植物细胞程序性死亡研究进展

细胞程序性死亡（programmed cell death，PCD）是植物正常生长发育所必须的。植物PCD可分为两类：一类是依赖于Caspases的PCD，另一类是不依赖于Caspases的PCD。研究表明，线粒体、溶酶体、内质网和液泡等细胞器对植物PCD发生有重要作用。鉴于PCD在植物生长和分化过程中的重要功能，深入研究植物细胞程序性死亡对新不育系的创建、花卉品种改良、抗病抗盐育种有重要意义。     

Toxins-antitoxins: plasmid maintenance,programmed cell death,and cell cycle arrest

Antibiotic resistance, virulence, and other plasmids in bacteria use toxin-antitoxin gene pairs to ensure their persistence during host replication. The toxin-antitoxin system eliminates plasmid-free cells that emerge as a result of segregation or replication defects and contributes to intra- and interspecies plasmid dissemination. Chromosomal homologs of toxin-antitoxin genes are widely distributed in pathogenic and other bacteria and induce reversible cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death in response to starvation or other adverse conditions. The dissection of the interaction of the toxins with intracellular targets and the elucidation of the tertiary structures of toxin-antitoxin complexes have provided exciting insights into toxin-antitoxin behavior.     

Activation-driven programmed cell death and T cell receptor zeta eta expression

Activation of spontaneously dividing T cell hybridomas induces interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, a cell cycle block, and programmed cell death. T cell hybridomas that express the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) zeta homodimer (zeta 2), but not the TCR zeta eta heterodimer, were studied. The zeta eta- cells produced little or no inositol phosphates (IP) when stimulated with antigen. In most cases the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides was also impaired after stimulation with antibody to CD3, although one zeta eta- cell produced normal concentrations of IP. The zeta eta- cells slowed their growth and secreted IL-2 in response to both stimuli. However, the zeta eta- cells did not die after activation with antigen. Since activated thymocytes also undergo programmed cell death, these results may have important implications for the role of the zeta eta.TCR in negative selection.     

植物细胞程序性死亡的研究进展

细胞程序性死亡(PCD)是植物正常发育中必不可少的一部分,目前已成为植物细胞生物学研究的一个热点.对植物PCD的一般特征、植物营养和生殖生长中的PCD以及植物-病原物互作中的PCD进行了综合评述,并对植物PCD研究的现实意义进行了探讨.     

过氧化氢诱导小麦悬浮细胞程序性死亡

为研究过氧化氢对小麦洛夫林10悬浮细胞的影响,分别采用溴酚兰染色、改良苯酚品红染色和琼脂糖凝胶电泳对不同浓度的过氧化氢处理小麦悬浮细胞后的细胞死亡率、细胞核形态变化及基因组DNA的完整性进行了观察和检测。结果表明:随着过氧化氢浓度的增加以及处理时间的延长细胞死亡率逐渐上升,并且伴随有细胞核染色质的凝集,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测到DNA Ladder。证明过氧化氢能够诱导小麦悬浮细胞发生程序性死亡。     

高浓度细胞分裂素诱导棉花悬浮细胞程序性死亡的发生

棉花悬浮细胞经高浓度细胞分裂素(2 mg·L-1KT或4 mg·L-1KT)处理后第4天大量死亡,培养物呈褐黑色;抽提总DNA,进行琼脂糖胶电泳,结果表明2和4 mg·L-1KT两处理中有明显的大小为140～180 bp及其倍增量片段的DNA"梯"(DNA Ladder).进行PI和FDA染色显微观察可以看到2 mg·L-1KT处理中大部分细胞的细胞核较小,核质浓缩,呈棒形或弯月形;胞质浓缩,出现了不对称的质壁分离,且丧失了FDA染色活性.这些结果表明由高浓度细胞分裂素处理引起的棉花悬浮细胞大规模死亡是一种PCD.不同的生理状态(UCSA和BAE)和不同生长时期(指数增长期和静止期)的棉花悬浮细胞对高浓度细胞分裂素的诱导反应表现出差异.     

植物细胞程序性死亡研究进展

细胞程序性死亡(PCD)是植物体一定发育阶段普遍存在的一种现象,它受特定的基因调控,是主动的细胞死亡过程。介绍了PCD的概念、一般特征、机理、与植物衰老的差别以及检测技术等方面的研究进展。对植物PCD研究中有待进一步解决的问题和实际意义进行了展望。     

ROS诱导的氧化应激和细胞程序性死亡对超低温保存后花粉生活力的影响

[目的]超低温保存后花粉生活力呈多种变化情况,已有研究表明活性氧(ROS)是超低温保存后花粉生活力变化的主要原因之一.因此,本研究探讨液氮冻存后花粉生活力与ROS诱导的氧化应激和细胞程序性死亡间的关系,以进一步揭示ROS在超低温保存后花粉生活力变化中的作用机制.[方法]以芍药'粉玉奴'的花粉为材料,对比分析超低温保存不...     

人工模拟干旱条件下赤霞珠葡萄程序性死亡的细胞形态学研究

【目的】研究人工模拟干旱条件下赤霞珠葡萄发生的程序性死亡,为植物细胞程序性死亡的生理学机制研究奠定基础。【方法】用聚乙二醇(Polyethylene glycol,PEG6000)处理欧亚种(V. vinifera L.)酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet sauvignon)幼苗,在电镜下观察干旱胁迫不同时间赤霞珠叶片和根系的超微结构。【结果】随着干旱处理时间的延长,根系中各细胞器的形态结构变化普遍早于叶片,叶片海绵组织中各细胞器形态结构发生变化的时间早于栅栏组织,而根系皮层细胞中各细胞器形态结构变化的时间普遍早于中柱细胞。叶片和根系的细胞核随着干旱处理时间的延长均出现了细胞核内染色质的凝聚及边缘化,并发生明显变形;叶片和根系的线粒体外膜降解,内腔空洞化;叶片中的叶绿体基粒片层逐渐模糊不清,内膜出现空洞;根系中高尔基体膨胀,并分解出许多小泡。【结论】干旱胁迫可以诱导赤霞珠叶片及根系发生细胞程序性死亡。     

Translocation of C. elegans CED-4 to nuclear membranes during programmed cell death

The Caenorhabditis elegans Bcl-2-like protein CED-9 prevents programmed cell death by antagonizing the Apaf-1-like cell-death activator CED-4. Endogenous CED-9 and CED-4 proteins localized to mitochondria in wild-type embryos, in which most cells survive. By contrast, in embryos in which cells had been induced to die, CED-4 assumed a perinuclear localization. CED-4 translocation induced by the cell-death activator EGL-1 was blocked by a gain-of-function mutation in ced-9 but was not dependent on ced-3 function, suggesting that CED-4 translocation precedes caspase activation and the execution phase of programmed cell death. Thus, a change in the subcellular localization of CED-4 may drive programmed cell death.     

感染叶锈菌的小麦细胞间隙液对小麦悬浮细胞程序性死亡的诱导

以小麦悬浮细胞为材料,分别用感染叶锈菌小种165的小麦细胞间隙液(IWF165)和未接菌的小麦细胞间隙液(IWFck)对其进行处理,处理后不同时间点取样进行形态学观察和DNA电泳。结果表明,用IWF165处理后的悬浮细胞可观察到明显的染色质凝聚化、边缘化和细胞核解体等现象;同时DNA电泳结果显示IWF165处理后的细胞基因组DNA发生降解并形成明显的DNA梯状条带。而用IWFck处理的悬浮细胞,其细胞核结构完整,染色质分布均匀;DNA电泳没有出现DNA梯状条带。在感染叶锈菌的小麦细胞间隙液中存在着激发子,它能够诱导小麦悬浮细胞发生程序性死亡。     

营养体不亲和性诱导栗疫病菌菌株间程序性细胞死亡

为了验证营养体不亲和性导致细胞凋亡的假说,对栗疫病菌融合细胞基因组DNA的降解物进行了琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,观察了融合细胞的细胞核变化,测定了融合细胞的活性氧产生、脂肪粒积累以及进行了融合细胞死活鉴定。结果表明:不同亲和群菌株的孢子混合涂板,孵育后经历萌发、细胞融合,融合细胞基因组DNA经琼脂糖凝胶电泳可以检测到DNA梯状条带,这一特征为营养体不亲和性诱导的程序性细胞死亡提供了新的证据;细胞学上可观察到不亲和性菌株融合细胞细胞核降解、活性氧产生减少、脂肪粒积累增多及融合细胞死亡,这些特征与细胞凋亡的特征相似。     

A bacterial inhibitor of host programmed cell death defenses is an E3 ubiquitin ligase

The Pseudomonas syringae protein AvrPtoB is translocated into plant cells, where it inhibits immunity-associated programmed cell death (PCD). The structure of a C-terminal domain of AvrPtoB that is essential for anti-PCD activity reveals an unexpected homology to the U-box and RING-finger components of eukaryotic E3 ubiquitin ligases, and we show that AvrPtoB has ubiquitin ligase activity. Mutation of conserved residues involved in the binding of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes abolishes this activity in vitro, as well as anti-PCD activity in tomato leaves, which dramatically decreases virulence. These results show that Pseudomonas syringae uses a mimic of host E3 ubiquitin ligases to inactivate plant defenses.     

外源激素对小麦胚乳程序性细胞死亡和子粒灌浆的影响

外源激素乙烯和ABA(脱落酸)可影响小麦胚乳细胞DNA片段化和子粒灌浆。结果表明延缓或减弱小麦胚乳的程序性细胞死亡，并不能延长胚乳细胞发育期，提高粒重和产量。     

Zn2+对高盐和紫外线胁迫条件下水稻根尖细胞程序性死亡的影响

前期研究表明:500mmol.L-1NaCl处理能诱导水稻武运粳8号根尖细胞发生细胞程序性死亡(programmed celldeath,PCD)。为了研究Zn2+对盐胁迫诱导的水稻根尖细胞PCD的影响,采用不同浓度Zn2+进行试验,结果表明:10μmol.L-1Zn2+能够在一定程度上缓解PCD现象。对这一过程中抗氧化酶(CAT、APX、POD和SOD)活性进行检测,发现抗氧化酶活性短期迅速升高,随后降低,10μmol.L-1Zn2+试验组的抗氧化酶活性高于对照组与单独NaCl处理组。而对H2O2在根尖细胞积累的观测结果显示Zn2+的添加能减少H2O2的积累,证明低水平Zn2+(10μmol.L-1)能够诱导抗氧化酶活性上升,并抑制活性氧产生。Zn2+同样可以缓解紫外线诱导的水稻根尖细胞原生质体PCD,而添加特异性的锌离子螯合剂TPEN(NNN′,N′-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine)则会促进PCD的发生。据此推测:一定水平Zn2+对不同胁迫模式下发生的PCD进程的缓解作用具有普遍性。     

Erythropoietin retards DNA breakdown and prevents programmed death in erythroid progenitor cells

The mechanism by which erythropoietin controls mammalian erythrocyte production is unknown. Labeling experiments in vitro with [3H]thymidine demonstrated DNA cleavage in erythroid progenitor cells that was accompanied by DNA repair and synthesis. Erythropoietin reduced DNA cleavage by a factor of 2.6. In the absence of erythropoietin, erythroid progenitor cells accumulated DNA cleavage fragments characteristic of those found in programmed cell death (apoptosis) by 2 to 4 hours and began dying by 16 hours. In the presence of erythropoietin, the progenitor cells survived and differentiated into reticulocytes. Thus, apoptosis is a major component of normal erythropoiesis, and erythropoietin controls erythrocyte production by retarding DNA breakdown and preventing apoptosis in erythroid progenitor cells.     

Mutations affecting programmed cell deaths in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Mutations in two nonessential genes specifically block the phagocytosis of cells programmed to die during development. With few exceptions, these cells still die, suggesting that, in nematodes, engulfment is not necessary for most programmed deaths. Instead, these deaths appear to occur by cell suicide.