Nicht-destruktive Erkennung von Berostung bei Birnen

The objective of the present study was to investigate possibilities of non-destructive examination of russet on pome fruit using a luster sensor (Mukhtar et al. 2014) including varietal, colour and positional influences. Therefore, pears of three varieties from the local market in December, were investigated by three means, visual observation of the type and spread of russet, 3D colour microscope and sensor technology.Visual oberservation showed that pears of cv. ‘Conference’ from Belgium exhibited the most severe russet, particularly in the spherical part of the fruit, but also with speckled russet at the elongated stalk end of the fruit. Pears of cv. ‘Alexander Lucas’ from Germany had the least russet localized at the calyx end of the fruit and those of cv: ‘Abate Fetel’ from Italy showed an intermediate level of russet at the calyx end.Three-dimensional colour microscopy at x200 magnification.showed that russet, i.?e. suberinisation of the fruit peel, on cv. ‘Conference’ caused a 2.5-fold increase in roughness of ca. 50 µm compared with ca. 20 µm on russet-devoid peel sections of cv: ‘Alexander Lucas’.Scarcely russeted peel of cv. ‘Alexander Lucas’ showed significantly larger luster levels and those of cv. ‘Abate Fetel’ the tendency of larger luster levels with a smaller variation than russet devoid fruit peel. Russet was more difficult to detect on the elongated part of the pear fruit next to the pedicel. These first results indicate that this sensor-based russet detection is based on a combination of peel roughness and colour; but require further investigations.The results of larger luster levels on russeted pears are in line with those on plums (Mukhtar et al. 2014) where polishing during harvest and postharvest handling doubled luster levels compared with the undisturbed natural amorphous fruit surface.     

Non-Destructive Evaluation of Edible Coatings Effects on Keeping Quality of European Plums (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus domestica</Emphasis> L.) by Laser Light Backscattering Imaging

Fruits of European plum (Prunus domestica L.) show high rates of transpiration. Consequently, they are highly perishable fruit. In the present study, the potential of an edible coating (Versasheen®-based with sorbitol as plasticizer) to improve storage life and keeping quality was evaluated on fruit of the plum cultivars ‘Jojo’ and ‘Tophit plus’. Plums were picked at commercial harvest date and stored at 2?±?0.5?°C (90?±?2% rh) for up to 28?d plus 2?d at 20?°C to simulate shelf life. Every seventh day, plums were analysed for transpiration, colour changes and laser light backscattering imaging (LLBI) at a wavelength of 785?nm to non-destructively investigate variations in quality properties of plums. Finally, fruit flesh firmness, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity were determined destructively. Results indicated that coating of fruit of both cultivars increased their surface resistance against water vapour transfer resulting in lower transpiration rates and thus lower mass losses compared to controls. Consequently, coating of fruit considerably delayed the decrease in flesh firmness. Moreover, edible coating retarded the increase of FWHM785 in coated plums. In this context, FWHM785 proved as a rapid and non-destructive tool to monitor changes in mechanical properties in heavily coloured plums. Results highlight that edible coatings successfully extend post-harvest life of plums.     

Phenotypic variability and genetic structure in plum (Prunus domestica L.), cherry plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) and sloe (P. spinosa L.)

In the present study, phenotypic variability of 80 plum (Prunus domestica L.) varieties maintained in the French National Plum Collection was evaluated with 19 quantitative traits. In addition, genetic diversity and genetic structure was studied in three plum species (P. domestica L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and Prunus spinosa L.) using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers and five single sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Based on phenotypic traits, some varieties, such as mirabelle plums, grouped together. Bayesian structure analysis was used to identify different genetic groups, whereby damson plums were clearly distinguished from greengage plums. When examining the three species together, a higher level of cpDNA allelic richness was found in P. cerasifera and in P. spinosa than in P. domestica where only five cpDNA haplotypes were detected in the national plum collection, with one main haplotype that accounted for 80% of the varieties studied. P. domestica cpDNA haplotypes tended to group together with P. cerasifera haplotypes whereas most of P. spinosa haplotypes formed a separate cluster. SSR markers were somewhat able to distinguish the three species. These results provide some clues as to the origin of plum and the various plum varieties. Our results also provide useful information for the management of plum genetic resources.     

Multiple introduction of honeybee colonies increases cross-pollination,fruit-set and yield of ‘Black Diamond’ Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

Summary

Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) belongs to the Rosaceae family, which carries the S-RNase-mediated gametophytic self-incompatibility system, which prevents self-fertilisation, and thus promotes out-crossing. The plum cultivar ‘Black Diamond’^® has become, one of the most important cultivars in Israel in the last decade, yet its yield is low in comparison with its known potential. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are the most important pollinators for plums and several studies have demonstrated an apparent relationship between the number of honeybees and the size of the fruit crop. Therefore, in this study, we focussed on improving bee management in a ‘Black Diamond’ orchard. In four consecutive years of experiments, we examined the effects of increasing the density of bee colonies, and of making multiple introductions of colonies, on honeybee activity and on their effectiveness as pollinators of ‘Black Diamond’. We showed that four separate introductions, each of 0.625 colonies ha^–1, every 2 – 3 d from 10% full bloom to 3 d after full bloom, with a total density of only 2.5 colonies ha^–1, resulted in the greatest level of fruit set.     

Interaction of Maximum Daily Trunk Shrinkage and Fruit Quality in European Plum

Maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) has been suggested as an appropriate indicator of plant water status because it is closely related to stem water potential. Interaction of MDS and fruit quality was studied in plum (Prunus domestica L. ‘Jojo’/Wavit and ‘Tophit plus’/Wavit) in temperate climate. According to the MDS data, trees were grouped as low MDS (LMDS) and high MDS (HMDS). Fruit quality was analysed during fruit development (95, 103, 117 DAFB for ‘Jojo’ and 99, 112, 121 DAFB for ‘Tophit plus’) before commercial harvest. Fruit picked at commercial harvest (137 DAFB and 140 DAFB for ‘Jojo’ and ‘Tophit plus’, respectively) were stored at 2 ± 0.5?°C (90 ± 2% RH) for 28 days, and 2 days shelf life at 20?°C providing 6 measuring dates postharvest. Results confirmed that MDS was positively correlated with water vapour pressure deficit also in the apparent temperate, semi-humid climate. Transpiration of fruit from high crop load and resulting HMDS trees, which can be assessed as physiologically drought, was low compared to that of fruit from LMDS trees. Furthermore, HMDS tree grown plums had enhanced soluble solids and dry matter contents with a tendency of reduced fruit size.     

Site and fruit maturity influence on the quality of European plum in organic production

Information available on the role of site and fruit maturity in the quality of European plums in organic production has not been studied to date. European plum cv. ‘Green Gage’ grown in organic production was harvested in order to study the effect of site and fruit maturity on fruit quality. At harvest, significant differences were found in fruit weight, colour, firmness and TSS between harvest dates, whereas significant differences were found in fruit weight, colour, firmness and fruit Ca content between sites. Differences remained during storage. Fruit weight loss during storage was affected by site. Fruit with high Ca content showed higher firmness both at harvest and during storage. Harvest moment should not be chosen according to date, since differences between sites at the same date have been found. Firmness and colour parameters a* and h° would be useful to distinguish maturity at harvest between different sites and harvest dates. Linear regression between h° and firmness at harvest would allow the use of the h° colour parameter as a non-destructive measurement to distinguish maturity. Organic orchards should keep a minimum level of Ca in order to assure a slower fruit softening during storage.     

文冠果新品种‘中石4号’和‘中石9号’

‘中石4号’和‘中石9号’是从文冠果实生群体中选育出的新品种。树势均较强,速生,丰产,抗逆性强,雌花比例均在60%以上,单瓣花,种子单粒质量大,均在1.5 g以上,种仁含油率均在65%以上。‘中石4号’当年生枝被毛,绿色,小叶片表面有蜡质、光泽感强,蒴果中等大小,球形,果壳中等厚度。‘中石9号’多年生枝无毛,绿带紫红,小叶无蜡质,蒴果大,棱柱形,果壳厚。在辽西地区,‘中石4号’5月上旬盛花,8月上旬果实成熟,‘中石9号’5月中旬盛花,8月中旬果实成熟。两品种果实发育期均为75 d左右,均可在中国东北、西北、华北地区广泛栽植。     

Development and applicability of GBS approach for genomic studies in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) provides a large quantity of useful data suitable for the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), facilitating accurate genomic studies in plant species. In this study, GBS-based SNPs were used to characterise 11 Japanese plum cultivars and to explore their natural allelic diversity in relation to the most important phenology events (flowering date, ripening date and fruit development period) and fruit quality traits (weight, shape, skin and flesh colour, over colour, skin and flesh chlorophyll index, flesh firmness and soluble solids concentration). GBS-based SNPs were shown to be a powerful tool for genetic diversity and other genomic studies where SNP markers were related to several traits, particularly for flowering date, ripening date, fruit development period, skin chlorophyll degradation, flesh chlorophyll degradation and flesh colour. These results represent a preliminary approach using GBS as a possible breeding tool in current and new Japanese plum breeding programmes.     

Einfluss verschiedener Ausdünnverfahren auf die Source: Sink-Verh?ltnisse und Fruchtqualit?t von Zwetschen

Chemical thinning agents for stone fruits are scarce. Hence, the objective of the present work was to improve fruit quality,viz size in plum, using mechanical and chemical thinning or combinations thereof; untreated, i.e., un-thinned plum trees of the same rows served as control. Plum trees of the medium-sized cv. ‘Ortenauer’ on dwarfing St. Julien GF 655/2 rootstock, with maximum flower intensity in 2009, were grown near Bonn, Germany. Trees were mechanically thinned in April 2009 with the blossom thinner developed by the University of Bonn with 300, 400 or 500?rpm at a tractor speed of 5?km/h. Half of the trees were additionally chemically thinned with both ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) (15?l/ha) at full bloom and an ethylene releasing compound (0.375?l/ha) 35 days after full bloom. The objective of 1/3 flower i.e. fruitlet removal was successfully achieved even with the slowest rotor speed of 300?rpm. The number of fruit per metre fruiting spur was reduced from 46 to 18–27, equivalent to a (source: sink) leaf: fruit ratio of 5:1. Mechanical thinning significantly enlarged fruit mass from 28?g in the un-thinned control to 30–32?g with rotor speeds of 400 or 500?rpm. Additional chemical thinning with ATS and an ethylene-releasing compound resulted in no further increase in fruit mass. Inner fruit quality (sugar) of the plums appeared unaffected by either mechanical or chemical thinning, except for fruit firmness. Plums thinned with an ethylene releasing compound were softer and ripened earlier than respective control fruit, possibly due to the ethylene release. The lesser fruit density per tree after thinning reduced the potential for fungal infections such asMonilia due to faster drying of the fruits after precipitation. Mechanical thinning reduced thinning by manual labour from 31?min. per tree in the un-thinned control to 24?min. by ca 25%, i.e., by 7?min. per tree; this is equivalent to a net financial gain of 400–500?€/ha, after expenditure (120?€/ha; 1.5?h/ha), for thinning. Overall, both efficacy of blossom removal and fruit mass enlargement scored best after mechanical thinning around 400?rpm, indicating that mechanical blossom thinning provides a suitable alternative for chemical and/or manual thinning or can be combined with either of those options. An additional advantage of mechanical blossom thinning is to overcome or avoid alternate/biennial bearing due to its early application at bloom time; a similar effect was observed with the ethylene-releasing compound applied 35 days after full bloom.     

李品种选育研究进展

主要李生产国通过有性杂交育种已经成功地选育出一批具有早中晚熟,丰产,果肉硬,中大果型,抗寒和耐低温的中国李(Prunus salicina)优良品种。欧洲李(P.domestica)的品种选育倍受欧美一些国家的重视,先后选育出果皮蓝、紫、黄、红色,含糖量高,抗寒,自花结实和极丰产的品种。除中国李与中国李和欧洲李与欧洲李的种内杂交外,中国李、樱桃李、杏李、比西砂樱李、美洲李、狭叶李、果酱李、雁李和加拿大李之间已经杂交成功,并获得杂种单株。已经从樱桃李、中国李、杏李和比西樱李与杏和梅杂交后代中选育出一些较好的种间杂交栽培品种。还介绍了国内外目前新品种的育种目标。     

Tree Fruit Growing—Research and Production in Germany: A Statistical and Bibliometric Analysis of the Period 1950–2010

Germany is one of the leading European countries in tree fruit growing and the fruit produced has an actual production value of 794?million?€. Six decades, from 1950 to 2010, of fruit production and internationally relevant scientific output for fruit crops—apple, pear, cherry, plum, apricot, and peach—were analysed in this study. Bibliographic and bibliometric analyses were based on the Science Citation Index^?. Data were compared and discussed in the European and global context. The German annual per capita consumption of fruit amounts to 125.5?kg/a originating from commercial intensive fruit growing, including 71.8?kg/a of fresh fruit, 48.3?kg/a of citrus and tropical fruit, 3.8?kg/a nut fruit, and 1.6?kg/a dry fruit. Approximately 25?kg per annum and inhabitant has to be added to the total fruit consumption, since a conspicuous amount of fruit originates from meadow orchards and house gardens. Nevertheless, Germany’s self-supply with fruit is a low 22.4%. Within the EU (2009/2010), Germany ranks fourth in apple production, tenth in pear production, fifth in cherry production, sixth in plum production, and 15th in the production of apricots and peaches. Based on the number of international scientific articles published in Germany, fruit crops can be ranked in descending order: apples, cherries, pears, plums, peaches and apricots. Relating the scientific output over the last six decades to the production data of the same country nowadays achieved, we obtain an indicator for the scientific impact on the crop production. On a worldwide comparison Germany ranks tenth for apple, sixth for pears, 21st for cherries, 17th for plums and first for apricots and peaches. With regard to the absolute output of scientific original articles Germany ranks fourth worldwide for apples, eighth for pears, second for cherries, fifth for plums, ninth for apricots and 14th for peaches, indicating that research on tree fruit growing in Germany supports the economic competitiveness of its production regions with highly specialized knowledge.     

The Use of Dinitrocresol-Mineral Oil Sprays for the Control of Prolonged Rest in Apple Orchards

Summary

Pluots are putative hybrids between plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) and apricots (P. armeniaca L.). The capability to distinguish among plum and pluot cultivars is important in breeding and cultivation. We investigated the genetic diversity among 14 plums, 6 pluots and one plumcot representing commercial cultivars in California, with 28 microsatellite markers. We also tested seven apricot cultivars as a reference to ®nd evidence of apricot in the ancestry of pluots and plumcot. The parental material used in the original cross that produced the pluot and plumcot was not available. Of the 28 SSR markers, 25 were from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and three from peach (Prunus persica L.). Approximately 80% of the cherry primers generated ampli®cation products in plum and pluots, showing transportability between these Prunus species. One to eight putative alleles per locus were displayed by the tested SSRs in plums and pluots. In plum and pluot samples a total of 100 alleles were identi®ed with an average of 4.3 alleles per primer combination. The SSR markers were successfully used for the discrimination of all tested cultivars. In pluots, 76 alleles were found in which 63 (83%) were speci®cally coming from plum, 9 (12%) were common in plum, pluots and apricot while no allele in the pluots was observed that was contributed from apricot. In plumcot, 49 alleles were observed in which 25 (51%) were from plum, 18 (36%) were speci®cally from apricot and 6 (12%) were common in plum, plumcot and apricot. Relationships among the 28 plum, pluot and apricot cultivars were represented by a dendrogram, constructed on the basis of 168 SSR markers. The dendrogram showed the plums and pluots form a cluster distinct from the apricots, with pluot cultivars interspersed among plum cultivars and more closely related to plum than to apricot. Plumcot made a separate branch and was placed between the plum and apricot cluster. These results suggest that the SSR markers are valuable tools for identi®cation of cultivars and diversity analyses in plum.     

杏李自然杂交新品种‘金皇后杏李’

 ‘金皇后杏李’为杏、李自然杂交种。果实圆形, 平均单果质量85 g, 最大150 g; 果肉金黄色, 兼具李、杏风味; 果实生育期100 d左右; 抗霜冻, 早果性强, 丰产稳产, 耐贮运; 适宜鲜食和加工。     

夏橙果皮天然蜡和人工涂蜡表面的观察

 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 观察了有天然蜡和商业涂覆蜡存在的夏橙果实表面,并研究了天然蜡、洗果、脱蜡和商业涂覆蜡对果实失重的影响。结果表明: 夏橙果实表面的蜡片形状和大小均不规则, 大部分可用氯仿- 甲醇溶液去除; 除蜡极易加大果实失水; 涂蜡可部分和全部堵塞果实表面气孔。     

‘早熟红李’在黔北地区的生物学特性及栽培技术

历经7年（2005--2012）对黔北地区‘早熟红李’进行引种观察和栽培试验，结果表明：（1）‘早熟红李’具有结果早，果实成熟早，果大，紫红色，甜酸适口等优点；（2）该品种定植后第2年部分植株开花结果，第3年大部分植株开花结果，第4年植株普遍开花结果，第5年以后进入盘果期；（5）该品种植株抗病、抗虫性较强，同时抗低温、抗旱、抗裂果较强。在海拔800～1200m，平地、山地和坡地栽植生长结果均良好。提出高标准建园、配方施肥、合理修剪、合理管理花果、有效防治病虫害和适时采收等配套栽培措施。     

国外鲜食良种李品种引种表现及综合评价

在对引种的25个李优良品种随机抽取20个果实的相关性状和指标进行观察分析和测定的基础上,应用灰色关联分析法,对各品种进行综合评价,选择出3个在南阳表现较好的优良品种,为科学、合理地选育果树新品种提供了新的方法和科学依据.     

Some Studies on the Cuticular Wax of Citrus Fruits

Some preliminary data on the natural wax coat of citrus fruits are presented. Thin-layer and column chromatography showed that the main differences from apple and grape waxes were the relatively higher percentage of esters, the lower percentage of alcohols and the apparent lack of triterpenoids. During fruit development in the Shamouti orange wax production was approximately balanced by surface growth, sos that the amount of wax per unit surface of rind was approximately constant for most of this period. When fruit growth was slowed down by winter temperatures and incipient senescence, the amount of wax per unit surface increased. Wax production continued (possibly at a greater rate) after the fruit had been severed from the tree. Wax removal was enhanced by successive treatments with chloroform. Weight losses of fruit in storage were proportional to the number of wax removals. Packing-house treatments did not remove natural wax but seemed to check its secretion by rind cells.     

Investigation of Antioxidant Content and Capacity in Yellow European Plums

ABSTRACT

Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of five Yellow European plums (Prunus domestica) were studied using heat reflux extraction. Fresh plums were extracted at 50°C and 70°C, while freeze dried plums were extracted at 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. Quantification of phenolic compounds such as ascorbic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acid, was performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was determined by evaluating the scavenging ability of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric (Fe³⁺) free radicals. Total phenolic content and ferric reducing antioxidant potential were highest for freeze dried samples extracted at 60°C whereas extraction at 70°C resulted in the lowest yield. Neochlorogenic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in each plum genotype followed by ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid. This study demonstrates that there is an adequate amount of health promoting phytochemicals within European plums, hence extraction of these compounds have potential for use towards functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.     

李果实中多酚含量及其抗氧化能力研究

为分析不同李品种果实中多酚含量及其抗氧化能力,以14个李品种为试材,测定果皮和果肉中的多酚含量,采用超氧自由基(O_2~-)清除法、羟自由基(OH·)清除法、DPPH法、FRAP法和TBARS法测定抗氧化能力,比较多酚含量、抗氧化能力的差异,分析多酚含量与抗氧化能力的相关性,比较抗氧化能力测定方法间的相关性。结果表明:(1)李果实中富含多酚并且品种间存在差异,不同品种果皮中含量为1.40~3.37 mg·g~(-1) FW,果肉中含量为0.50~0.97 mg·g~(-1) FW,果皮中含量远大于果肉中含量;果皮中多酚含量较高的李品种为皇后李、猪肝李,其次为黑宝石李、红玫瑰李;果肉中多酚含量最高的为秋姬李,其次为威克逊李。(2)李果皮、果肉多酚提取物均具有较强的抗氧化能力,果皮提取物综合抗氧化能力较强的为皇后李、黑宝石李和猪肝李,果肉的为红美丽李、红玫瑰李和秋姬李。(3)果皮中多酚含量与清除O_2~-、OH·能力及DPPH、FRAP、TBARS均呈极显著正相关,果肉中多酚含量与抗氧化能力呈显著正相关。(4)对5种方法的相关性分析表明,各方法从不同的角度评价李果多酚抗氧化能力,方法间均具有很好的相关性,DPPH法与FRAP法综合评价最佳,可作为主要选择。     

李新品种—秦红李的选育

秦红李是从国外李品种幸运(Fortune)实生苗中选育出的优良新品种。果实圆形至长圆形,平均单果质量125g,最大果质量215g,果面鲜红至玫瑰红,果肉淡黄色,贮藏后紫红色。肉质松脆,汁多,味甜,有香气,纤维少而细,品质佳,无苦涩味,可溶性固形物15%￣16%。果实7月中下旬果实成熟,果实生育期110d左右。较抗细菌性穿孔病,无裂果或落果现象,丰产性强,耐贮运。