Sign Change of Poisson's Ratio for Carbon Nanotube Sheets

Most materials shrink laterally like a rubber band when stretched, so their Poisson's ratios are positive. Likewise, most materials contract in all directions when hydrostatically compressed and decrease density when stretched, so they have positive linear compressibilities. We found that the in-plane Poisson's ratio of carbon nanotube sheets (buckypaper) can be tuned from positive to negative by mixing single-walled and multiwalled nanotubes. Density-normalized sheet toughness, strength, and modulus were substantially increased by this mixing. A simple model predicts the sign and magnitude of Poisson's ratio for buckypaper from the relative ease of nanofiber bending and stretch, and explains why the Poisson's ratios of ordinary writing paper are positive and much larger. Theory also explains why the negative in-plane Poisson's ratio is associated with a large positive Poisson's ratio for the sheet thickness, and predicts that hydrostatic compression can produce biaxial sheet expansion. This tunability of Poisson's ratio can be exploited in the design of sheet-derived composites, artificial muscles, gaskets, and chemical and mechanical sensors.     

Foam Structures with a Negative Poisson's Ratio

A novel foam structure is presented, which exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio. Such a material expands laterally when stretched, in contrast to ordinary materials.     

Negative Poisson's ratios for extreme states of matter

Negative Poisson's ratios are predicted for body-centered-cubic phases that likely exist in white dwarf cores and neutron star outer crusts, as well as those found for vacuumlike ion crystals, plasma dust crystals, and colloidal crystals (including certain virus crystals). The existence of this counterintuitive property, which means that a material laterally expands when stretched, is experimentally demonstrated for very low density crystals of trapped ions. At very high densities, the large predicted negative and positive Poisson's ratios might be important for understanding the asteroseismology of neutron stars and white dwarfs and the effect of stellar stresses on nuclear reaction rates. Giant Poisson's ratios are both predicted and observed for highly strained coulombic photonic crystals, suggesting possible applications of large, tunable Poisson's ratios for photonic crystal devices.     

Elastic coefficients of animal bone

The elastic stiffness coefficients of dried bovine phalanx and femur and of fresh bovine phalanx were measured by an ultrasonic technique. An analysis of the crystallographic structure of the principal components of bone and its piezoelectric and pyroelectric behavior showed that bone is a texture that has the same elastic coeffcient matrix as a hexagonal single crystal. The five elastic stiffness coefficients of fresh phalanx are: C(1l), 1.97; C(12), 1.21; C(13), 1.26; C(33), 3.20; and C(44), 0.54 (all in units of 10(11) dynes per square centimeter). Value of axial and transverse Young's and shear moduli, compressibility, and the three Poisson's ratios were calculated.     

脱绒包衣棉花种子的力学特性

脱绒包衣棉花种子的力学特性是建立种子模型和精量排种器结构设计与优化的基础。以鄂抗棉10号棉种为试验对象,利用TMS-PRO质构仪与单片机测量系统对完整棉种进行挤压试验,且采用图像处理技术基于最小二乘法边缘轮廓曲线椭圆拟合获取棉种曲率半径,分析计算得出棉种泊松比与弹性模量力学参数,同时对棉种开展不同方位下的剪切试验。结果表明,棉种径向受压时,泊松比为0.142,弹性模量为9.154 MPa,平均挤压破坏力为48.510N;剪切方位对剪切破坏力和破坏能均无显著性影响,但对剪切位移有显著性影响,剪切破坏力为36.6~37.68 N。     

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Deformations in Extreme Matter

Most materials become narrower in cross section when stretched, but some materials, such as foams, have the counterintuitive property of becoming fatter when stretched (they have a negative Poisson's ratio). In this Perspective, Lakes discusses how his unusual property may arise in isotropic and anisotropic materials. He highlights the study by Baughman et al., who show that anisotropic materials with a negative Poisson's ratio in one direction can be incompressible, i.e., without an overall change in volume upon stretching. This behavior is predicted for materials with very high density, such as neutron star crusts, or very low density, such as ion plasmas, and the validity of the prediction is demonstrated with experimental data for ion plasmas.     

白桦材12个弹性常数的研究

该文结合木材的正交各向异性特征论述了木材的柔度系数与其工程弹性常数的关系 ,并采用电测法测试了白桦木材的 1 2个弹性常数 .试验结果表明 ,木材作为多孔性材料 ,粘贴应变片时 ,涂胶量不能过多或过少 .涂胶量过多则胶层太厚影响应变片性能 ;过少则粘贴不牢 ,不能准确传递应变 .木材作为正交各向异性材料 ,弹性常数间存在一定的相互联系 ,满足马克斯韦尔定理 ,该试验测定的试验数据基本满足这些联系 .从数据结果的检测来看 ,白桦弹性常数的测量是准确可靠的 ,证明电测法这一测试手段可行 .就剪切弹性模量的测试结果看 ,抗弯弹性模量的倒数与高和跨度之比的平方的线性回归相关系数较高 ,均大于 0 95 .这说明应用三点弯曲试验方法测试的剪切弹性模量值是可靠的     

变弹性C-D生产函数测算农业机械化的贡献率方法

目前在用C-D生产函数测算农业机械化贡献率时,均采用各种投入要素的弹性系数为常数的情况下进行,文章在其研究的基础上,给出在各种投入要素的弹性系数随时间变化的情况下,测算农业机械化贡献率的方法,并给出相应的测算模型。     

SiO2-TiO2复合催化剂降解水体中的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

通过湿式机械混合法制备SiO2复合改性TiO2催化剂,光催化降解邻苯二甲酸酯实验的结果表明,复合比例为SiO2 ∶TiO2=1∶6～1∶9,焙烧活化600℃,2h所得的催化剂活性较好.对降解体系的研究表明,当催化剂的投加量为0.2～0.3 g/L、pH=5～8时降解效率较高.邻苯二甲酸酯的初始浓度越高,SiO2-TiO2复合催化剂的降解效率则越低.并利用Langmuir- Hinshelwood动力学方程对表观反应速率常数(kapp)和半衰期(t1/2)进行了计算.     

土壤干湿处理与储存时间对土壤溶液组分离子活度及离子活度积的影响

采用真空置换法（ｖａｃｕｍｎｄｉｓｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔ）提取土壤溶液，研究了土壤温度及储存时间两种处理对离子化学形态电脑模型计算结果的影响．研究不同处理效应的电脑输出数据以负对数表示，计有：（１）Ｈ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ａｌ３＋及ＳＯ的离子活度，（２）（Ａｌ＋）（ＯＨ）３、（Ａｌ３）２（ＯＨ）６（Ｈ４ＳｉＯ４）２及Ａｌ３＋）３．７７（Ｈ４ＳｉＯ４）３．２４（Ｋ＋）０．２４（Ｃａ）０．０８（Ｆｅ＋）０．２４（Ｍｇ）０．２０（ＯＨ）１２．８３的离子活度积和（３）Ｃａ２＋／Ａ１３＋的离子活度比．结果表明，储存期长短的影响比不同干湿处理为显著，两处理的交互影响很少见．根据ＰＨ—１／３ｐＡｌ对ＰＨ４ＳｉＯ４的图发现，无定形ＳｉＯ２、高岭土、绿泥化蛭石（ｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｉｎｔｅｒｉａｙｅｒｅｄｖｅｒｍｉｃｕｌｉｔｅ）及潜晶水铝矿（ｃｒｙｐｔｏｃｒｙｓｔａｌｌｉｎｅｇｉｂｂｓｉｔｅ）的稳定性几乎不受样品处理的影响，但是ＰＨ４ＳｉＯ４在土样风干后再湿润组中增加显著．当采用电脑模型分析土壤溶液组分中离子的化学形态时，土壤预处理的方法需要作较为详细的说明．     

碱/酸两步催化法制备的“核—壳”SiO_2-TiO_2纳米材料及其光催化特性

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,以氨水为催化剂,制得含有SiO_2粒子的碱催化SiO_2溶胶;向碱催化SiO_2溶胶中加入前驱体钛酸丁酯(TBOT)和酸催化剂盐酸,得到以SiO_2粒子为核和以TiO_2为壳的"核—壳"SiO_2-TiO_2纳米材料.结果表明:SiO_2核的粒径约为13.5 nm;随着钛酸丁酯添加量的增加,SiO_2核表面不断有TiO_2壳形成,其粒径从13.5 nm增大至24.4 nm.XRD测定结果表明煅烧温度为500℃时,锐钛矿TiO_2的特征衍射峰明显增强.该温度下"核—壳"SiO_2-TiO_2复合粉末对罗丹明B的降解率从21.99%提高到94.86%.     

Tomography of the Source Area of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake: Evidence for Fluids at the Hypocenter?

Seismic tomography revealed a low seismic velocity (-5%) and high Poisson's ratio (+6%) anomaly covering about 300 square kilometers at the hypocenter of the 17 January 1995, magnitude 7.2, Kobe earthquake in Japan. This anomaly may be due to an overpressurized, fluid-filled, fractured rock matrix that contributed to the initiation of the Kobe earthquake.     

Single-crystal elastic properties of the modified spinel (Beta) phase of magnesium orthosilicate

The single-crystal elastic moduli of the modified spinel structure (beta phase) of magnesium orthosilicate (Mg(2)SiO(4)) have been measured by Brillouin spectroscopy under ambient conditions. Single crystals with dimensions up to 500 micrometers were grown at 22 gigapascals and 2000 degrees C over a period of 1 hour. Growth of crystals larger than 100 micrometers was achieved only when the pressure was within 5 percent of the pressure of the phase boundary separating the beta- and gamma-phase stability fields. A comparison of the elastic properties of the modified spinel phase with those of the olivine phase suggests that the 400-kilometer seismic discontinuity in the earth's mantle can be described by a mantle with 40 percent olivine. These results confirm that the 400-kilometer discontinuity can be due to the transition from olivine to modified spinel. The amount of olivine that must be present is less than that in a pyrolite model, although the results do not exclude pyrolite as a possible mantle model.     

The Phase Boundary Between agr- and beta-Mg2SiO4 Determined by in Situ X-ray Observation

The stability of Mg(2)SiO(4), a major constituent in the Earth's mantle, has been investigated experimentally by in situ observation with synchrotron radiation. A cubic-type high-pressure apparatus equipped with sintered diamond anvils has been used over pressures of 11 to 15 gigapascals and temperatures of 800 degrees to 1600 degrees C. The phase stability of alpha-Mg(2)SiO(4) and beta-Mg(2)SiO(4) was determined by taking account of the kinetic behavior of transition. The phase boundary between alpha-Mg(2)SiO(4) and beta-Mg(2)SiO(4) is approximated by the linear expression P = (9.3 +/- 0.1) + (0.0036 +/- 0.0002)T where P is pressure in gigapascals and T is temperature in degrees Celsius.     

Anionic constitution of 1-atmosphere silicate melts: implications for the structure of igneous melts

A structural model is proposed for the polymeric units in silicate melts quenched at 1 atmosphere. The anionic units that have been identified by the use of Raman spectroscopy are SiO(4)(4-) monomers, Si(2)O(7)(6-) dimers, SiO(3)(2-) chains or rings, Si(2)O(5)(2-) sheets, and SiO(2) three-dimensional units. The coexisting anionic species are related to specific ranges of the ratio of nonbridging oxygens to tetrahedrally coordinated cations (NBO/Si). In melts with 2.0 < NBO/Si < approximately 4.0, the equilibrium is of the type [See equation in the PDF file]. In melts with NBO/Si approximately 1.0 to 2.0, the equilibrium anionic species are given by [See equation in the PDF file]. In alkali-silicate melts with NBO/Si <~ 1.3 and in aluminosilicate melts with NBO/T < 1.0, where T is (Si + Al), the anionic species in equilibrium are given by [See equation in the PDF file]. In multicomponent melts with compositions corresponding to those of the major igneous rocks, the anionic species are TO(2), T(2)O(5), T(2)O(6), and TO(4), and the coexisting polymeric units are determined by the second and third of these disproportionation reactions.     

Pressure Dependence of Elastic Wave Velocity for beta-Mg2SiO4 and the Composition of the Earth's Mantle

The pressure dependence of the elastic wave velocities for hot-pressed, elastically isotropic polycrystals of the beta (modified spinel) phase of magnesium orthosilicate (Mg(2)SiO(4)) has been determined at room temperature to 3 gigapascals (GPa) by ultrasonic pulse interferometry. Pressure derivatives of the bulk (dK/dP = 4.8) and shear (dG/dP = 1.7) moduli derived from the travel times of the compressional (P) and shear (S) waves clearly demonstrate that the velocity contrast between the olivine and beta phases of Mg(2)SiO(4) decreases with increasing pressure. When combined with plausible values for the (as yet unmeasured) temperature derivatives, these new data can be used to calculate the contrast in P and S wave velocities across an olivine-beta phase transformation occuaring at pressure-temperature conditions corresponding to about 400 kilometers depth in the earth. The seismologically observed contrasts DeltaV in both P and S wave velocities constrain the percentage of orthosilicate in a model mantle of uniform chemical composition for appropriate relative magnitudes of the temperature (T) derivatives of the bulk and shear moduli for the beta phase. Allowed combinations of orthosilicate content (percent), dK/dT, and dG/dT (both in gigapascals per Kelvin) for a pair of recent seismological models with DeltaV(p) = DeltaV(s) 4.6% include (65, -0.018, -0.020), (55, -0.015, -0.018), and (45, -0.012, -0.016).     

铝阳极氧化膜的界面性能与常温封闭

采用电渗法研究了几种电解质溶液对铝阳极氧化多孔膜界面性能的影响．结果表明，含有Ｆ－，ＳｉＯ２－３，ＰＯ３－４，Ｓ２Ｏ２－３和酒石酸根等的电解质溶液，使多孔膜的等电点ｐＨＩＥＰ由原来的９．２０分别移至３．４０，３．３０，４．３０，３．９０和３．８０，膜的带电性能发生了相应的变化．多孔膜带电性能的变化有利于常温封闭液中的金属离子进入多孔膜内，同时Ｆ－，Ｓ２Ｏ２－３还可通过与膜内Ｈ＋，Ｈ２Ｏ等的相互作用，使膜孔内ｐＨ升高，从而加速金属离子在膜内的水解沉积，促进常温封闭的进行．     

稻壳灰制备硅铁红的工艺研究

[目的]研究了稻壳灰制备硅铁红的工艺,为拓宽稻壳灰综合利用途径提供参考。[方法]在微波辐射条件下,采用稻壳灰为原料制备水玻璃,而后以此水玻璃为原料,利用溶胶-凝胶法,在微波辅助干燥条件下制备硅铁红颜料。同时考查了硅/铁摩尔比、微波辐射功率及时间、煅烧温度等因素对硅铁红包裹率的影响。[结果]研究表明,硅/铁摩尔比为7∶1,微波辐射功率和时间分别为600 W和8min,前驱体煅烧温度和时间分别为750℃和2 h;此条件下制备的Fe2O3/SiO2,其包裹率达到93.1%。[结论]在微波辅助下通过简单的sol-gel工艺,可以将SiO2玻璃包裹于Fe2O3颗粒表面而制备出硅铁红包裹颜料并且所制备的硅铁红包裹率高达93%左右,比市售硅铁红的包裹率要高。该工艺操作简单,适合工业化生产。     

硅磷互作对甘蔗生长及产量效应研究

【目的】研究硅、磷不同配比对广西赤红壤区甘蔗出苗率、生长速率及产量的影响,寻求适合甘蔗生长的最佳硅、磷配比。【方法】采取二次回归D-最优设计在广西农业科学院网室进行盆栽试验,运用SAS统计分析软件对试验结果进行回归分析,建立多项式回归模型,并通过计算机程序对模型进行仿真寻优。【结果】施磷有较好的甘蔗产量收益,而合适的磷、硅配施,有利于甘蔗出苗及生长,并可获得较高的甘蔗产量。甘蔗产量水平与磷素（x1）、硅素（x2）间的回归模型为：y=4.080+0.254x1-0.068x2+0.077x1x2-0.315x12-0.207x22。磷和硅最佳施用量分别为7.5 g/盆（P2O5） 和7.2 g/盆（SiO2）,磷与硅最佳配施比例为7.5∶7.2,甘蔗产量为4.12 kg/盆,经济效益为1.82元/盆。【结论】建立的甘蔗产量与硅、磷肥用量的回归模型可用作同类甘蔗地土壤的施肥决策和预报,磷（P2O5）和硅（SiO2）的最佳比例为7.5∶7.2。     

硅磷互作对甘蔗生长及产量效应研究

【目的】研究硅、磷不同配比对广西赤红壤区甘蔗出苗率、生长速率及产量的影响,寻求适合甘蔗生长的最佳硅、磷配比。【方法】采取二次回归D-最优设计在广西农业科学院网室进行盆栽试验,运用SAS统计分析软件对试验结果进行回归分析,建立多项式回归模型,并通过计算机程序对模型进行仿真寻优。【结果】施磷有较好的甘蔗产量收益,而合适的磷、硅配施,有利于甘蔗出苗及生长,并可获得较高的甘蔗产量。甘蔗产量水平与磷素（x1）、硅素（x2）间的回归模型为：y=4.080＋0.254x1-0.068x2＋0.077x1x2-0.315x12-0.207x22。磷和硅最佳施用量分别为7.5g/盆（P2O5）和7.2g/盆（SiO2）,磷与硅最佳配施比例为7.5∶7.2,甘蔗产量为4.12kg/盆,经济效益为1.82元/盆。【结论】建立的甘蔗产量与硅、磷肥用量的回归模型可用作同类甘蔗地土壤的施肥决策和预报,磷（P2O5）和硅（SiO2）的最佳比例为7.5∶7.2。