基于荧光原位杂交的‘燕山红栗’核型分析

板栗染色体核型分析是开展育种工作的基础。为明确板栗染色体形态结构特征,本研究以‘燕山红栗’为试验材料,采用体细胞染色体常规制片法及荧光原位杂交法,对其染色体进行核型检测及分析。结果表明:板栗染色体数为2n=24,核型公式为2n=2x=24=2M(sat)+18m+4sm,染色体组总长度为13.04滋m,其中长臂总长为7.31滋m,核型不对称系数为52.06%,核型相对对称。精准的染色体核型分析为板栗种质资源利用和新品种选育提供了细胞学基础。     

加拿大披碱草45S rDNA定位

以加拿大披碱草为材料,通过染色体原位杂交的方法,确定加拿大披碱草的45S rDNA在染色体上的位置,旨在为加拿大披碱草育种提供依据.结果表明,45S rDNA在加拿大披碱草的染色体上检测出4个位点(绿色),它们分别位于第2对染色体短臂末端和第5对染色体短臂次缢痕上,即核仁组织区(NOR),且杂交信号强弱较一致.     

野大麦的分子核型分析

以野大麦(Hordeum brevisubulatum L.)为材料,采用荧光原位杂交技术,以5 SrDNA、45 SrDNA及重复序列pAs 1和pSc 119.2为探针,与野大麦染色体标本进行原位杂交,通过观察探针在染色体上标记的位置、标记信号的强弱,对野大麦染色体组进行核型分析.结果表明,5 SrDNA位于第10...     

基于45S rDNA和雷蒙德氏棉gDNA为探针的草棉FISH核型研究

 草棉基于荧光原位杂交（FISH）的核型公式为2n = 2x = 26 = 16m + 10sm (6 sat),短臂和长臂的相对长度分别为1.43～4.14和3.34～5.18,染色体长度比(最长与最短染色体的比值)是1.63。染色体组有6个随体,都定位在最后3条染色体的短臂上,其中位于第12和第13号染色体的随体在DAPI和罗丹明镜像中明显可见,但位于第11号染色体的随体在DAPI镜像中观察不到。检测到6个(3对)NOR信号,与随体同位,1对位于染色体端粒,2对紧接着丝粒。雷蒙德氏棉基因组DNA（gDNA）作探针时,在体细胞染色体上检测到GISH-NOR,其数量、位置和大小与45S探针的NOR相同,说明FISH核型比以前常规核型（非FISH核型）更精确。结合本试验室其它FISH资料,推断A基因组棉种在作为供体形成异源四倍体棉种以来,一些串连重复序列如rDNA可能发生了很大变化,包括扩增、易位或缺失等。对于D基因组特有的GISH-NOR的一个可能解释,就是D基因组棉种的rDNA拷贝数远远多于A基因组棉种。NOR或者GISH-NOR位点等方面的进一步研究,有助于探讨rDNA基因进化和功能,并作为一种标记应用于棉属构建染色体序号定位的物理图谱。     

非休眠苜蓿种质的染色体显带研究

苜蓿是美国栽培的最重要的饲料作物，主要用作动物消费的干饲料来进行收割，但也是放牧的重要组分。在美国南部，非休眠苜蓿尤其重要，因为在南部，在灌溉条件下其年产量可高达52Mg／ha．年，而美国中西部生长的苜蓿年产量仅为22Mg／ha．年。非休眠苜蓿在夏季     

水仙荧光原位杂交体系的建立

摘要：建立以水仙染色体为靶、rDNA为探针的荧光原位杂交实验技术,为进一步利用荧光原位杂交技术分析水仙的亲缘和进化关系奠定了基础。水仙的染色体制片以去壁低渗-火焰干燥法较好,容易获得大量清晰、分散的有丝分裂中期相;切刻平移法地高辛标记探针、染色体和探针共变性90℃ 5 min能有效的进行水仙rDNA的染色体荧光原位杂交定位。     

莪术CPD染色和45S rDNA荧光原位杂交核型分析

为了对莪术[Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe]的染色体进行识别并对该物种基因组的结构及进化进行初步研究,利用改进的火焰干燥法及荧光原位杂交技术,对莪术中期染色体的长度,着丝粒的位置及随体的数目进行分析。PI和DAPI组合（CPD）染色后和相继的45S rDNA探针荧光原位杂交结果显示,莪术具有五对45S rDNA位点,三对位于8,22,31号染色体末端的CPD带区,二对位于4,30号染色体的短臂上。第五号短臂为富含GC对的非45S rDNA位点。该实验建立了莪术的经典核型,为非整倍体,核型公式为2n＝62+1=40m+12sm+1m,其核型不对称性为2A型。     

花生属三种植物的核型研究

本文报道了花生属的栽培花生(6个品种)和两个野生种的核型,它们的核型公式如下:姜半、开封一撮秧、伏花生、白沙1016和西洋生均为2n=40=38m+2sm(SAT);四粒红为2n=40=38m(2SAT)+2sm(SAT);A.cardenasii 为 2n=20=18m+2sm(SAT);A.batizocoi 为2n=20=16m+4sm(2SAT)。最后,本文对栽培花生起源的有关问题进行了讨论。     

二倍体栽培棉45 S rDNA-FISH作图及核型比较

以45SrDNA为探针,获得了草棉体、亚洲棉体细胞染色体的荧光原位杂交(FISH)资料。从rDNA FISH实验结果看,草棉有6个杂交信号,也显示了3对核仁组织区(NOR),分别位于第3、9、13对同源染色体上;亚洲棉有4个杂交信号,显示了2对NOR,分别位于第6、13对同源染色体上。草棉、亚洲棉基于45SrDAN FISH的核型分别为:2n=2x=26=20m(4sat) 6sm(2sat)和2n=2x=26=26m(4sat)。     

葱的CPD染色和45S rDNA FISH核型分析

为给葱的染色体的识别提供新标记,建立葱的分子细胞遗传学核型,本研究采用去壁火焰干燥法制备了分散且形态良好的葱中期染色体,并进行了CPD（PI和DAPI组合）染色和45S rDNA荧光原位杂交（FISH）,根据葱染色体的形态特征,结合CPD染色和FISH结果,对葱进行了核型分析。CPD染色结果:葱所有染色体臂末端都显示CPD带。FISH结果：有一对45S rDNA位点（在第5对染色体上）。葱的核型公式：2n=2x=16=2sm+12m+2st(SAT)。研究表明：利用CPD染色和45S rDNA FISH,不仅能为染色体识别提供新标记,还能了解染色体GC丰富区的分布,为葱属植物的物种鉴定、系统分类与进化等研究提供DNA分子方面的证据。     

燕麦属植物核糖体DNA染色体定位及45S rDNA的系统进化分析

由于缺乏明确的二倍体供体信息,燕麦属植物的起源和系统进化关系一直存在争议。利用荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH）方法,检测45S rDNA和5S rDNA在燕麦属不同倍性植物染色体上的位点信息;并依据已公开的45S rDNA ITS区全长DNA序列构建分子进化树。探讨燕麦属植物在不同基因组中45S rDNA的位点变化、进化规律以及分化机制,为探究燕麦属物种的起源与演化提供参考。     

Early generation testing for yield and physiological components in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Selection of superior crosses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in early generations would increase the probability of identifying superior lines. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of selecting for physiological traits identified in a yield model [crop growth rate (C), reproductive duration (DR) and partitioning (p)] in segregating populations. Forty populations and nine parental lines were evaluated in replicated trials in 1992 (F2, 1993 (F3) and 1994 (F4) at three locations in Niger. Physiological traits were estimated from final yield and biomass as well as data on flowering and maturity. Regressions from two different parent-offspring generations (F2: F3 and F3: F4) were calculated. The results were compared to determine if early generation performance accurately predicts the performance of cross bulks in later generations. Differences were observed among populations and parents for all traits. Effects of locations were significant for C, p and DR in F2 and F3 but nonsignificant for yield and C in F4. Regression coefficients from F3: F2 were 0.10 ± 0.08 for C, 0.45 ± 0.17 for p, 0.10 ± 0.03 for DR and 0.16 ± 0.03 for pod yield. Based on F3: F4 regression, the coefficients were 0.12 ± 0.23 for C, 0.46 ± 0.17 for p and 0.57 ± 0.17 for yield. Parent-offspring correlations were in most cases similar to the regression values. It was concluded that selection for yield and model components in early generation bulks may inneffective. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

棉花Oligo-FISH技术建立及其初步应用

【目的】荧光原位杂交技术可以实现DNA序列直观准确的染色体定位,是基因组深入研究的重要技术之一。染色体特异探针的获得是该技术应用的关键。本研究旨在建立棉花寡核苷酸荧光原位杂交技术。【方法】利用已经公布棉花基因组序列数据,采用生物信息学方法获得染色体特异的寡核苷酸库,随后用乳化聚合酶链式反应方法标记成荧光探针,在棉花有丝分裂中期染色体上进行原位杂交。【结果】建立了一套棉花寡核苷酸荧光原位杂交技术体系。【结论】该体系可用于棉花单染色体识别鉴定。     

Karyotype analysis of the genus Clivia by Giemsa and fluorochrome banding and in situ hybridization

The karyotypes of species in the genus Clivia were analyzed by using Giemsa C-banding, fluorochrome staining, silver impregnation and in situ hybridization. Banded ideograms were established with computer aided image analysis. A chromosome number of 2n = 22 and a similar basic karyotype, based on relative chromosome length and arm ratio, was found in all the four species. There were clear differences in banding pattern between the species which allowed their karyotypes, and consequently the species, to be unambiguously identified. Apart from at the centromere, heterochromatin was mainly distributed on the short arms of the smaller chromosomes. Amounts of heterochromatin in C. miniata and C. gardenii were greater than in the other two species. The number of pairs of rDNA sites, identified by in situ hybridization, ranged from one to three. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)*

Effects of temperature × photoperiod interaction on vegetative and reproductive growth were examined in three selected groundnut genotypes by growing them in controlled-environment growth chambers with three temperature regimes (22/18, 26/22, and 30/26°C, day/night) under long (12 h, long day), and short (9 h, short day) photoperiods. The effect of photoperiod on the total dry-matter production (TDM) was significant with the genotypes producing 32–72% greater dry matter under LD than SD. Temperature × genotype interaction effects were significant, with the dry-matter production being greatest at 26/22°C and least at 30/26°C and 22/18°C in two of the three genotypes. Leaf area (LA) was greater under LD than SD at all temperature regimes. LA accounted for 76% of the variation in shoot + root dry weight (R²= 0.76, P < 0.01). A lack of relationship between LA and pod weight or pod numbers suggested that the pod development is controlled by factors other than carbon assimilation. The temperature × photoperiod interaction was significant for root growth, with the root weight being maximal and photoperiod effects being minimal at 22/18°C, while at 26/22°C, root weight declined and photoperiod effects became prominent. Low temperature (22/18°C) affected the reproductive development by reducing the proportion of reproductive nodes in total (vegetative + reproductive) nodes. The conversion of pegs into pods, as indicated by pod to peg ratio (PPR), was lower in LD than in SD conditions. Results suggested that the PPR could be used as an indicator of genotypic sensitivity to photoperiod in groundnut.     

The Physiology of Seed Germination in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) Cultivar GG-2. I. Effect of Seed Size

The seeds of groundnut cultivar GG-2 were categorized according to their test weight (100 seed weight) as bold (58.2 g), medium (37.9 g), small (24.9 g), small wrinkled (13.4 g) and control (30.3 g) seed lot. The variation in their size and dimension was also taken into account. The overall germination percentage was high for medium size seeds and was closely followed by bold seeds. The performance of the small and small wrinkled seeds was comparable to that of control. The seed vigour was found to be higher with heavier seeds. Small seeds exhibited equally good performance in response to seed germination and growth of the seedling components. There were no significant differences for the development of hypocotyl, epicotyl and plumule.     

Effect of Bradyrhizobium Strain on Combining Ability for Nitrogen Fixation in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)*

Improving the host genotype is one method of increasing biological nitrogen fixation by Bradyrhizobium in symbiosis with peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), but host-strain interactions also must be considered. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of Bradyrhizobium strains on the inheritance of traits related to nitrogen fixation. Eight parents and the F₁ generation of a diallel cross were evaluated in symbiosis with two bacterial strains for combining ability in a factorial arrangement in the greenhouse. The parents represented three taxa of cultivated peanuts. The two Bradyrhizobium strains NC 92 and NC 123 produced different general and specific combining ability, maternal (reciprocal general) effects, and reciprocal specific effects for the host genotypes. With strain NC 92, the peanut cultivars NC 7 and NC Ac 2821 had the best general combining ability for all traits evaluated; while, with strain NC 123, Robut 33-1 exhibited a high general combining ability (GCA) for nitrogenase activity and specific activity. Genotype NC Ac 2821, when inoculated with strain NC 123, had a negative GCA effect for nodule number, while with strain NC 92 this cultivar had the highest GCA effect. The importance of strain selection in evaluating lines in a breeding program is discussed.     

棉花原位杂交研究进展

文章对棉花原位杂交的发展 ,研究状况进行了综述 ,并对原位杂交的应用前景进行了总体介绍