were not associated with changes in the net N mineralisation rate.     

氮磷比对大豆生物学性状和根系分泌有机酸量的影响

为阐明生长介质中的氮磷条件对大豆生长和根系分泌有机酸的影响, 采用沙培培养方法, 设计3 种不同的氮磷配比, 分析不同氮磷条件下大豆生物量积累和结瘤情况, 利用高效液相色谱分析根系分泌的有机酸, 探讨根系分泌有机酸的变化情况。结果表明, 在大豆苗期, 适当减少磷肥施用量不影响生物量积累, 但需要充足的氮才能保证结瘤性状。低磷促进大豆根系分泌有机酸, 高氮对低磷处理有机酸分泌有促进作用, 说明磷和氮对大豆根系分泌有机酸存在负交互作用。     

Responses of nitrogen transformation and microbial community composition to nitrogen enrichment patch

Fertilization produces many nutrient patches that have been confirmed to affect root growth. However, it is not clear how nutrient transformation and microbial community composition are affected in an inorganic nutrient patch. In this experiment, a nitrogen enrichment patch was formed by the diffusion of a urea fertilizer layer in a specially-designed container. Responses of nitrogen transformation and microbial community composition to the nitrogen enrichment patch were investigated at different incubation times. Results showed that nitrogen status and microbial community composition were slightly affected in the control patch (CK patch). In the nitrogen enrichment patch, however, soil pH was significantly increased in most soil layers close to the urea fertilizer layer; NO₂⁻-N was the predominant form of mineral N, and its transformation to NO₃⁻-N was delayed. Microbial community composition shifted significantly, especially before day 28 of incubation. Principal components analysis (PCA) of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) patterns showed that the microbial community presented different sensitivity to high nitrogen concentration. Fungi (18:2ω6,9) showed the least sensitivity to high concentrations of NO₂⁻-N and NO₃⁻-N. Gram-positive bacteria showed the most sensitivity to NO₂⁻-N. Gram-negative bacteria (cy17:0, cy19:0, 18:1ω9, and 18:1ω7) and actinomycetes (10Me17:0 and 10Me18:0) presented similar responses to NO₂⁻-N and NO₃⁻-N. Results of this study indicate that changes in nitrogen transformation and microbial community composition are likely to occur in nitrogen enrichment patches, but the extent of those changes depend on the microbial species and the distance of soil layers from the urea layer.     

不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化及ATS对尿素氮转化的调控效应

根据氮肥施入土壤后的转化特性进行氮肥的高效调控和管理是提高氮肥利用效率、缓解氮肥污染的重要措施。为探究不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化特性差异及硫代硫酸铵（ammonium thiosulfate,ATS）作为氮肥调控剂对尿素氮转化的影响,该研究采用室内土壤培养（土壤水分含量为田间持水量的60%,温度25 ℃）试验方法,以尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵和ATS作为供试肥料,比较4种氮肥施入石灰性潮土后的转化特性差异,并以ATS作为氮素调控剂,以单施尿素作为对照,探究尿素配施不同用量ATS对尿素氮转化的影响。结果表明,4种供试氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化过程明显不同。尿素在石灰性潮土中的水解速率最快,硝化作用强度也最高,硫酸铵其次;氯化铵由于Cl^-的硝化抑制作用,土壤表观硝化率在7～21 d显著低于尿素和硫酸铵（P＜0.05）;ATS施入土壤后,NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N的速率最高,而NO₂^--N转化为NO₃^--N的速率最低,NH₄⁺-N在土壤中的存留时间最长,出现峰值之后也一直保持最高的含量,表观硝化率最低。将ATS作为氮素调控剂与尿素配合施用,当其用量在60 mg/kg（含S量）以上时,既表现出了明显的抑制尿素水解的作用效果,也表现出了显著的硝化抑制作用（ P <0.05）,且随着ATS用量的增加,抑制效应明显增强。这对于减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用效率具有积极意义。但供试4种氮肥施入土壤后均出现了亚硝酸盐的累积,其中ATS处理的累积量显著高于尿素、硫酸铵和氯化铵（P＜0.05）,累积持续时间也最长。ATS作为氮素调控剂调控氮素转化,也出现了类似的结果,且随着ATS用量增加,亚硝酸盐在土壤中存留时间明显延长,含量和峰值明显提高,出现峰值的时间也明显延后。     

土壤温度和含水量互作对抑制剂抑制氮素转化效果的影响

为比较生化抑制剂组合对土壤氮素转化的抑制效果,揭示不同土壤温度和含水量互作对尿素水解抑制效应的影响。该文采用室内模拟培养方法,研究土壤含水量(60%和80%田间最大持水量,water holding capacity,WHC)和土壤温度(15、25和35℃)互作对生化抑制组合[N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide,NBPT)、N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(N-(n-propyl)thiophosphoric triamide,NPPT)和2-氯-6(三氯甲基)吡啶(2-chloro-6(trichloromethyl)pyridine,CP)在黄泥田土壤中抑制氮素转化效果的影响。结果表明:土壤温度和含水量对生化抑制组合在黄泥田土壤中抑制尿素水解效应显著,以土壤温度影响更大。随着土壤温度增加,尿素水解转化增强,有效作用时间降低,硝化作用增强,脲酶和硝化抑制效应减弱;随着土壤含水量降低,尿素水解转化缓慢,有效作用时间延长,硝化作用减弱,脲酶和硝化抑制效应增强。不同土壤温度和含水量条件下,NBPT/NPPT或配施CP处理有效抑制黄泥田土壤脲酶活性,延缓尿素水解;CP或配施NBPT/NPPT处理有效抑制NH4+-N向NO_3~--N转化,保持土壤中较高NH_4~+-N含量长时间存在。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的土壤尿素水解抑制效果与NBPT相似。黄泥田土壤中生化抑制组合应用最佳的土壤温度和含水量分别为25℃和60%WHC。总之,针对不同土壤温度和含水量条件,在黄泥田土壤中应采用脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂相结合的施肥方式。