草菇“巴斯德灭菌”床架式高产栽培新技术

草菇“巴斯德灭菌”床架式高产栽培新技术郑祥品蔡成琳（福建大田县农科所３６６１００）（大田县菌种厂）我县有丰富的稻草资源，大力开发草菇生产，是农民实现奔小康的好捷径。１９９４年在县科委高度重视下，进行草菇“巴斯德灭菌”床架式栽培的示范，获得每平方米产菇...     

草菇棚房层架栽培技术

在浙江省庆元县,人们喜食草菇,消费带动了当地草菇栽培产业的发展。草菇栽培原先多采用地畦栽培方式,这一栽培方式投资少、成本低、灵活性大、操作简单,但存在耕地利用率低、菇稻争地矛盾大、栽培温湿度不易调控等缺点。近年来,菇农改地畦栽培为棚房式层架栽培。这一栽培方式虽然增加了搭建棚房和菇床的成本,但使耕地利用率提高了4倍,使菇的年生产批次从一批增加到了三批,提高了生产效益,也有利于人工调控菇棚温湿度。现将这一生产方式总结如下。1栽培季节安排草菇喜高温高湿。在庆元县自然条件下栽培草菇,最佳时间是6月上旬至7月上旬,此时正值梅雨季节,温度适宜,空气湿度大,生产出的草菇质量好、产量高;7月中旬至8月下旬盛夏季节,气温偏高,干燥,水分蒸发量大,对草菇生长不利。采用棚房栽培技术,温湿度可进行人工调控,生产季节可提早到5月下旬或延后到9月下旬。盛夏可在棚房外盖遮阳网降温;5月份和9月份,则可通过盖塑料薄膜保温保湿。2棚房与菇床的搭建棚房尽量南北排列,使受光均匀。棚房内设双排床架,为便于管理操作,两排床架之间留1米宽的走道,四周通道宽60厘米,棚房宽为4.2米。床架层距55厘米,底层离地面20厘米。床架一般为4层,菇床宽1米。菇床...     

室外地沟栽草菇试验

我市传统的草菇栽培方法是室内搭床架栽培和室外搭建泡沫大棚栽培。然而由于连续的栽培(每个菇房每年利用6次以上),从而导致“老菇房效应”严重,平均转化率不足20％。为了提高草菇生产效益,笔者于2002年夏季开展了室外地沟式栽培草菇试验。     

采用不同海鲜菇菌渣配方栽培草菇试验

从福建、山东等地引进草菇菌株6个,设计以6种以海鲜菇菌渣为主料的栽培配方,研究不同菌株和栽培配方对草菇菌丝生长及产量的影响.结果表明,草菇菌株V1172、V1296及V5是利用海鲜菇菌渣栽培的适宜菌株;配方3(海鲜菇菌渣55％、玉米芯15％、花生壳15％、鸡粪5％、牛粪5％、石灰5％.)为最佳配方,与CK相比,栽培料的...     

网袋栽培草菇初探

室外栽培草菇,由于温湿度不易控制,产量低;室内堆栽,空间利用率低,室内床架栽培虽然可提高空间利用率,但造价大,且在缺乏竹木材料的地方难办到。为此,笔者就地取材用尼龙网袋栽草菇,于1988年5—7月进行了三次试验,获得成功。网袋栽草菇具有以下优点:(1)空间利用率高,一般一间15平方米的菇房一次可投料500公斤,与床架栽培相当;(2)投资少,购买一只能装干料10公斤的尼龙网袋仅花0:50元左右,且可多次使用;(3)产量高,因网袋栽草菇出菇面积大,透气性能好,三次试验转化率都在25%以上,高的达40%。现将具体做法简介如下:     

香港地区草菇栽培技术

草菇是一种质嫩味鲜的食用菌,最早栽培于中国华南诸省,而后传入东南亚各国。香港是世界上草菇销售量最多的地区。自1973年以后,香港已完全利用废棉取代传统的稻草栽培草菇。香港栽培草菇是在一种专门设计的能够调温、调湿、调光和通风换气的封闭式菇房里进行的。菇房顶部呈人字型和弓型。以人字型菇房较为实用,冷凝水不会直接掉落在菇床上。菇房夏天能隔热,冬天能保温,一年四季均可种草菇。菇房建筑材料为塑胶板和塑胶泡沫板。菇房内放置四排床架,每排五     

薄膜棚栽培草菇高产技术

目前,闽南一带栽培草菇一般是采用室内床架式,栽培面积受到条件限制。为进一步发展草菇生产,适应大面积高产栽培,笔者于1993年6～8月(气温稳定在22℃以上),在塑料薄膜大棚内连续三次进行床架式栽培草菇,最低生物效率28.83％,和室内床架式栽培相比没有明显差别,是一种能代替栽培室进行规模性高产栽培的理想方式。现将其技术要点介绍如下: (一)薄膜菇房的建造 在向阳近水源处,取长方或正方形25～30m~2的平地搭建床架。床架宽1m,长根据地形而定,第一层,离地面20cm,以上每层间距50～60cm,一般为4～5层,整个床架高3m以内,这样好操作和控温,床架间通道宽50cm。床架搭好后,在床架外20cm处竖若干木桩,用塑料薄膜将床架密封在棚内,四周的薄膜内外披挂稻草帘,距床架顶部20cm以上处搭一个简易屋架并覆膜盖稻草防雨遮阳,屋盖和四周的稻草可使菇房内的温湿度相对稳定。最后将棚膜割两个相对称的门作为通道和通气。 (二)原料处理 原料配方为稻草50kg,过磷酸钙0.5kg,麸皮2～2.5kg,石灰约2kg,pH6～8。将稻草放入水池或大桶中,充分挤压后捞起做成堆,并覆薄膜,     

草菇高产栽培技术

利用对草菇双核菌丝进行诱变处理及碱性驯化获得高产优良菌株。采用在麦秸上面放棉籽皮栽培草菇的方法,对高产菌株用麦秸作温床和不放麦秸（CK）培养菌丝及栽培草菇进行了研究。结果表明：用麦秸作温床处理草菇菌丝生长优于对照,但存在差异,用麦秸作温床0.5 min诱变菌株效果最佳,表现为菌丝生长快、菌丝健壮、出菇早、子实体性状优良、抵抗杂菌能力强、产量高。     

适合广西栽培的草菇菌株筛选试验

收集广西现主栽的8个草菇菌株,对各菌株的菌丝长势,厚垣孢子产生时间和数量,原基形成时间,头潮菇采收时间、抗逆性、开伞难易程度、单菇重量、VC含量,生物学效率方面进行比较。试验结果表明:V广和V广B农艺性状好且生物学效率较高,可作为广西推广栽培的草菇优良菌株。V越产量高,开伞慢,适合离销售市场远的栽培地。而V木的出菇时间早,VC含量高,可作为品种改良的亲本菌株。     

草菇北移高产优质栽培技术

自1991年北方地区棉花减产,主要以棉子壳为原料的平菇栽培受到限制,一部分菇农转移到用麦秸、稻草等廉价原料种草菇上来,但是生长在南方的草菇移到北方栽培,由于缺乏经验产量低,菇质差。为此,我们于1992年就北方地区草菇高产优质栽培技术进行了研究,现将其主要技术介绍如下: (一)选用适于北方栽培的优良菌株 经多年引种对比试验,V_台、V_(23)、GV_(34)、及V_(35)四菌株均可以作为当地推广的良种,V_台、V_(23)菇体鼠灰色,皮薄味好,但易开伞;V_(35)菌株色白,皮厚,不易开伞。这三个菌株在夏季气温高而稳定时栽培,出菇快,产量高,对低温     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.