脱脂DDGS对肥育猪养分表观消化率的影响

本实验旨在研究肥育猪日粮中添加不同比例的脱脂DDGS对养分表观消化率的影响。试验选用96头60kg左右的三元杂(杜×长×大)肥育猪,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复8头猪。试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮(玉米-豆粕型),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别添加8%、16%和24%脱脂DDGS代替部分玉米和豆粕。预试期7天,正试期45天,试验期共52天。研究结果表明,肥育猪日粮中添加脱脂DDGS可提高粗脂肪和磷的利用率,但显著降低粗蛋白、粗纤维及能量利用率。因此,脱脂DDGS在肥育猪日粮中的建议使用量不宜超过8%。     

豆粕和豌豆蛋白粉的常规养分含量及鸭消化率的比较分析

通过化学分析和鸭消化试验来比较评定豆粕和豌豆蛋白粉的营养价值。采用化学分析法分别测定豌豆蛋白粉和豆粕中干物质(DM)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、钙(Ca)和总磷(TP)的含量。选择12只20周龄的健康状况良好的高邮鸭,随机分为2组(每组6个重复),利用排空强饲法分别测定豌豆蛋白粉和豆粕的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙和总磷的表观消化率。结果表明:豌豆蛋白粉中DM、CP、EE、CF、NFE、Ash、Ca、TP的含量分别为89.07%、56.08%、3.15%、4.98%、21.80、2.86%、1.01%、0.63%,而豆粕中相应指标值分别为89.64%、44.34%、1.95%、6.13%、30.95%、6.27%、0.53%、0.62%;20周龄高邮鸭豌豆蛋白粉的CP表观消化率为77.24%,显著低于豆粕的CP表观消化率85.77%(P0.05);对豌豆蛋白粉的EE、Ca和TP的表观消化率分别为86.10%、60.75%和71.49%,而豆粕的EE、Ca和TP的表观消化率分别为89.11%、64.75%和70.01%。试验结果表明,高邮鸭对豌豆蛋白粉和豆粕中几种主要营养成分的表观消化率存在较大差异,豆粕对高邮鸭的营养价值略高于豌豆蛋白粉。但结合常规养分含量的化学分析,豌豆蛋白粉在CP、CF和Ca等养分含量方面具有比较优势。     

不同营养水平对保育期美系长白猪养分利用的研究

试验以美系长白猪(20±1)kg为试验动物,采用4因素3水平的L9(34)正交试验设计,研究不同营养水平对20～40 kg美系长白猪养分消化率的影响.结果表明:1)能量水平对干物质、粗蛋白、磷和粗脂肪表观消化率有极显著影响,对粗纤维和钙表观消化率有显著影响,对能量表观消化率差异不显著;2)不同粗蛋白水平对粗蛋白表观消化率有显著影响,对粗脂肪表观消化率有极显著影响;3)不同钙水平对粗蛋白和钙表观消化率有显著影响,对其他养分表观消化率影响不显著;4)不同磷水平对干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪表观消化率有显著影响,对粗灰分、钙和磷表观消化率有极显著影响.从各养分消化率分析看, 养分消化方面最佳的营养水平为,能量14.23 MJ/kg、粗蛋白19.50 %、钙0.80 %和磷0.60 %.     

不同发酵条件对发酵豆粕营养成分的影响

试验评定几种不同发酵条件的发酵豆粕的感观品质,并测定豆粕和4种不同发酵条件的发酵豆粕的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和粗纤维含量,旨在探讨发酵及发酵条件对豆粕营养成分的影响。试验结果表明:1)豆粕发酵后,pH下降,气味酸香,色泽较好;2)发酵后,豆粕的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量提高,适宜的发酵条件可明显提高发酵豆粕的粗蛋白含量;3)不同发酵条件的发酵豆粕的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量不同;4)不同发酵条件的发酵豆粕的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗灰分和粗纤维含量不同。     

白酒糟、啤酒糟和米酒糟对肉鸡的营养价值比较

本试验旨在比较白酒糟、啤酒糟和米酒糟在肉鸡上的营养价值。试验选取24只平均体重为(1.00±0.12)kg的42日龄湘黄肉公鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每重复1只鸡。按照4×4拉丁方设计,4组肉鸡分别饲喂100%基础饲粮、80%基础饲粮+20%白酒糟、80%基础饲粮+20%啤酒糟、80%基础饲粮+20%米酒糟。预饲7 d后连续4 d收集鸡只的粪便,测定酒糟、饲粮和粪便的养分含量,应用套算法计算白酒糟、啤酒糟和米酒糟的养分表观消化率。结果显示:米酒糟、白酒糟、啤酒糟的表观消化能分别为7.11、8.39、12.26 MJ/kg;粗脂肪含量分别为8.65%、7.66%、0.44%;粗纤维含量分别为11.22%、4.78%、21.61%。啤酒糟的粗脂肪表观消化率为25.64%,与白酒糟的28.54%差异不显著(P0.05),但显著低于米酒糟的59.56%(P0.05)。白酒糟的粗纤维表观消化率为55.41%,显著高于啤酒糟的38.74%和米酒糟的30.05%(P0.05)。白酒糟的各氨基酸表观消化率介于25.67%~62.27%,米酒糟的介于15.22%~79.04%,啤酒糟的各氨基酸表观消化率要稍高些,介于50.72%~90.10%。总之,不同酒糟间养分含量及养分表观消化率差异较大,啤酒糟虽粗纤维含量高,但其氨基酸表观消化率普遍较高。     

玉米豆粕原料检测结果分析

对48批次大豆粕、40批次的玉米原料进行概略养分分析。结果表明,玉米中的粗纤维入及粗脂肪的含量变异较大,其他指标相对稳定;大豆粕中粗蛋白含量较稳定,而粗脂肪的变异最大。根据国标对玉米及豆粕等级的划分标准,有近70%的玉米、大豆粕原料为等外。营养成分的相关性分析表明,大豆粕中的粗脂肪含量与粗脂肪及粗灰分有较强的相关(r=0.76),玉米的粗蛋白含量与粗纤维和无氮浸出物的含量的相关系数分别为0.71和0.86,但水分与其他营养指标的呈弱相关。     

白酒糟的营养价值评定

选取12头平均体重40 kg DLY杂交猪随机分为3组,每组按4×4拉丁方设计,应用套算法,全消化道收粪技术,测定9种白酒糟粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙、总磷、干物质和总能的表观消化率。结果表明:白酒糟消化能为5.04～8.94 MJ/kg;各营养成分表观消化率分别为粗蛋白29.00%～42.60%、粗脂肪35.21%～72.48%、粗纤维13.39%～24.04%、中性洗涤纤维14.76%～36.24%、酸性洗涤纤维21.64%～32.07%、钙77.50%～85.92%、总磷61.98%～76.70%、干物质25.05%～45.13%、总能31.27%～52.16%。总之,白酒糟营养丰富,来源对其养分含量及表观消化率影响大。     

罗非鱼对木薯粉表观消化率的研究

选择健康的尼罗罗非鱼为试验鱼,以Cr2O3为指示物,以70%参照饲料和30%的试验饲料原料组成试验饲料,测定尼罗罗非鱼对鱼粉、豆粕、木薯粉和次粉中的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及灰分的表观消化率。结果表明:①罗非鱼对木薯粉干物质的表观消化率为73.14%,与鱼粉、豆粕干物质的表观消化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),较次粉提高19.71%(P<0.05);②罗非鱼对木薯粉蛋白质的表观消化率为84.58%,与豆粕的表观消化率不存在显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于鱼粉(P<0.05);③罗非鱼对木薯粉脂肪的表观消化率为93.35%,与豆粕的表观消化率不存在显著差异(P>0.05),较鱼粉低5.0%(P<0.05);④罗非鱼对木薯粉灰分的表观消化率为67.74%,与鱼粉、豆粕灰分的表观消化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),显著高于次粉(P<0.05)。     

微生物发酵对豆粕营养威分的影响

本试验通过比较豆粕和发酵豆粕的感观品质,测定粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维和钙、磷含量,研究微生物发酵对豆粕感观和营养成分的影响。试验结果表明：豆粕发酵后,pH值下降,气味酸香,色泽较好;粗蛋白含量和粗脂肪含量提高;豆粕发酵后,磷含量提高。     

饲料桑粉对生长育肥猪的营养价值评定

选取健康、胎次一致的杜长大三元杂交去势公猪6头,采用全收粪法进行消化试验,测定生长育肥猪对饲料桑粉的各常规营养成分的表观消化率和消化能,确定饲料桑粉对生长育肥猪的营养价值。结果表明,饲料桑粉的总能、总能表观消化率和表观消化能分别为15.70MJ/kg、68.04%和10.66MJ/kg;粗蛋白质含量、表观消化率和可消化粗蛋白质分别为20.04%,76.49%,15.33%;粗脂肪含量、表观消化率和可消化粗脂肪分别为3.55%,29.77%,1.06%;粗纤维含量、表观消化率和可消化粗纤维分别为17.18%,31.52%,5.41%;无氮浸出物含量、表观消化率和可消化无氮浸出物分别为36.64%,81.91%,33.08%。结果提示,饲料桑粉是一种营养价值较高的饲料资源。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein