鸭瘟、鸭霍乱紧急防治措施研究

对鸭瘟、鸭霍乱紧急防治措施作了系列研究，结果表明：鸭瘟、鸭霍乱多价卵黄抗体对１００个ＬＤ５０鸭瘟强毒和８．３个Ｃ４８－１强毒菌的攻击具有１００％（８／８只）中和能力，对鸭瘟强毒（１００个ＬＤ５０）和Ｃ４８－１（８．３个）攻毒后５～６小时注射４倍稀释卵黄抗体２．０ｍｌ／只，具有１００％（６／６只）保护（口服有８３．３％保护）；分别以正常量和５倍量的鸭瘟弱毒苗免疫２月龄鸭，５～６小时后攻鸭瘟强毒，结果无一存活，鸭瘟弱毒苗和鸭瘟－禽霍乱二联活苗免疫后３天，对１００个ＬＤ５０鸭瘟强毒攻击获５０％（３／６）保护，７天获８３．３％（５／６）保护。Ａ群菌苗免疫后６天对Ｃ４８－１攻击获６６．７％（４／６只）保护，１２天获１００％保护。鸭瘟－禽霍乱二联活苗免疫后３天对Ｃ４８－１攻击获３３．３％（２／６）保护，７天获８３．３％保护；巴氏杆菌卵黄抗体和血清抗体能明显抑制巴氏杆菌生长并有溶菌现象出现；复方痢菌净、喹乙醇、庆大霉素、链霉素和四环素对多杀巴氏杆菌高度敏感（１７～４１ｍｍ）。     

不孕症黄牛阴道微生态变化及其在治疗上的应用

以淮北地区黄牛为对象，定量检测了正常繁育母牛和不孕症母牛各１０头的阴道分泌物菌群。正常繁育母牛和不孕症母牛阴道菌群的主要菌类相同。前者需氧菌分离率４０％，平均密度＜１０６／ｇ；厌氧菌分离率８０％，平均密度＞１０８／ｇ；优势菌为乳杆菌。后者需氧菌分离率８０％，平均密度＞１０７／ｇ；厌氧菌分离率５０％，平均密度＜１０６／ｇ；优势菌为表皮葡萄球菌。药物敏感性试验表明，不孕牛阴道优势菌表皮葡萄球菌对氯霉素高度敏感，对新霉素、庆大霉素、链霉素中度敏感，对青霉素等不敏感。根据上述结果，分别应用氯霉素和中药方剂对患有子宫内膜炎的不孕母牛进行了治疗试验，以子宫内膜炎症状消失并受胎为指标，氯霉素治疗的总有效（受胎）率为８８．８％（１９１／２１５），平均用药１．３次；中药方剂的总有效（受胎）率为８５．５％（６５／７６），平均用药次数１．４次。     

四川省家禽及鸟类减蛋综合征血清流行病学调查

采集四川省农村散养的鸡、鸭、鹅、鹌鹑、鸽和野外麻雀的血液，分离血清，应用微量血凝抑制（ＨＩ）试验检测减蛋综合征（ＥＤＳ－７６）病毒感染情况。阳性率为：鸡３．０１％（１３／４３２），鸭４４．８６％（４３６／９７２），鹅２８．８１％（１１９／４１３），鹌鹑３．５７％（２７／７５６），鸽１８．７５％（１８／９６），麻雀３０．５６％（１１／３６）；另外在１９８５年疫病普查时采集并保存的鸭、鹅血清中也查到了     

鸭病毒性肝炎的防治措施

1 预防措施 （1）加强饲养管理，改善环境，严格执行消毒制度，搞好环境卫生，对控制鸭病毒性肝炎的发生具有重要的意义。 （2）采用康复鸭血清、高免鸭血清及高免卵黄抗体进行免疫接种。免疫接种方法：①有母源抗体的雏鸭，在7～10日龄时肌肉注射鸭病毒性肝炎弱毒疫苗1羽份／只。②无母源抗体的雏鸭，在出壳后1日龄肌肉注射鸭病毒性肝炎弱毒疫苗1羽1形只，或高免鸭血清及高免卵黄抗体0．5毫升／只；10日龄再注射鸭病毒性肝炎弱毒疫苗1羽份／只。     

鸭的大肠杆菌和沙门氏杆菌感染及药敏性测定

在九龙坡区白市驿、陶家、金风、含谷、走马镇的25个养鸭场（户），对鸭的大肠杆菌和沙门氏杆菌感染进行流行病学、临床症状、病理变化调查和实验室诊断，结果从病死鸭分离到Ⅰ-Ⅶ12株细菌，其中Ⅰ-Ⅵ菌株为大肠埃希氏菌Ⅶ-Ⅶ菌株为沙门氏杆菌。药敏试验结果表明：分离菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶的敏感率为100％，阿米卡星、妥布霉素和奥格门丁，其敏感率为75％，庆大霉素为66．67％，而对红霉素、克拉霉素的耐药率达100％；卡那霉素、链霉素和四环素的耐药率也达83．3％；且分离到的12株菌都具有多重耐药，以Ⅱ菌株最强，在26种抗菌药物中对22种产生耐药性，耐药率达84．62％，次为Ⅵ和Ⅷ菌株80．77％（21／26）；Ⅹ菌株为65．39％（17／26），Ⅶ菌株为57．69％（15／26），最低的Ⅲ和Ⅸ菌株也达15．39％（4／26），可见在这一地区鸭的大肠杆菌和沙门氏杆菌的多重耐药已相当普遍。     

鸭病毒性肝炎病毒抗原检测的研究

将病鸭的肝脏匀浆冻融后点于硝酸纤维素膜,建立了检测鸭肝炎病毒抗原的Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法,对采集的５２份肝脏检测表明,鸭肝炎病毒的检测率为７３％（３８／５２）。同时对肝脏进行微生物学检查,鸭疫里氏杆菌的检测率为５２％（２７／５２）。两种病原的混合感染率为２７％（１４／５２）。     

鸭胴体沙门氏菌和空肠弯菌带菌率调查

鸭胴体沙门氏菌和空肠弯菌带菌率调查李槿年（安徽农业大学２３００３６）沙门氏菌和空肠弯菌均是引起食物中毒的重要病源菌，人群食人被其污染的肉、蛋、乳类食品而爆发食物中毒，尤其是污染肉品对人类危害严重，为此，笔者近年来对合肥市禽蛋公司所宰鸭胴体两菌带菌率及...     

安宁河流域鸭瘟、鸭霍乱综合防制研究Ⅰ．鸭瘟母源抗体测定

本试验测定了母鸭免疫后不同时期所产雏鸭的母源抗体及其卵黄吸收情况。结果表明：（１）１～４周龄雏鸭血清中均含母源抗体，在１～３周内可获得不同程度保护。５～８ｄ为母抗高峰期，保护率１００％（６／６），３～４ｄ和１０～１４ｄ的保护率８３．３％（５／６），２０ｄ后保护率不到５０％。（２）同居感染结果，５日龄保护８０％（４／５），１０日龄保护４０％（２／５），１５日龄２０％（１／５），２０，２５日龄均无存活。（３）正常情况（脐带收得好）下，出壳７２ｈ卵黄吸收率达８４．８％，１２０ｈ吸收率９５．１％，１７２ｈ几乎全部（９８．９％）吸收。     

人和畜禽的空肠弯杆菌分离培养及带菌状况调查

对１９５例不同年龄腹泻病人的粪样及６５６只健康和腹泻畜禽的直肠和泄殖腔拭子进行空肠直菌培养,总检出率为２６．１％（２２２／８５１）。人和畜禽的带菌率分别为：健康蛋用鸡为６１．０％（６１／１００）,腹泻后备蛋用鸡为５３．３％（４０／７５）,健康后备蛋用鸡为２２．０％（１１／５０）,腹泻仔猪为８８．０％（８８／１００）,健康羔羊为５．７％（６／１０６）,牦牛犊为１２．４％（１５／１２）和０（０／１０４     

三种增菌液对食品沙门氏菌检验结果比较试验

本试验以三种增菌液，对３００份鲜猪肉和１２０份鲜鸡肉检样进行沙门氏菌增菌培养，比较三种增菌液的增菌检出效果。结果表明：ＭＭ液对鲜猪肉和鲜鸡肉检样中沙门氏菌捡出率最高，分别为２２．７％、５３．３％，平均捡出率３１．４％，敏感指数８８．０％；ＳＭ液次之，检出率２０．３％、４７．５％，平均检出率２８．１％，敏感指数７８．７％；ＳＢＧ液最低，检出率分别为１９．３％、４０％，平均检出率２５．２％，敏感指数７０．７％。ＭＭ液和ＳＭ液检出沙门氏菌菌株符合率均高于ＳＢＧ液，分别为８８．０％和７８．７％。     

Prevalence of enteric zoonotic organisms in cats

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of enteric zoonotic organisms in cats in north-central Colorado. DESIGN: Prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Serum and fecal samples from 87 cats with diarrhea, 106 cats without diarrhea, and 12 cats for which fecal consistency was unknown. PROCEDURES: Samples were obtained from client-owned cats and cats at a humane society shelter. Serum was assayed for feline leukemia virus antigen and antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus, IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, and IgG antibodies against T gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. Microscopic examination of unstained feces was performed after centrifugation in a zinc sulfate solution, thin fecal smears were stained with acid fast stain and examined for C parvum, and bacteriologic culture of feces was used to detect aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. RESULTS: Enteric zoonotic organisms were detected in feces from 27 of 206 (13.1%) cats and included C parvum (5.4%), Giardia spp (2.4%). Toxocara cati (3.9%), Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (1.0%), and Campylobacter jejuni (1.0%); each organism was detected in samples from cats with and without diarrhea. Although differences between groups were not significant, a higher proportion of shelter cats (18.2%) had enteric zoonotic organisms than client-owned cats (10.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enteric zoonotic organisms were detected in feces of 13.1% of cats, suggesting that cats, particularly those in homes of immunocompromised humans, should be evaluated for enteric zoonotic organisms.     

Campylobacter jejuni infection in the ferret: an animal model of human campylobacteriosis

Campylobacter infection in weanling ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) was studied as an animal model for enteric campylobacteriosis in persons. The screening of fecal cultures on selective campylobacter media showed that Campylobacter jejuni/coli was not present in the normal enteric flora. Intragastric feeding of a mixture of cat feed and 2.5 X 10(8) C jejuni isolated from ferrets with naturally occurring proliferative colitis was accomplished. All ferrets (n = 8) became infected on 3 days after they were inoculated, and at 5 to 7 days, they had bile-tinged, liquid feces with excessive mucus and blood. Ferrets gradually recovered from the diarrhea, and feces were normal 10 to 14 days after inoculation was done. Feces contained C jejuni at 14, 23, 28, 39, 46, 60, 91, 101, 109 and 144 days. In the second experiment, weanling ferrets initially were treated with 10% sodium bicarbonate, and 1 X 10(10) C jejuni organisms were administered in the cat feed. Diarrhea with fecal leukocytes and occult blood with occasional mucus appeared in almost all of the 21 ferrets from days 4 through 7. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from the blood of 11 ferrets between 3 hours and 14 days after they were inoculated. Campylobacter jejuni bactericidal antibodies were present in serum samples at 14 days, with titers of 1:16 to 1:32. Intestinal lesions including cellular infiltration with mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were in the lamina propria of the pyloric mucosa and small intestine of infected and control ferrets. The colon of 3 infected ferrets had small focal infiltrates of neutrophils on the lamina propria; one ferret had perivascular cuffing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from the gall bladder samples of sheep and identification by polymerase chain reaction

In this study, 100 gall bladder samples of sheep slaughtered at an abattoir in Elazi? province were examined for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Preston Campylobacter Agar supplemented with 7% horse blood and Preston Selective Supplement (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) were used for isolation of the agents. Campylobacter spp. were isolated in 66 samples, and they were identified as 34% C. jejuni and 32% C. coli. A multiplex PCR based upon the use of ceuE gene-specific primers was applied on DNA samples extracted from C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. All C. jejuni and C. coli strains that were positive by culture were also detected to be positive by PCR. This study shows that PCR can be used an alternative, rapid and sensitive test for the identification of C. jejuni and C. coli which threaten human and animal health.     

Comparison of fecal samples collected per rectum and off the ground for estimation of environmental contamination attributable to beef cattle

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether sampling feces off the ground replicates prevalence estimates for specific pathogens obtained from fecal samples collected per rectum of adult cows, and to determine characteristics of feces on the ground (fecal pats) that are associated with subsequent identification of Campylobacter spp, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia duodenalis. ANIMALS: A random sample of adult beef cattle from 25 herds located throughout California. PROCEDURE: 1,115 rectal and ground fecal samples were obtained. Samples were submitted for culture of Campylobacter spp and examined, using a direct fluorescent antibody assay, to detect C parvum oocysts and G duodenalis cysts. Characteristics of fecal pats, such as volume and consistency, were recorded. RESULTS: Prevalence of Campylobacter spp was 5.0% (20/401) for rectal fecal samples, which was significantly greater than prevalence determined for ground fecal samples (2/402; 0.5%). Most isolates were C jejuni subsp jejuni. Prevalence of C parvum was higher in rectal fecal samples (6/557; 1.1%) than in ground fecal samples (1/558; 0.2%), but this difference was not significant. Prevalence of G duodenalis did not differ for rectal (36/557; 6.5%) versus ground (26/558; 4.7%) fecal samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evaluation of ground fecal samples may not accurately indicate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp or C parvum in cattle but may reflect prevalence of G duodenalis. Differences in prevalence estimates between the 2 methods suggest inactivation of pathogens in feces after cattle have defecated. Prevalence estimates generated by evaluation of ground fecal samples, however, may more accurately estimate environmental pathogen burden.     

A cytolethal distending toxin gene-based multiplex PCR assay for detection of Campylobacter spp. in stool specimens and comparison with culture method

In this study, we evaluated the applicability of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene-based species-specific multiplex PCR for the direct detection and identification of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and C. fetus from stool specimens of patients with gastroenteritis in comparison to culture methods. A total of 711 stool specimens were examined for the isolation or detection of campylobacters by using Skirrow's selective agar culture plates, a filtration method and the multiplex PCR assay. Forty-one and 36 C. jejuni strains were isolated by culture and filtration methods, respectively. In addition, 2 and 3 C. coli strains were isolated by Skirrow and the filtration methods, respectively. However, when the multiplex PCR was employed, the cdtB genes of C. jejuni and C. coli were detected in 45 and 4 stool samples, respectively, and 9 C. jejuni PCR-positive samples by multiplex PCR were negative by culture method. Sequence analysis of the PCR products obtained from 8 stool specimens from which campylobacters were not isolated by culture method but the sequences exactly matched with that of the cdtB gene of C. jejuni strain 81-176. None of the remaining stool samples which were culture negative for campylobacters produced any amplicon. Stool samples were defined as Campylobacter-positive if detected by any method. The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR was 83%, which was higher than Skirrow (74%) and filtration method (66%). These data indicate that cdtB gene-based multiplex PCR is a rapid and more sensitive method to identify the most important species of Campylobacter for human diseases. (248).     

Prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in crows (Corvus levaillantii, Corvus corone) and serogroups of the isolates

A total of 500 fecal droppings of crows collected from a seashore of an ocean bay and from a cemetery on a hill surrounded by a forest were examined for thermophilic campylobacters, and the Skirrow's biovars and Penner's serogroups of the isolates were determined. The organisms were isolated from 169 (62.6%) of 270 seashore crow samples and 106 (46.1%) of 230 cemetery crow samples. During the investigation period from May 1986 to April 1987, the monthly isolation rate of thermophilic campylobacters in the seashore crow varied from 32.0 to 85.0%. C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. laridis were isolated from 150, 21 and 14 samples, respectively. In case of the cemetery crow, the monthly isolation rate varied from 20.0 to 75.0%, and C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. laridis were detected from 80, 12 and 16 samples, respectively. Among 192 strains of C. jejuni selected from 98 seashore and 57 cemetery crow samples, 106 (93.0%) of 114 seashore crow strains and 69 (88.5%) of 78 cemetery crow strains were identified as Skirrow's biovar I. Of 192 strains of C. jejuni serogrouped, 169 strains were classified into 20 serogroups. The Penner's serogroup 2, one of common serogroups among poultry and human isolates in Japan, was the most predominant in crow strains.     

Presence of zoonotic campylobacters in cattle and swine for consumption in Argentina

The first isolation of zoonotic campylobacters in Argentina is described. Samples from intestinal contents and swabbing of carcasses of clinically healthy cattle and swine destined for consumption were analysed. In cattle, isolations of C. fetus subsp. jejuni and C. sputorum were made from intestinal content samples (1.7% and 6.9% respectively for each species), and only the former species was isolated from carcass swabbing samples (3.2%). Isolations in swine were made only from intestinal contents (6.9%). We discuss the significance of these isolations in relation to the role the animal species studied play in the epidemiological chain of this zoonosis.     

Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni in poultry reared under different management systems in Nigeria

Cloacal swabs from 487 live birds in 36 flocks and 70 poultry carcasses were cultured for Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. It was isolated from 12.3% of the birds in 19 flocks. Chickens, turkeys, and guinea fowl differed from one another in isolation rates of the organism. Management system affected its occurrence, and only 7.1% of eviscerated carcasses yielded it. It was concluded that bird species, management system, and immersing slaughtered poultry in boiling water before dressing affect recovery of C. fetus subsp. jejuni from live birds and carcasses.     

Identification of sources of Salmonella organisms in a veterinary teaching hospital and evaluation of the effects of disinfectants on detection of Salmonella organisms on surface materials

OBJECTIVE: To determine sources of Salmonella organisms in a veterinary teaching hospital, compare bacterial culture with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for detection of Salmonella organisms in environmental samples, and evaluate the effects of various disinfectants on detection of Salmonella organisms on surface materials. DESIGN: Prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fecal samples from 638 hospitalized horses and 783 environmental samples. PROCEDURE: Standard bacterial culture techniques were used; the PCR test amplified a segment of the Salmonella DNA. Five disinfectants were mixed with Salmonella suspensions, and bacterial culture was performed. Swab samples were collected from 7 surface materials after inoculation of the surfaces with Salmonella Typhimurium, with or without addition of a disinfectant, and submitted for bacterial culture and PCR testing. RESULTS: Salmonella organisms were detected in fecal samples from 35 (5.5%) horses. For environmental samples, the proportion of positive bacterial culture results (1/783) was significantly less than the proportion of positive PCR test results (110/783), probably because of detection of nonviable DNA by the PCR test. Detection of Salmonella organisms varied with the surface material tested, the method of detection (bacterial culture vs PCR testing), and the presence and type of disinfectant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of the present study suggested that Salmonella organisms can be isolated from feces of hospitalized horses and a variety of environmental surfaces in a large animal hospital. Although recovery of Salmonella organisms was affected by surface material and disinfectant, bleach was the most effective disinfectant on the largest number of surfaces tested.     

Campylobacter jejuni infection in broiler chickens

Day-old, straight-run broiler chickens were procured from a hatchery located in the Pacific Northwest. The chickens were subdivided individually into nine groups of 20 chickens. The chickens were tagged, housed in isolation chambers on wire, fed commercial broiler feed, and given water ad libitum. Three isolates of Campylobacter jejuni of poultry origin and one of human origin were tested in this study. Various C. jejuni cultures were inoculated into 9-day-old chickens by crop gavage. Four groups of 20 chickens were inoculated at a dose level of 0.5 ml of 1 x 10(2) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml. The other four groups were inoculated with 0.5 ml of 1 X 10(4) CFU/ml. One group of 20 chickens was kept as an uninoculated control group. Four randomly selected chickens from each of the inoculated and uninoculated groups were necropsied at 5, 12, and 19 days postinoculation (DPI). The C. jejuni was cultured and enumerated from a composite of the upper and midintestine and the cecum. Body weights of all chicken groups at 7 days of age and at 5, 12, and 19 DPI were measured and statistically analyzed. No significant differences were present in the mean body weights (MBWs) of 7-day-old, 5 DPI, and 12 DPI male and female broiler chickens inoculated with C. jejuni at both dose levels compared with uninoculated controls. Differences in MBWs of the male and female broilers at 19 DPI were observed in some of the groups. Results of the C. jejuni culture enumeration mean (CEM) of composite intestine samples at 5 DPI from all inoculated chicken groups, irrespective of the dose level, ranged from (2.5 +/- 5.0) x 10(2) to (2.8 +/- 4.8) x 10(5) CFU/g (mean +/- SD). Results of cecum C. jejuni CEM at 5 DPI inoculated at both dose levels ranged from (2.5 +/- 5.0) x 10(6) to (1 +/- 0.0) x 10(7) CFU/g in all treatment groups irrespective of the dose level. CEM results from the composite intestine samples at 12 and 19 DPI increased by 1 log unit, or sometimes more. Results of cecum C. jejuni CEM at 5 DPI inoculated at both dose levels ranged from (2.5 +/- 5.0) x 10(6) to (1 +/- 0.0) x 10(7) CFU/g in all treatment groups irrespective of the dose level. Increases of 2-5 log units in C. jejuni CEM was present in chicken groups inoculated with 1 X 10(2) CFU of C. jejuni, and a 2- to 3-log increase was present in groups inoculated with a higher dose level of C. jejuni at 12 DPI. The results of C. jejuni CEM from cecal samples at 19 DPI were similar to chicken groups at 12 DPI. Campylobacterjejuni was not isolated from the uninoculated control chickens at 5, 12, and 19 DPI. Clinical signs of illness or gross pathologic lesions were not present in any of the chicken groups during this study. No lesions were present on histopathologic evaluations in C. jejuni-inoculated chickens or uninoculated control chickens.