Characterization of an extremely large, ligand-induced conformational change in plasminogen

Native human plasminogen has a radius of gyration of 39 angstroms. Upon occupation of a weak lysine binding site, the radius of gyration increases to 56 angstroms, an extremely large ligand-induced conformational change. There are no intermediate conformational states between the closed and open form. The conformational chang is not accompanied by a change in secondary structure, hence the closed conformation is formed by interaction between domains that is abolished upon conversion to the open form. This reversible change in conformation, in which the shape of the protein changes from that best described by a prolate ellipsoid to a flexible structure best described by a Debye random coil, is physiologically relevant because a weak lysine binding site regulates the activation of plasminogen.     

Yeast transfer RNA: a small-angle x-ray study

The intensity of x-ray scattering and the radius of gyration were measured for a mixture of yeast transfer RNA's in tenth molar potassium chloride. The experimentally observed radius of gyration eliminates single-stranded, hairpin, singly folded hairpin, triple-stranded, and linked double-hairpin models of tRNA but allows certain folded cloverleaf models. The measured intensities at larger angles, beyond the radius of gyration region, lend some support to the Holley's cloverleaf model, in which three arms are folded up tightly together and the fourth arm is extended in the opposite direction.     

General strategies for nanoparticle dispersion

Traditionally the dispersion of particles in polymeric materials has proven difficult and frequently results in phase separation and agglomeration. We show that thermodynamically stable dispersion of nanoparticles into a polymeric liquid is enhanced for systems where the radius of gyration of the linear polymer is greater than the radius of the nanoparticle. Dispersed nanoparticles swell the linear polymer chains, resulting in a polymer radius of gyration that grows with the nanoparticle volume fraction. It is proposed that this entropically unfavorable process is offset by an enthalpy gain due to an increase in molecular contacts at dispersed nanoparticle surfaces as compared with the surfaces of phase-separated nanoparticles. Even when the dispersed state is thermodynamically stable, it may be inaccessible unless the correct processing strategy is adopted, which is particularly important for the case of fullerene dispersion into linear polymers.     

压板夹持式精量穴播器的结构设计与试验

本研究针对夹持式穴播器结构设计中的缺陷,设计了压板夹持式棉花膜上精量穴播器,介绍了该穴播器结构及原理,设计了主要部件的结构参数,理论分析了取种器主动夹持件动压板的取种、投种工作过程,建立其动力学模型,得出该穴播器取种和投种开始角与取种器动压板质量无关,与其回转半径和工作速度有关的结论。田间性能试验表明:当工作速度为3.0～4.0 km/h时,穴播器各项性能指标均达到了新疆地区棉花膜上精量穴播的技术要求。     

压板夹持式精量穴播器的设计与试验

本文针对夹持式穴播器结构设计中的缺陷,设计了压板夹持式棉花膜上精量穴播器,介绍了该穴播器结构及原理,计算了主要部件的结构参数,理论分析了取种器主动夹持件动压板的取种、投种工作过程,建立其力学模型,得出该穴播器取种和投种开始角与取种器动压板质量无关,与其回转半径和工作速度有关的结论。田间性能试验表明：当工作速度为3．0～4．0km／h时,穴播器各项性能指标均达到了新疆地区棉花膜上精量穴播的技术要求。     

Spherical bilayer vesicles of fullerene-based surfactants in water: a laser light scattering study

The low solubility of fullerenes in aqueous solution limits their applications in biology. By appropriate substitution, the fullerenes can be transformed into stabilized anions that are water soluble and can form large aggregated structures. A laser light scattering study of the association behavior of the potassium salt of pentaphenyl fullerene (Ph5C60K) in water revealed that the hydrocarbon anions Ph5C60- associate into bilayers, forming stable spherical vesicles with an average hydrodynamic radius and a radius of gyration of about 17 nanometers at a very low critical aggregation concentration of less than 10(-7) moles per liter. The average aggregation number of associated particles in these large spherical vesicles is about 1.2 x 10(4).     

渔船横摇周期的计算

作者在收集我国一些木质渔船和国内外钢质渔船横摇试验实测资料的基础上进行了统计分析并建立了无因次横向环动半径的计算公式,其精确度是令人满意的。该公式可用于设计阶段渔船横摇周期的估算,亦可在渔船营运中用作检验GM值之用。     

Sodium humate solution studied with small-angle x-ray scattering

Small-angle x-ray scattering analyses of sodium humate solutions indicate either that particles of two or more different sizes exist in solution or that all of the particles are the same size but consist of a dense core and a less dense outer shell. Fractionation on a molecular sieve chromatographic column suggests that the first possibility is the more likely of the two. The radius of gyration and molecular weight of the larger particles are respectively 110 A and 1 x 10(6) and those of the smaller particles 38 A and 2.1 x 10(5). These particles are ellipsoidal.     

Neutron scattering of solution-grown polymer crystals: molecular dimensions are insensitive to molecular weight

Neutron scattering gives information on molecular conformations in solid solutions of polymers of one isotope in another. Results on crystals of polyethylene grown from solution show a molecular dimension (in the form of a radius of gyration) that is almost invariant with the length of the chain. It is proposed that certain lengths of folded chains fold back onto themselves to form stacks of chain-folded ribbons ("superfolding").     

Viscoelastic dynamics of confined polymer melts

The frequency-dependent shear response of an ultrathin polymer melt (polyphenylmethylsiloxane) confined between adsorbing surfaces (parallel plates of mica) is described. The sinusoidal deformations were sufficiently small to give linear response, implying that measurement did not perturb the film structure. A remarkable transition was observed with decreasing thickness. When the film thickness was less than five to six times the unperturbed radius of gyration, there emerged a strong rubber-like elasticity that was not characteristic of the bulk samples. This result indicates enhanced entanglement interactions in thin polymer films and offers a mechanism to explain the slow mobility of polymers at surfaces.     

The collapse of free polymer chains in a network

The conformation of linear polymer chains trapped in a matrix of cross-linked polymer has been measured by neutron scattering. Three regimes were found depending on the length of the linear chain, Nl, with respect to the mesh size of the network, N(c). When N(c) > Nl, the radius of gyration, R(g), of the linear chain is the same as that observed in the uncrosslinked melt. When N(c) < Nl, R(g) shrinks according to the scaling relation R(g)(-1) approximately N(c)(-1) that has been predicted for isolated polymer chains trapped in a field of random obstacles. When N(c) < Nl the linear chains are observed to segregate.     

利用沃尔公式确定原始含油饱和度的方法

评价储层的重要指标之一就是储层的原始含油饱和度。以平均毛管压力曲线为基础,探讨了采用沃尔公式法确定储油层油的最小流动孔喉半径,从而确定油的最大含油饱和度的方法,并结合中国某油藏的实际压汞资料数据,详细介绍该方法的实施过程。实例分析表明,该方法能够有效地计算该地区的原始含油饱和度。     

白鲜皮多糖的提取及分子特性研究

以白鲜皮为原料提取多糖,优化提取参数,分析其分子特性。首先在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法优化白鲜皮多糖的提取参数,最佳参数为液料比23.87(m L:g)、温度87.71℃、提取时间2.38 h,多糖得率为7.1%。白鲜皮多糖的化学组成为86.1%总糖、9.2%蛋白质和7.1%糖醛酸,单糖组成主要为85.5%葡萄糖,同时还含有5.2%半乳糖、4.7%阿拉伯糖、2.0%木糖、1.4%鼠李糖、1.1%甘露糖和0.1%岩藻糖。分子质量和分子质量分布情况研究表明,在RI色谱图洗脱时间44~53 min白鲜皮多糖存在一个对称峰,其分子质量为369.9×103 u,回转半径为250.0 nm。     

Small-radius turning performance of an articulated vehicle by direct yaw moment control

This paper reports the turning performance of an articulated vehicle in which applying direct yaw-moment control is applied to reduce the turning radius. In the proposed method, a braking force is applied to the inner tires when the articulation angle reaches its maximum in turning, which generates a yaw-moment around the vehicle's centre of gravity. The yaw-moment allows the vehicle to turn in a small radius. To evaluate the performance in tight turns, experiments were conducted using a wheel loader on paved ground. The vehicle's turning radius, yaw rate and side-slip angle were determined from the data measured using two global positioning systems and a fibre-optic gyro sensor. In addition, results of a simulation were compared with experimental results from a test vehicle. The turning radius at a braking pressure of 4 MPa was at least 0.41 m smaller than that of 0 MPa. Experimental and simulated results proved that generating a yaw-moment by applying one-sided braking forces during turning decreases the turning radius.     

压力容器制造中存在的问题及解决方案

通过对压力容器在制造过程中出现的问题进行理论分析和计算，提出了如何控制钢板的最小弯曲半径、消除钢板端部剩余直边、调整三辊卷板机参数等具体方法。     

管道三通塑性极限压力及其影响因素分析

基于极限分析的观点,得到了两个适于工程上采用的焊制三通塑性极限压力估算式,并结合试验数据进行了验证和影响因素分析。结果表明,基于相贯性屈服和等面积补强得到的估算公式是可用的,其中相贯线屈服分析得到的公式最精确,具有推广价值,主管厚径比对三通塑性承载能力有加强作用,而管径比对极限压力的影响规律有待进一步研究。     

Thermal Structure and Major Ion Composition of the Venus Ionosphere: First RPA Results from Venus Orbiter

Thermal plasma quantities measured by, the retarding potential analyzer (RPA) are, together with companion Pioneer Venus measurements, the first in situ measurements of the Venus ionosphere. High ionospheric ion and electron temperatures imply significant solar wind heating of the ionosphere. Comparison of the measured altitude profiles of the dominant ions with an initial modlel indicates that the ionosphere is close to diffusive equilibrium. The ionopause height was observed to vary from 400 to 1000 kilometers in early orbits. The ionospheric particle pressure at the ionopause is apparently balanced at a solar zenith angle of about 70 degrees by the magnetic field pressure with little contribution from energetic solar wind particles. The measured ratio of ionospheric scale height to ionopause radius is consistent with that inferred from previously measured bow shock positions.     

Spectrographic representation of globular protein breathing motions

Two useful ways of describing the frequency composition of the breathing motions of globular proteins are the spectrogram and three-dimensional power spectrum, representations similar to those frequently used in speech analysis. In this report "low-frequency" vibrations of globular proteins, corresponding to the collective oscillations of atoms from many different residues, are considered. Radii of gyration fluctuations provide a sensitive way to characterize such concerted motions.     

Venus: estimates of the surface temperature and pressure from radio and radar measurements

The radio brightness temperature and radar cross section spectra of Venus are in much better accord with surface boundary conditions deduced from a combination of the Mariner V results and the radar radius than those obtained by the Venera 4 space probe. The average surface temperature and pressure are approximately 750 degrees K and 90 atmospheres.     

盐穴地下储气库井口破裂火灾事故危险分析

盐穴地下储气库井口设施一旦发生泄漏,即可能引发火灾或爆炸事故,因此研究盐穴地下储气库井口火灾事故危险具有重要意义.采用喷射火危害模型分析了盐穴地下储气库井口破裂火灾事故危险,建立了井口破裂模式下的气体泄漏率和损失气体体积的准瞬态计算模型,预测结果能够反映井口破裂泄漏的实际情况.同时,基于热通量伤害准则,给出了危害半径的计算公式,分析了危害半径与盐穴压力的关系,即灾害半径随盐穴运行压力的增加而增大,由此提出在储气库安全设计阶段需要留出必要的安全距离,并制定相应的防范措施.该研究结论可为盐穴地下储气库泄漏后果评估提供重要参数和技术支持,并可为减少事故损失提供理论指导.