玉米生育期QTL定位及上位性互作效应的遗传研究

为了探讨玉米生育期的遗传规律,以自交系N6和BT-1为亲本组配了重组自交系(Recombinant inbred line,RIL)群体,利用207个微卫星标记构建分子标记遗传连锁图谱,对生育期相关的抽雄、吐丝和散粉3个性状进行QTL定位,并进行上位性效应分析。结果表明,在第1染色体umc1676-umc1590区域和第2染色体的umc1422-umc1776区域存在共同控制抽雄、吐丝和散粉3个性状的稳定的QTL位点。生育期3个性状QTL的上位性分析,都检测到3对加性×加性上位性互作效应,分别可以解释3.78%~5.43%,1.24%~2.36%和3.27%~4.04%的表型遗传变异。上位性效应是生育期性状的重要遗传基础。     

利用种子性状QTL定位高油玉米淀粉含量QTL

以普通玉米自交系8984与高油玉米自交系GY220为亲本组配得到284个F2:3家系群体,利用185个SSR标记构建玉米遗传连锁图谱。通过包含母体效应的种子性状QTL作图方法对玉米籽粒淀粉含量进行QTL定位和效应分析,共检测到7个与淀粉含量相关的QTL,分别位于第5,8,10染色体上,除qSTA8-3的遗传作用方式表现为加性外,其余QTL作用方式为部分显性。单个QTL贡献率为5.87%～10.93%,累计贡献率为53.37%。所有QTL的增效基因均来自普通玉米亲本8984。淀粉含量QTL qSTA5-2贡献率较大,可以作为进一步精细定位的主要目标QTL。     

甘蓝型油菜胚色素成分的QTL定位

以甘蓝型黄籽油菜GH06和甘蓝型黑籽油菜中油821为亲本杂交,后代通过“一粒传法”连续自交7代构建重组自交系, 2007年分别在重庆市北碚区和万州区两个试验基地种植重组自交系群体, 利用本实验室已构建的遗传连锁图谱和复合区间作图法(CIM), 分析种胚色素的4种主要成分的QTL。结果共检测到31个QTL, 分别位于14个不同的连锁群, 其中5个花色素含量有QTL, 分别位于第1、5、10、16和20连锁群,单个QTL解释表型变异的6.08%~11.67%;10个类黄酮含量有QTL, 分别位于第1、3、6、7、12、20和25连锁群,单个QTL解释表型变异的4.48%~11.10%;8个总酚含量有QTL, 分别位于第1、2、12、16和20连锁群,单个QTL解释表型变异的5.24%~10.37%;8个黑色素含量检测到QTL, 分别位于第5、8、10、12、14和22连锁群,单个QTL解释表型变异的5.44%~11.32%。解释表型变异大于10%的5个QTL, 包括2个类黄酮含量QTL, 花色素含量、总酚含量和黑色素含量QTL各1个,它们分别解释11.10%、10.20%、11.67%、10.37%和11.32%的表型变异。研究结果表明胚色素表现为多基因控制的数量性状, 基因表达受环境影响较大, 胚与种皮色素的QTL吻合度不高, 推测种皮和胚色素合成可能受不同遗传体系控制, 与这些QTL紧密相关的分子标记可以用于胚主要色素的分子标记辅助选择。     

玉米出籽率、籽粒深度和百粒重的QTL分析

为研究玉米出籽率、籽粒深度、百粒重的遗传机制,以豫82×沈137组配的229个F_2:3家系为试验材料,采用复合区间作图法进行QTL定位分析。在3个环境下共检测到10个QTL。其中,控制出籽率、籽粒深度、百粒重相关QTL分别为3个、3个和4个,它们的联合贡献率分别为35.5%、28.1%和39.0%。位于第1染色体上介于标记umc1335与umc2236之间控制出籽率的QTL qKR1b和位于第9染色体上介于标记bnlg1209–umc2095之间控制百粒重QTL q100-KW9b,分别解释18.9%和11.7%的表型变异,且作用方式为加性效应,分析表明这些区域可能包含调控玉米籽粒性状关键基因,对剖析玉米产量形成机制具有重要的参考价值。     

玉米籽粒含水量性状相关SSR分子标记的筛选和分析

籽粒含水量高是影响玉米机收的主要限制性因素之一。目前对于玉米籽粒含水量的内在遗传基础了解的还很少。本研究利用快速脱水自交系Li18和慢速脱水自交系昌7-2组配了252个F2家系群体。通过田间表型分析,分别选取20个低含水量家系和23个高含水量家系构建DNA混池。利用500对SSR标记进行多态性筛选,发现位于玉米第8染色体的标记umc1627和umc1415与籽粒含水量性状紧密相关,两个标记间的遗传距离为2.9 cM。本研究将为快速脱水品种的选育提供理论依据。     

夏大豆重组自交系群体籽粒蛋白质含量QTL定位

大豆籽粒蛋白质含量是复杂数量性状,目前对中国夏播大豆籽粒蛋白质含量等品质性状遗传基础的了解相对较少。本研究对以江淮地区夏大豆蒙8108与骨干亲本南农1138-2杂交育成的NJMN重组自交系群体进行了5个环境田间试验获得表型数据,利用含2 062个SLAF标记的遗传图谱对大豆籽粒蛋白质含量进行加性、上位性QTL定位。结果发现NJMN群体籽粒蛋白质含量存在超亲分离,不同种植环境、家系与环境间互作均存在显著差异。在6号、7号、11号、17号染色体上定位到4个控制籽粒蛋白质含量的加性QTL,其中qProt-17-1未见前人报道,其与环境间存在显著互作效应。还发现3对加性×加性上位QTL,其总的效应值和表型贡献率均高于加性QTL,表明非加性效应在NJMN群体蛋白质含量遗传体系中起了重要作用。     

不同基因型玉米籽粒类胡萝卜素与花色苷色素积累规律

以黄色(特爆2号)、红色(西星赤糯1号)、紫色(紫糯香)和黑色(西星黑糯1号) 4种颜色的玉米为材料,通过徒手切片以及分光光度法,研究了玉米籽粒色素的组成、分布和积累规律。结果显示,西星赤糯1号玉米籽粒色素主要由花色苷和类胡萝卜素构成,花色苷主要存在于果种皮中,类胡萝卜素主要存在于胚与胚乳中;特爆2号玉米籽粒色素主要由类胡萝卜素构成,分布于胚与胚乳中;紫糯香及西星黑糯1号玉米籽粒色素主要由花色苷构成,主要存在于糊粉层中。除西星赤糯1号的花色苷积累首先出现于胚上方的花柱遗迹附近外,其余品种色素均首先在籽粒顶端出现,随后向四周延伸。玉米籽粒色素(除紫糯香)吸收峰随时间的变化先升高后降低。灌浆前期玉米果穗色素含量上部>中部 >下部,到灌浆后期,中部色素含量大于其他两部分色素含量。     

利用F2:3家系来源单倍体定位玉米雄穗相关性状QTL及全基因组选择

雄穗大小影响玉米光合作用合成的养分分配,进而影响雌穗发育以及由此决定的穗行数、行粒数、结实率、百粒重等产量构成因素。本研究用优良自交系郑58和B73构建的F_2:3家系诱导单倍体,通过48K液相杂交探针捕获技术获得基因型,结合多环境单倍体表型数据,对雄穗相关性状采用完备区间作图法(inclusive composite interval mapping, ICIM)进行QTL(quantitative trait locus)定位,采用(ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction, RRBLUP)模型探索全基因组选择中训练群体大小及SNP标记数目对预测精度的影响。结果表明,雄穗主轴长、一级分枝数、二级分枝数和总分枝数遗传力分别为0.82、0.88、0.84和0.88。雄穗主轴长检测到2个QTL,分别位于bin1.03和bin4.09,表型贡献率为6.02%和11.10%。一级分枝数检测到2个QTL,分别位于bin1.05和bin4.05,表型贡献率为9.17%和11.75%。二级分枝检测到2个QTL,分别位于bi...     

玉米籽粒生理成熟后自然脱水速率QTL的初步定位

以吉846(脱水快,1.18%d-1)和掖3189(脱水慢,0.39%d-1)为亲本衍生出的232个重组自交系(F7)为作图群体,构建了具有101个SSR标记位点的玉米遗传连锁图谱,覆盖玉米基因组1941.7cM,标记间平均距离为19.22cM。通过1年2点试验(双城和哈尔滨,2007年)评价了232个重组自交系籽粒生理成熟后的自然脱水速率。采用WinQTL2.5对该性状数量性状位点(QTL)进行了初步定位和遗传效应分析,结果共检测出9个显著影响玉米籽粒生理成熟后自然脱水速率的QTL,分别位于第2、第3、第4、第5和第6染色体上,加性增效作用均来源于亲本吉846。其中在第2和第6染色体上的2个QTL(qKdr-2-1和qKdr-6-1)在2个环境下均稳定表达,分别位于SSR标记bnlg198～umc1516之间和phi126～phi077之间,其累积表型贡献率为15.49%。具有较快脱水速率的等位基因均来自吉846。所检测到的QTL将在分子辅助选育具有较快脱水速率的材料中具有较大的应用潜力。     

大豆籽粒硬实加性和上位性QTL定位

硬实是植物种子的普遍特性, 是影响大豆种子发芽率、生存能力及储存期的重要数量性状, 同时影响着大豆的加工品质。本实验通过对大豆籽粒硬实性状的加性和上位性互作QTL (quantitative trait locus)分析, 明确控制大豆籽粒硬实的重要位点及效应, 旨在为进一步解析硬实性状复杂的遗传机制提供理论依据。以冀豆12和地方品种黑豆(ZDD03651)杂交构建的包含186个家系的F_6:8和F_6:9重组自交系群体为材料, 采用WinQTL Cartographer V. 2.5的复合区间作图法(composite interval mapping, CIM)定位不同年份的籽粒硬实性状相关的加性QTL, 同时采用IciMapping 4.1软件中的完备区间作图法(inclusive composite interval mapping, ICIM)检测籽粒硬实性状的加性及上位性QTL。共检测到3个籽粒硬实性状相关的加性QTL, 分别位于第2、第6和第14染色体, 遗传贡献率范围为5.54%~12.94%。同时检测到4对上位性互作QTL, 分别位于第2、第6、第9、第12和第14染色体, 可解释的表型变异率为2.53%~3.47%。同时检测到籽粒硬实性状加性及上位性互作QTL, 且上位性互作多发生在主效QTL间或主效QTL与非主效QTL间, 表明上位性互作效应在大豆籽粒硬实性状的遗传基础中具有重要的作用。     

Identification of QTLs for niacin concentration in maize kernels

A genetically induced increase in the niacin concentration of maize kernels is important for the improvement of kernels nutrition. In this paper, the correlation, heredity and variation of free niacin concentration and total niacin concentration in maize kernels were analysed. The results showed that a low or moderate correlation existed between free niacin concentration and total niacin concentration, and that the heritabilities of the two traits were approximately 70%. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis showed that qFNA4a‐HC and qTNA4a‐HC were detected to have a common marker, umc1294 (Bin4.02), in different populations. In population A, qFNA8b and qTNA8a were detected in two generations or two sites, qTNA8c‐F₂ and qFNA8b‐HC have a common interval. These QTLs explained 9.7%–17.3% of phenotypic variation. In population B, qFNA4a, explaining 9.3%–11.2% of phenotypic variation, was detected in two environments. Two marker intervals, umc1294‐bnlg490 (Bin4.02‐4.03) and umc1959‐umc1562 (Bin8.05), harbored the QTL for free niacin concentration and total niacin concentration. Furthermore, among a total of 78 QTLs obtained from all datasets, 19, 9 and 9 QTLs were located in Bin8.05‐8.06, Bin4.02‐4.04 and Bin10.01‐10.03, respectively.     

玉米抗灰斑病QTL元分析及其验证

玉米灰斑病是危害玉米生产的主要病害之一,目前对抗灰斑病基因数目、位置及作用方式仍然不清楚,这严重制约着玉米抗灰斑病育种进展。本研究利用元分析方法分析并整理了14篇玉米抗灰斑病QTL文献的信息,共筛选确定了13个一致性QTL区间。利用以自交系81162为轮回亲本、自交系CN165为非轮回亲本构建的回交导入群体根据连锁不平衡原理对13个一致性QTL进行验证,在13个一致性QTL区间共获得20多个偏分离位点。第1和第4染色体上偏分离最严重,其他染色体上偏分离度较小。说明第1和第4染色体上存在着效应较大的抗病QTL。第1染色体标记umc2227、bnlg1832、umc1243、umc2025、umc1515、umc1297、umc1461处供体基因频率均在50%以上,可能存在几个连锁的抗病基因。第4染色体上基因位于标记bnlg2291和umc1194之间。研究为精细定位供体CN165中第1和第4染色体上的抗灰斑病QTL奠定了基础。     

Identification of QTL for acid phosphatase activity in root and rhizosphere soil of maize under low phosphorus stress

To provide theoretical and applied references for acid phosphatase (APase) activity of maize, this study was to identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) for APase activity in root and rhizosphere soil of maize under low phosphorus (p) stress. The correlation and the QTL of APase activity in root (APR) and APase activity in rhizosphere soil (APS) were studied for the F_2:3 population derived from the cross 082×Ye107 under low P stress in two sites. Analysis for each environment and joint analysis across two environments were used to identify QTL for the F_2:3 population. A significant difference in APR and APS was found between 082 (P efficient genotype) and Ye107 (P deficient genotype). A large genetic variation and transgressive segregation of the F_2:3 population were observed in Beibei and Hechuan. One stable QTL for APR was detected in different environments, which was located in the interval bnlg1350 to bnlg1449 on chromosome 3. Two stable QTLs for APS were detected, which were located in the interval umc2083 to umc1972 on chromosome 1 and in the interval umc2111 to dupssr10 on chromosome 5. The stable QTLs can be used in MAS breeding and theoretical study of maize.     

基于单片段代换系的玉米百粒重QTL分析

籽粒大小是影响玉米产量的关键因素。本研究基于59份玉米染色体单片段代换系(SSSL)纯合体,对玉米百粒重性状进行2年6个试验环境的表型鉴定,利用t测验和重叠群作图的方法对SSSL内代换片段上的百粒重效应进行了QTL分析。共检测出20个百粒重QTL,分布在玉米的8条染色体上,其中14个(70.0%)在2个以上试验环境中被重复检出,4个(20.0%)在4个以上试验环境中被重复检出,在全部6个试验环境中重复检出且基因加性效应值较大的玉米百粒重QTL是位于玉米第5染色体Bin5.05区SSR分子标记bnlg278和umc1680附近的q100kw-5-3。研究结果为玉米籽粒大小性状相关基因的进一步精细定位和克隆奠定了基础。     

Identification of QTL for stalk sugar-related traits in a population of recombinant inbred lines of maize

Increasing sugar content in silage maize stalk improves its forage quality and palatability. The genetic mapping and characterization of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is considered a valuable tool for trait enhancement, yet little information on QTL for stalk sugar content in maize has been reported. To this end, we investigated QTLs associated with stalk sugar traits including Brix, plant height (PHT), three ear leaves area (TELA), and days to silking (DTS) in two environments using a population of 202 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between YXD053, which has a high stalk sugar content, and Y6-1, which has a low stalk sugar content. A genetic map with 180 SSR and 10 AFLP markers was constructed, which spanned 1,648.6 cM of the maize genome with an average marker distance of 8.68 cM, and QTLs were detected using composite interval mapping. Seven QTLs controlling Brix were mapped on chromosomes 1, 2, 6 and 9 in the combined environments. These QTLs could explain 2.69–13.08 % of the phenotypic variance. One major QTL for Brix on chromosome 2 located between the markers bnlg1909 and umc1635 explained 13.08 % of the phenotypic variance. Y6-1 also contributed QTL allele for increased Brix on chromosome 6. One major QTLs controlling PHT on chromosome 1 and TELA on chromosome 4 were also identified and accounted for 13.68 and 12.49 % of the phenotypic variance, respectively. QTL alleles for increased DTS were located on chromosomes 1 and 5 of YXD053. Significant epistatic effects were identified in four traits, but no significant QTL × environment interactions were observed. The information presented here may be valuable for stalk sugar content improvement via marker-assisted selection in silage maize breeding programs.     

Identification and multiple comparisons of QTL and epistatic interaction conferring high yield under boron and phosphorus deprivation in Brassica napus

Boron (B) and phosphorus (P) are two essential nutrients for plants. To unravel the genetic basis of B and P efficiency in Brassica napus, quantitative trait locus (QTL) and epistatic interaction analysis for yield and yield-related traits under contrast B and P conditions were performed using two mapping populations across various environments. Main effect QTLs were detected by QTLNetwork and QTL Icimapping (ICIM), and were compared with our previously reported main effect QTLs identified by QTLCartographer. Epistatic QTLs were identified by QTLNetwork, ICIM and Genotype matrix mapping (GMM), and multiple comparisons of main effect QTLs and epistatic QTLs were conducted. For the two mapping populations, 51 main effect QTLs were identified by QTLNetwork, 106 by ICIM. Among them, 35 main effect QTLs were simultaneously identified by three programs. Moreover, 578, 18 and 62 epistatic QTLs were identified by GMM, QTLNetwork and ICIM, respectively. Interestingly, a total of 235 epistatic QTLs identified by GMM were associated with 50 main effect QTLs identified by three programs. However, only nine epistatic QTLs identified by QTLNetwork and ICIM were involved in main effect QTLs. Twenty-two main effect QTLs in the BERIL population overlapped with 20 main effect QTLs for the same traits in the BQDH population, but no main effect QTLs were detected both under P and B stress environments, indicating the genetic differences in B and P homeostasis in B. napus. By in silico mapping, 29 candidate genes were located in the consensus QTL intervals. This study suggested the availability of dissecting genetic basis for complex traits under B/P deficiency by analyzing main effect QTLs and epistatic QTLs using multiple programs across different environments. The robust main effect QTLs and epistatic QTLs associated could be useful in breeding B and P efficient cultivars of B. napus.     

利用选择导入系QTL聚合设计方法改良水稻产量相关性状

培育和种植高产水稻品种是解决粮食短缺危机最有效的方法之一。利用轮回亲本明恢86和供体亲本ZDZ057、辐恢838和特青构建了3个BC2F4高产选择导入系群体,从中选择5个稳定的高产导入系培育了4个聚合群体WD135/WD190、WD190/WD250、WD208/WD258、WD135/WD258。通过对4个F4聚合群体进行大田表型鉴定,考察产量及其相关性状。选取55个SSR多态性标记对聚合群体进行基因型鉴定,并利用性状-标记间的单项方差分析进行产量及相关性状的QTL检测和根据遗传搭车理论对增产的聚合系基因型的分析结果进行卡方检测。方差分析结果表明,穗长和单株产量在所有4个聚合群体中都存在显著或者极显著基因型差异,抽穗期没有差异,其余性状在不同群体中表现不尽一致。在4个聚合群体中,一共有57个聚合系产量高于轮回亲本,增产幅度从0.36%～72.7%,其中有40个聚合系高于其各自的聚合亲本。与轮回亲本和导入系亲本相比,高产聚合系的单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数和每穗颖花数有了一定程度的提高。高产聚合系增产的主要原因是由于单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数和每穗颖花数得到了改良。利用卡方检验和单项方差分析分别检测到22和20个与产量及相关性状有关的QTLs,其中10个QTL与前人定位的结果一致。聚合亲本携带的QTL在聚合群体的效应与导入系群体估算的不完全一致。说明利用选择回交导入系进行复杂性状聚合改良虽然可以部分消除QTL与遗传背景的互作,但是QTL之间的上位性互作可能仍然起着一定的作用。本研究采取的产量聚合系定位方法可靠性较好,为复杂性状的聚合系定位提供了一个新途径。     

Identification and validation of a yield-enhancing QTL cluster in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Improvement of rice grain yield (YD) is an important goal in rice breeding. YD is determined by its related traits such as spikelet fertility (SF), 1,000-grain weight (TGW), and the number of spikelets per panicle (SPP). We previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SPP and TGW using the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the crosses between Minghui 63 and Teqing. In this study, four QTLs for SF and four QTLs for YD were detected in the RILs. Comparison of the locations of QTLs for these three yield-related traits identified one QTL cluster in the interval between RM3400 and RM3646 on chromosome 3. The QTL cluster contained three QTLs, SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a, but no YD QTL was located there. To validate the QTL cluster, a BC₄F₂ population was obtained, in which SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a were simultaneously mapped to the same region. SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a explained 36.3, 29.5 and 59.0 % of phenotype variance with additive effect of 16.4 spikelets, 6 % SF and 1.8 g grain weight, respectively. In the BC₄F₂ population, though the region has opposite effects on TGW and SPP/SF, a YD QTL YD3 identified in this cluster region can increase 4.6 g grains per plant, which suggests this QTL cluster is a yield-enhancing QTL cluster and can be targeted to improve rice yield by marker aided selection.     

越冬栽培稻产量性状相关QTL定位

越冬栽培稻是一类能越过自然冷冬季节并在第2年春季萌芽、正常开花结实、收获稻谷的水稻品种。本文通过对越冬栽培稻产量性状QTL分析,明确产量相关性状的遗传规律,旨在进一步解析越冬栽培稻产量性状的遗传机制,为育种创新利用提供理论依据。以3份越冬栽培稻构建的3个半同胞F2群体为材料。各考察15个产量相关性状,利用Excel 2003、GraphPad Prism 5.0和QTL IciMapping 4.10软件分析数据、绘制遗传图谱、定位QTL和联合分析。结果表明,产量性状表型值在3群体中呈连续正态分布,表现为数量性状遗传。共检测到37个QTL和26对上位性QTL,贡献率分别介于2.32%～36.31%和1.04%～2.05%;检测到9个同时影响2个及以上产量性状(一因多效)QTL标记区间;以联合分析检测到13个产量性状相关QTL,其中4个QTL区间与单群体检测QTL区间重叠;越冬栽培稻产量相关性状QTL以加–显性效应遗传为主、上位性遗传效应为辅。本研究将为越冬栽培稻产量相关基因挖掘及育种创新利用奠定基础。     

8种水旱环境下2个玉米群体穗部性状QTL间的上位性及环境互作效应分析

深入剖析干旱胁迫条件下玉米穗部性状的遗传机制可为玉米抗旱高产分子育种提供参考依据。以大穗型旱敏感自交系TS141为共同亲本,分别与小穗型强抗旱自交系廊黄和昌7-2杂交,构建了含有202个(LTPOP)和218个(CTPOP)家系的F2:3群体,在8种水旱环境下进行单穗重、穗轴重、穗粒重、百粒重、出籽率及穗长等6个穗部性状的表型鉴定,并采用复合区间作图法(CIM)和基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法(MCIM)对其进行单环境和多环境联合数量性状位点(QTL)分析。结果表明,采用CIM法,单环境下在2套F2:3群体间检测到62个穗部性状QTL,其中干旱胁迫环境下检测到38个QTL,进一步在2套F2:3群体多个干旱胁迫环境下检测到10个稳定表达的QTL (sQTL),分别位于Bin 1.01–1.03、Bin 1.03–1.04、Bin 1.05、Bin 1.07、Bin 1.07–1.08、Bin 2.04、Bin 4.08、Bin 5.06–5.07、Bin6.05和Bin 9.04–9.06。采用MCIM法,联合分析定位到54个穗部性状联合QTL,其中24个表现显著的QTL与环境互作(QTL×E), 17对参与了显著的加性与加性/显性(AA/AD)上位性互作,其表型贡献率较低。这些研究结果可为系统地剖析玉米穗部性状的分子遗传机制提供理论依据;且这2套F2:3群体多个环境下检测到的sQTL可作为穗部性状改良的重要候选染色体区段,用于图位克隆或抗旱高产分子育种,但要注重环境及上位性互作效应的影响。