Relationship between the oxygen isotope ratios of terrestrial plant cellulose, carbon dioxide, and water

The ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 ( (18)O/(16)O) of cellulose purified from two sets of wheat plants grown under conditions similar in all respects except for a large difference in the (18)O/(16)O ratios of the carbon dioxide supplied to them differ by only a small amount. The difference in the (18)O/(16)O ratios of the cellulose is similar to that observed for the (18)O/(16)O ratios of the water present in the plants. These results indicate that the oxygen derived from carbon dioxide undergoes complete exchange with the oxygen of the water in the plant during the synthesis of cellulose and that the (18)O/(16)O ratio of the water inside the plant is the primary influence on the (18)O/(16)O ratio of cellulose in terrestrial plants.     

Oxygen isotope ratios in trees reflect mean annual temperature and humidity

Values of the oxygen isotope ratios (delta(18)O) in tree-ring cellulose closely reflect the delta(18)O values in atmospheric precipitation and hence mean annual temperature. The change in delta(18)O in cellulose is 0.41 per mil per degree Celsius for selected near-coastal stations. The values of delta(18)O in precipitation and cellulose also change with altitude, as demonstrated for Mount Rainier, Washington. A temperature lapse rate of 5.2 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees C per 1000 meters calculated from cellulose delta(18)O values agrees with the accepted mean annual lapse rate of 5 degrees C per 1000 meters for this region. Cellulose delta(18)O values and delta(18)O values of carbon dioxide equilibrated with leaf water differ by a fixed 16 per mil.     

Effects of inter-culture,arabinogalactan proteins,and hydrogen peroxide on the plant regeneration of wheat immature embryos

The regeneration rate of wheat immature embryo varies among genotypes, howbeit many elite agriculture wheat varieties have low regeneration rates. Optimization of tissue culture conditions and attempts of adding signal molecules are effective ways to increase plant regeneration rate. Inter-culture is one of ways that have not been investigated in plant tissue culture. Moreover, the use of arabinogalactan proteins(AGPs) and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) have been reported to increase regeneration rate in a few plant species other than wheat. The current research pioneeringly uses inter-culture of immature embryos of different wheat genotypes, and also investigates impacts of AGP and H2O2 on the induction of embryogenic calli and plant regeneration. As a result, high-frequency regeneration wheat cultivars Kenong 199(KN199) and Xinchun 9(XC9), together with low-frequency regeneration wheat line Chinese Spring(CS), presented striking increase in the induction of embryogenic calli and plant regeneration rate of CS through inter-culture strategy, up to 52.19 and 67.98%, respectively. Adding 50 to 200 mg L–1 AGP or 0.005 to 0.01 ‰ H2O2 to the callus induction medium, enhanced growth of embryogenic calli and plant regeneration rate in quite a few wheat genotypes. At 50 mg L–1 AGP application level in callus induction medium plant regeneration rates of 8.49, 409.06 and 283.16% were achieved for Jimai 22(JM22), Jingdong 18(JD18) and Yangmai 18(YM18), respectively; whereas at 100 mg L–1 AGP level, CS(105.44%), Chuannong 16(CN16)(80.60%) and Ningchun 4(NC4)(62.87%) acted the best. Moreover CS(79.05%), JM22(7.55%), CN16(101.87%), YM18(365.56%), Yangmai 20(YM20)(10.48%), and CB301(187.40%) were more responsive to 0.005 ‰ of H2O2, and NC4(35.37%) obtained the highest shoot regeneration rates at 0.01 ‰ of H2O2. Overall, these two methods, inter-culture and AGP(or H2O2) application, can be further applied to wheat transgenic research.     

18O/16O, 30Si/28Si, D/H, and 13C/12C Studies of Lunar Rocks and Minerals

The delta (18)O of minerals from lunar gabbros and basalts are: plgioclases +6.06 to +6.33), pyroxenes (+5.70 to +5.95), and ilmenites (+3.85 to +4.12). The uniformity of these results indicates isotopic equilibrium in the mineral assemblages. Estimated plagioclase-ilmenite temperautres range from 1150 degrees C to 1340 degrees C. The bulk (18)/ (16)O and (30)Si/ (28)Si ratios of these lunar rocks are identical with ratios of terrestrial basalts, but the lunar glass, breccia, and dust are slightly enriched in the heavier isotopes. The lunar hydrogen (formed from solar wind) has a delta D/H of less than-873 per mil and the value may be even lower, as it is probably contaminated with terrestrial hydrogen. The delta (13)C of lunar dust and breccia is unusually high relative to reduced carbon in meteorites or on earth.     

Influence of carbonic anhydrase activity in terrestrial vegetation on the 18O content of atmospheric CO2

The oxygen-18 (18O) content of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important indicator of CO2 uptake on land. It has generally been assumed that during photosynthesis, oxygen in CO2 reaches isotopic equilibrium with oxygen in 18O-enriched water in leaves. We show, however, large differences in the activity of carbonic anhydrase (which catalyzes CO2 hydration and 18O exchange in leaves) among major plant groups that cause variations in the extent of 18O equilibrium (theta(eq)). A clear distinction in theta(eq) between C3 trees and shrubs, and C4 grasses makes atmospheric C18OO a potentially sensitive indicator to changes in C3 and C4 productivity. We estimate a global mean theta(eq) value of approximately 0.8, which reasonably reconciles inconsistencies between 18O budgets of atmospheric O2 (Dole effect) and CO2.     

Water and carbon in rusty lunar rock 66095

Lunar rock 66095 contains a hydrated iron oxide and has an unusual amount of water for a lunar rock (140 to 750 parts per million), 90 percent of which is released below 690 degrees C. The deltaof water released at these low temperatures varies from -75 to -140 per mil relative to standard mean ocean water (SMOW). The small amount of water released between 690 degrees and 1300 degrees C has a delta of about -175 +/-25 per mil SMOW. These delta values are not unusual for terrestrial water. The delta(18)O of water extracted from 110 degrees to 400 degrees C has a value of +5+/- I per mil SMOW, similar to the value for lunar silicates from rock 66095 and different from the value of -4 to -22 per mil found for samples of terrestrial rust including samples of rusted meteoritic iron. The amount of carbon varies from 11 to 59 parts per million with a delta(13)C from -20 to -30 per mil relative to Pee Dee belemnite. Only very small amounts of reduced species (such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane) were found, in contrast to the analyses of other lunar rocks. Although it is possible that most of the water in the iron oxide (goethite) may be terrestrial in origin or may have exchanged with terrestrial water during sample return and handling, evidence presented herein suggests that this did not happen and that some lunar water may have a deltaD that is indistinguishable from that of terrestrial water.     

植物有机营养研究中供试种子组合灭菌方法比较

植物有机营养试验中供试无茵苗通常由种子获得,因此,种子灭菌非常重要.采用多种消毒剂(70％酒精,10％H₂O₂,2％次氯酸钠和0.1％HgCl₂等)对几种作物种子进行组合灭菌.结果表明,灭菌效果与作物种类、种子贮存时间及不同消毒剂组合等有很大关系.采用70％酒精浸1min→无菌水冲3次→2％次氯酸钠浸5min→无茵水冲5次→0.1％HgCl₂浸5min→无茵水冲6次的组合灭菌程序,可取得较好的灭茵效果;若种子对2％次氯酸钠敏感,则可用10％H₂O₂代替.     

福建长汀河田土壤侵蚀的研究 Ⅰ.河田土壤侵蚀因素的调查研究

<正> 前言福建长汀河田公社位于汀江上游的两岸,距县城约20公里。粗晶花岗岩构成的低丘、浅丘遍布境内,高丘、低山环绕于周围,形成宽阔的盆地。全社土地面积只有354.38平方公里,而土壤侵蚀面积竟达118.10平方公里,占土地总面积的33.21％。土壤侵蚀的重点都是分布在面积广大的低丘浅丘的坡面上。这些坡面的严重侵蚀,也只不过是近百年的历史。据长汀旧县志(清道光时修撰)的记载,河田原名柳村,境内有“五通松涛”、“铁山拥翠”、     

Water at hydrophobic surfaces: weak hydrogen bonding and strong orientation effects

Vibrational studies that selectively probe molecular structure at CCl4/H2O and hydrocarbon/H2O interfaces show that the hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules at these interfaces is weak, in contrast to generally accepted models of water next to fluid hydrophobic surfaces that suggest strong hydrogen bonding. However, interactions between these water molecules and the organic phase result in substantial orientation of these weakly hydrogen-bonded water molecules in the interfacial region. The results have important implications for understanding water adjacent to hydrophobic surfaces and the penetration of water into hydrophobic phases.     

An oxidative enzyme boosting the enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides

Efficient enzymatic conversion of crystalline polysaccharides is crucial for an economically and environmentally sustainable bioeconomy but remains unfavorably inefficient. We describe an enzyme that acts on the surface of crystalline chitin, where it introduces chain breaks and generates oxidized chain ends, thus promoting further degradation by chitinases. This enzymatic activity was discovered and further characterized by using mass spectrometry and chromatographic separation methods to detect oxidized products generated in the absence or presence of H(2)(18)O or (18)O(2). There are strong indications that similar enzymes exist that work on cellulose. Our findings not only demonstrate the existence of a hitherto unknown enzyme activity but also provide new avenues toward more efficient enzymatic conversion of biomass.     

北京山区侧柏林生长旺季蒸散组分δ18O日变化及其定量区分

侧柏是北京山区分布范围较广的典型针叶树种,研究侧柏林生长旺季蒸散过程及蒸散组分变化特征对了解该区陆地生态系统水汽交换、植被耗水需求具有重要意义。本研究利用稳定同位素技术于生长旺季(2016年8月)对侧柏林大气水汽δ18O进行原位连续观测,同时选取4个典型晴天采集枝条和土壤样品并测定样品水中的δ18O。结果表明:日尺度上,利用Craig-Gordon模型计算的土壤蒸发水汽氧同位素组成(δ_E)在4个测定日中均先增大后减小,δ_E>介于-5.968%~-2.689%,最大峰值出现在12:00—14:00,而近地面大气相对湿度(h)先减小后增大,二者关系为δ_E=-0.03h2+4.85h-209.5(R2=0.55,n=32),表明h＞75%时,环境相对湿度越大,同位素分馏效应越明显;基于稳态假设估算的植物蒸腾水汽氧同位素组成(δ_T)和Keeling曲线拟合的侧柏林蒸散水汽氧同位素组成(δ_ET)分别介于-1.210%~-0.951%、-1.599%~-1.004%,日变化趋势复杂,日间变化差异大,但同一观测日内δ_T和δ_ET变化趋势基本一致,表明植物蒸腾非稳态可能对δ_T的估算产生偏离,δ_ET变化主要受δ_T影响;4个测定日中蒸腾量占总蒸散量的比例(F_T)介于90.14%~92.63%,说明研究区侧柏林生态系统生长旺季蒸散发绝大部分来自植物蒸腾。研究结果确定了基于日尺度的生长旺季植被蒸腾对蒸散的贡献率,为研究陆地生态系统水汽交换机制提供了有益参考,为区域森林生态建设和管理提供了科学依据。      

抗菌肽对辣椒青枯病菌的抗性研究

对接种青枯病菌后的转抗菌肽辣椒叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性进行研究。结果表明:辣椒叶片H2O2含量在接种12 h后升高,对照和转抗菌肽植株的变化趋势相近,但植株间变化幅度差异明显。转抗菌肽植株接种12 h后,PPO活性显著降低,说明转抗菌肽辣椒的对青枯病菌的抗性增强。     

Mars: an evolving atmosphere

Photochemical reactions in the martian exosphere produce fast atoms of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen and provide large escape fluxes of these elements. They appear to play a crucial role in the evolution of the martian atmosphere. The relative outgassing rates of H(2)O and CO(2) on Mars are comparable with terrestrial values, although absolute rates for Mars are lower by a factor of 10(3). Nitrogen is a trace constituent, less than 1 percent, of the present martian atmosphere.     

Water on Mars: Clues from Deuterium/Hydrogen and Water Contents of Hydrous Phases in SNC Meteorites

Ion microprobe studies of hydrous amphibole, biotite, and apatite in shergottite-nakhlite-chassignite (SNC) meteorites, probable igneous rocks from Mars, indicate high deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios relative to terrestrial values. The amphiboles contain roughly one-tentn as much water as expected, suggesting that SNC magmas were less hydrous than previously proposed. The high but variable D/H values of these minerals are best explained by postcrystallization D enrichment of initially D-poor phases by martian crustal fluids with near atmospheric D/H (about five times the terrestrial value). These igneous phases do not directly reflect the D/H ratios of martian "magmatic" water but provide evidence for a D-enriched martian crustal water reservoir.     

树木根系固土力学机制研究综述

近30 a来,由于科学技术的发展和生态环境建设的需要,根系固坡力学机制研究成为学科交叉的新领域。鉴于此,概述了近30 a来固土力学机制的研究进展及今后研究方向。综观根系固坡的研究历程,研究集中在林木根系抗拉、锚固、根系-土壤复合体提高抗剪强度等方面。今后应加强对根系纤维素、半纤维素的定量分析,探讨不同植物根系弹性、抗拉力及应力-应变关系的差异,加强水土保持树种搭配的理论研究,从不同力学特性的根系相搭配的角度来研究根系固土护坡的功效。在边坡的稳定方面,应用有限单元方法研究根土复合体边坡的应力场、位移场的变化及边坡的稳定性情况,并用有限元的方法解决实际生产中的边坡造林中树种选择、造林密度等问题。     

张掖大气降水的δ~（18）O特征及水汽来源

利用全球同位素监测网（GNIP）张掖站的大气降水环境同位素数据,分析了张掖大气降水中δ18O的变化规律,通过分析其与气温和降水之间的关系,发现δ18O月加权平均值表现出很好的温度效应,且其与降水成正相关关系,这与张掖干旱半干旱气候有关。对张掖大气降水线的研究发现,当地大气降水线（LMWL）比全球降水线（GMWL）及中国降水线的斜率和截距都低。冬秋季降水线的斜率低于春夏季,原因是局地蒸发的水汽在春夏季占有较大的比重,并且受海洋性水汽影响较大。利用降水同位素资料结合后向轨迹法（Backwards Trajectory）对张掖水汽来源进行推断,结果表明,张掖全年以西风带大陆性水汽为主,春夏季还会受到海洋性水汽的影响,同时由于较高的温度,春夏季受局地蒸发性水汽的影响相当明显。     

水稻与油菜黄单胞菌菜豆致病变种非寄主互作体系中病原细菌过氧化氢的作用

 【目的】探讨互作体系中病原菌来源过氧化氢的作用。【方法】采用组织化学法通过透射电子显微镜技术观察水稻与油菜黄单胞菌菜豆致病变种互作体系中的过氧化氢积累的定位。【结果】突变体菌株细胞中烷基过氧化物还原酶亚基C的缺失导致胞内其余过氧化氢清除酶活性的补偿性显著上升,使胞内内源过氧化氢积累水平显著下降,并引起病原菌与水稻互作体系中的过氧化氢积累水平发生显著变化。【结论】病原细菌很可能是互作体系中过氧化氢的一个重要来源。病原细菌产生的过氧化氢很可能在非寄主互作中造成细菌周围植物细胞的损伤,对植物细胞具有潜在的毒性。     

A functional model for O-O bond formation by the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II

The formation of molecular oxygen from water in photosynthesis is catalyzed by photosystem II at an active site containing four manganese ions that are arranged in di-mu-oxo dimanganese units (where mu is a bridging mode). The complex [H2O(terpy)Mn(O)2Mn(terpy)OH2](NO3)3 (terpy is 2,2':6', 2"-terpyridine), which was synthesized and structurally characterized, contains a di-mu-oxo manganese dimer and catalyzes the conversion of sodium hypochlorite to molecular oxygen. Oxygen-18 isotope labeling showed that water is the source of the oxygen atoms in the molecular oxygen evolved, and so this system is a functional model for photosynthetic water oxidation.     

Vertical distribution and isotopic composition of living planktonic foraminifera in the Western north atlantic

Thirteen species of planktonic foraminifera collected with vertically stratified zooplankton tows in the slope water, Gulf Stream cold core ring, and northern Sargasso Sea show significant differences in their vertical distributions in the upper 200 meters of these different hydrographic regimes. Gulf Stream cold core rings may be responsible for a southern displacement of the faunal boundary associated with the Gulf Stream when reconstructed from the deep-sea sediment record. Oxygen isotope analyses of seven species reveal that nonspinose species (algal symbiont-barren) apparently calcify in oxygen isotope equilibrium, whereas spinose species usually calcify out of oxygen isotope equilibrium by approximately -0.3 to -0.4 per mil in delta(18)O values. The isotope data indicate that foraminifera shells calcify in depth zones that are significantly narrower than the overall vertical distribution of a species would imply.     

Stability of peroxide-containing uranyl minerals

Minerals containing peroxide are limited to studtite, (UO2)O2(H2O)4, and metastudtite, (UO2)O2(H2O)2. High-temperature oxide-melt solution calorimetry and solubility measurements for studtite (standard enthalpy of formation at 298 kelvin is -2344.7 +/- 4.0 kilojoules per mole from the elements) establishes that these phases are stable in peroxide-bearing environments, even at low H2O2 concentrations. Natural radioactivity in a uranium deposit, or the radioactivity of nuclear waste, can create sufficient H2O2 by alpha radiolysis of water for studtite formation. Studtite and metastudtite may be important alteration phases of nuclear waste in a geological repository and of spent fuel under any long-term storage, possibly at the expense of the commonly expected uranyl oxide hydrates and uranyl silicates.