寡果糖诱导瘤胃急性酸中毒对山羊瘤胃发酵、蹄组织结构及炎症因子、金属蛋白酶表达的影响

本试验旨在研究寡果糖诱导瘤胃酸中毒对山羊瘤胃发酵、蹄组织结构、蹄部炎症因子及金属蛋白酶表达的影响。采用随机区组设计,将8头健康装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的波杂山羊(波尔山羊×长江三角洲白山羊)随机分为对照组和诱导酸中毒的试验组,每组4头。其中试验组山羊瘤胃寡果糖灌注量为21 g/kg BW。分别于灌注前(0 h)和灌注后4、8、12、24和48 h采集瘤胃液,同时分别在0、4、8、24和48 h通过颈静脉采集血液,灌注后48 h屠宰2组山羊,采集蹄组织。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组山羊瘤胃液p H、挥发性脂肪酸浓度平均值显著降低(P0.05),血液和瘤胃液中乳酸和脂多糖浓度平均值显著提高(P0.05);组织形态学结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组山羊蹄组织中次级表皮蹄小叶和次级真皮蹄小叶的长度变短,蹄小叶形状不规则;实时定量PCR检测结果显示,较对照组比较,试验组山羊蹄组织中基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制物-1的mRNA的相对表达量显著降低(P0.05),白细胞介素-6、膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1和基质金属蛋白酶-2的mRNA的相对表达量显著升高(P0.05)。结果提示,寡果糖诱导山羊急性瘤胃酸中毒可导致山羊瘤胃发酵紊乱,提高瘤胃液和血液中脂多糖与乳酸浓度,导致山羊蹄组织相关炎症因子与金属蛋白酶表达改变,最终引发山羊急性蹄叶炎。     

高直链淀粉玉米替代普通玉米对断奶羔羊生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和血液生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探究高直链淀粉玉米(简称高直玉米)替代普通玉米对于断奶羔羊生长性能、营养物质消化率和血液生理生化指标的影响。将27头平均体重为(8.97±0.19)kg的湘东黑山羊随机分为3组,每组4头公羊、5头母羊,试验羊单栏饲养。3组羔羊分别饲喂用高直玉米替代基础饲粮中0(A组,作为对照组)、50%(B组)、100%(C组)普通玉米的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,B、C组羔羊的平均日增重显著增加(P<0.05),干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。B组羔羊血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、乳酸(LAC)含量高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);C组羔羊血清VEGF和LAC含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上可知,高直玉米替代饲粮中50%或100%的普通玉米对断奶羔羊的生长和营养物质消化均有积极影响。     

羊瘤胃乳酸菌的分离鉴定及抗逆性筛选

为开发羊源乳酸菌菌种资源,从健康成年散养山羊瘤胃内容物中分离乳酸菌,经生化试验、基因测序以及同源性分析、构建遗传进化树等方法对分离出的乳酸菌进行鉴定,并通过耐酸和耐胆盐试验筛选抗逆性良好的乳酸菌.结果表明:从散养山羊瘤胃内容物中分离出11株乳酸菌,将其编号为R1～R9、R11和R12;其中R1、R2为杜氏肠球菌,R3、...     

Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged administration of insulin, whilst maintaining normal glucose concentrations, on hoof lamellar integrity in vivo on healthy ponies with no known history of laminitis or insulin resistance. Nine clinically healthy, unrelated ponies were randomly allocated to either a treatment group (n =5; 5.9+/-1.7 years) or control group (n =4; 7.0+/-2.8 years). The treatment group received insulin via a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique modified and prolonged for up to 72 h. Control ponies were infused with an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline. Ponies were euthanized at the Obel grade 2 stage of clinical laminitis and hoof lamellar tissues were harvested and examined for histopathological evidence of laminitis. Basal serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations were 15.7+/-1.8 microU/mL and 5.2+/-0.1 mmol/L, respectively (mean+/-SE) and were not significantly different between groups. Mean serum insulin concentration in treatment ponies was 1036+/-55 microU/mL vs. 14.6 microU/mL in controls. All ponies in the treatment group developed clinical and histological laminitis (Obel grade 2) in all four feet within 72 h (55.4+/-5.5h), whereas none of the control ponies developed laminitis. There was no clinical evidence of gastrointestinal involvement and the ponies showed no signs of systemic illness throughout the experiment. The data show that laminitis can be induced in healthy young ponies, with no prior history of laminitis, by maintaining prolonged hyperinsulinaemia with euglycaemia. This suggests a role for insulin in the pathogenesis of laminitis, independent of hyperglycaemia, or alterations in hind-gut fermentation. For the clinician, early detection and control of hyperinsulinaemia may facilitate management of endocrinopathic laminitis.     

乳酸菌对苜蓿青贮发酵品质和细菌菌群的影响

为探究乳酸菌作为青贮添加剂对苜蓿青贮发酵品质和细菌菌群的影响,试验选取萎焉苜蓿为原料分为三个处理组,分别为无添加剂对照组(CK组)和分别添加1×106cfu/g乳酸菌YX(LPI组)、乳酸菌ZZU A341(LPA组)。结果表明:LPI或LPA组乳酸积累量显著高于CK组(P<0.05),pH和氨态氮含量显著低于CK组(P<0.05),且pH均降至5.00以下;CK组或LPI组的优势菌属为Pediococcus属(56.40%、98.63%),LPA组为Lactobacillus属(98.88%)。综上所述,乳酸菌作为青贮添加剂可通过调控青贮环境中细菌菌群的组成或相对丰度,从而提高青贮苜蓿的发酵品质。     

Ruminal lactic acidosis in sheep and goats.

The clinical findings in 37 sheep and goats with acute ruminal lactic acidosis included a disturbed general condition characterised by anorexia, apathy, teeth grinding and muscle twitching, ruminal stasis, and the excretion of soupy or watery faeces. The ruminal fluid of affected animals was milky, had a sour odour and a low pH. There was a predominance of Gram-positive bacteria in smears of ruminal fluid. In comparison with 10 control animals, the rumen fluid of 23 sheep with ruminal lactic acidosis had higher lactic acid and lower volatile fatty acid concentrations. In addition, the affected animals often had haemoconcentration and metabolic acidosis. Treatment included single or repeated transfer of ruminal fluid from healthy cows and, depending on the severity, the administration of antacids, yeast and chlortetracycline, and the intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride and 5 per cent sodium bicarbonate solutions. Of the 37 treated sheep and goats, four died within 24 hours, and three others were euthanased after one, two and three days because their condition rapidly deteriorated. Thirty animals were discharged one to nine days after treatment. Twenty-nine of them (78.4 per cent) recovered completely but one was euthanased later.     

Bovine pododermatitis aseptica diffusa (laminitis) aetiology,pathogenesis, treatment and control

Pododermatitis aseptica diffusa (laminitis) is a major cause of lameness and discomfort to cattle with resultant economic losses. The disease is a result of multifactorial aetiology most of which is not clearly understood. Feeding readily fermentable carbohydrates to unaccustomed cattle predisposes to the disease. Histamine, lactic acid and endotoxins are believed to be involved. Systemic acidosis, histaminosis and endotoxaemia are thought to produce the pathophysiological characteristics of laminitis. The diagnosis is primarily based on the observation of symmetrical and bilateral lesions in hooves and characteristic lameness affecting all feet. Gross lesions include concavity of the dorsal wall, discolorations in the sole and rotation of the pedal bone. Degenerative changes and arteriosclerosis are constant histological findings in the corium, with chronic thrombi and chronic granulation tissue. The disease may be treated conservatively and by application of cyclooxygenase inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prevented or controlled by proper feeding and management practices.     

不同枣粉添加水平对陕北白绒山羊屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

为探讨日粮中不同枣粉添加量对陕北白绒山羊屠宰性能和肉品质的影响,选取初始体重为（20.15±1.63） kg的40只6月龄健康白绒山羊,随机分为5组,每组8只羊,分别饲喂枣粉添加量为0（对照组）、10%（Ⅰ试验组）、15%（Ⅱ试验组）、20%（Ⅲ试验组）、25%（Ⅳ试验组）的日粮,饲养试验预试期10 d,饲喂基础日粮,饲喂期70 d,饲喂试验日粮。试验结束屠宰全部试验羊,以羊背最长肌为试验材料,分别测定羊肉的基本营养成分、矿物质、肌纤维特性、外观品质、脂肪酸和氨基酸含量并进行比较分析。结果表明：1）Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ试验组的屠宰率和净肉率均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,对照组、Ⅰ和Ⅱ组的骨肉比显著高于Ⅲ和Ⅳ组（P<0.05）;2）对照组的肌内脂肪含量显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组（P<0.05）;3）Ⅲ组的肌纤维面积、直径和剪切力值最小（P<0.05）;4）Ⅲ组中棕榈酸（C16：0）和硬脂酸（C18：0）的含量显著低于对照组和Ⅰ试验组（P<0.05）,花生四烯酸（C20：4n6）、α-亚麻酸（C18：2n6c）的含量显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组（P<0.05）;5）Ⅳ组羊肉中的天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和丙氨酸含量显著高于其他4组（P<0.05）。综上所述,枣粉添加改善了羊肉的嫩度,有利于羊肉中的矿物质、不饱和脂肪酸和氨基酸等营养成分的积累,从而使羊肉有较高的营养价值,综合考虑20%枣粉添加量时羊肉品质最好。     

Dietary fructan carbohydrate increases amine production in the equine large intestine: implications for pasture-associated laminitis

Pasture-induced laminitis in the horse is associated with the overconsumption of fermentable carbohydrate, in the form of simple sugars, fructans, or starch. The fermentation of carbohydrate in the cecum and large intestine results in the production of lactic acid and other toxins or "laminitis trigger factors." Vasoactive amines have been suggested as possible initiating factors. The aim of this study was to feed a commercially available form of fructan carbohydrate (inulin, 3 g/kg of BW per day) to normal ponies and to ponies predisposed to laminitis, to mimic a change from a basal hay diet to lush spring-summer pasture. Five normal and 6 laminitis-prone, native-breed ponies were acclimated to a basal hay diet before the inclusion of inulin and chopped dried grass. Blood samples, fecal samples, and foot temperature measurements were taken throughout the study. Amines were measured in the feces and plasma by HPLC and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The pH of the fecal samples decreased from 6.89 +/- 0.11 on the hay diet to a minimum of 6.18 +/- 0.11 with the addition of inulin (P <0.05). An increase was observed in the fecal concentrations of a number of amines, including tryptamine (2.5-fold increase, P <0.05) and tyramine (2-fold increase, P <0.05). No changes were noted in plasma amine concentrations or plasma D- or L-lactate, indicating that there may be a threshold of hindgut pH change before mucosal damage can result in the release of these factors into the circulation. No differences in pH or any of the measured compounds were observed between the group of normal ponies and those predisposed to laminitis. This indicates that differences in the intestinal microflora do not account for this predisposition. However, the results from this study indicate that moderate increases in dietary fructan carbohydrate can produce increases in bacterial fermentation products and other compounds in the large intestine, which may be relevant to the pathogenesis of acute laminitis in ponies on pasture.     

乳酸菌培养物对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究灭活乳酸菌培养物对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响。选择300只体重相近的健康1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,雌、雄各半。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,抗生素组在基础日粮中添加0.01%金霉素,乳酸菌培养物组分别在基础日粮中添加0.16%乳酸菌培养物L1、L2、L3。试验期42 d,分1~21日龄(前期)和22~42日龄(后期)2个阶段。结果显示,1~21日龄时,乳酸菌培养物L1组肉鸡平均日采食量极显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.01),血清中白介素-2(IL-2)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),脾脏指数、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);乳酸菌培养物L2组肉鸡脾脏指数、胸腺指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05);乳酸菌培养物L3组肉鸡平均日增重极显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.01);抗生素组肉鸡血清中γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)含量显著高于乳酸菌培养物组(P<0.05)。22~42日龄时,乳酸菌培养物L1、L2组肉鸡平均日增重极显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.01);乳酸菌培养物L2组肉鸡血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05),血清新城疫抗体效价及脾脏指数、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);乳酸菌培养物L3组肉鸡血清中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量及胸腺指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可知,在肉鸡日粮中添加一定量的灭活乳酸菌培养物可在一定程度上提高肉鸡的生长性能、增强其免疫功能,其中,对于提高肉鸡的生长性能,试验前期添加L3效果较好,试验后期添加L1和L2效果较好;对于增强肉鸡的免疫功能,试验前期添加L1效果较好,试验后期添加L2效果较好。     

DIGITAL VASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY IN EQUINE LAMINITIS OF ALIMENTARY ORIGIN

We measured digital blood flow, vascular pressures, vascular resistance, lymph flow rates, and lymph protein concentration in eight anesthesized equidaewith acute alimentary laminitis and eleven control animals. Digital blood flow was increased in laminitis as a result of decreased vascular resistance, primarily prevenous resistance. Ponies with laminitis were hypertensive and had elevated digital venous pressures. Lymph flow and lymph protein concentration were not different in the two groups of animals, indicating there is no change in capillary permeability in laminitis.     

高谷物日粮对山羊小肠发酵、肠道结构和微生物菌群数量的影响研究

本试验旨在研究高谷物日粮对山羊小肠微生物发酵、上皮组织形态及微生物菌群数量的影响。采用随机区组实验设计,将12头山羊随机分为两组,即全干草组(只饲喂粗饲料)和高谷物组(75%精料和25%粗饲料混合饲喂),每组6头,试验期为6周,试验结束后屠宰取小肠内容物及组织样品用于相关分析。结果表明,1)与干草组相比,饲喂高谷物日粮显著提高了空肠内容物中总挥发性脂肪酸(P=0.015)、丙酸(P=0.008)、丁酸(P=0.004)、异丁酸浓度(P=0.035),降低了乳酸浓度(P=0.008),但对pH值、乙酸、戊酸、异戊酸浓度及LPS含量无显著性影响(P>0.05)。与干草组相比,饲喂高谷物日粮显著提高了回肠内容物的总挥发性脂肪酸(P=0.007)、丙酸(P=0.013)、丁酸(P=0.008)、戊酸(P<0.001)、乳酸浓度(P=0.008)以及脂多糖含量(P<0.001),降低了pH值(P=0.005),但对乙酸、异丁酸和异戊酸浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);2)与干草组相比,高谷物日粮组山羊的十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度均显著升高(P<0.001);空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值显著降低(P=0.024);电镜结果表明,高谷物组空肠和回肠紧密连接受到破坏;3)与干草组相比,高谷物日粮组山羊回肠黏膜中碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),但对空肠黏膜中碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05);4)Real-time PCR定量分析表明,与干草对照组相比,高谷物日粮山羊回肠拟杆菌门16S rRNA基因拷贝数显著降低(P=0.037),厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门细菌数量比值显著升高(P<0.001),但对厚壁菌门细菌基因拷贝数无显著影响(P>0.05);空肠中拟杆菌门基因拷贝数、厚壁菌门基因拷贝数以及厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门细菌数量比值无显著变化(P>0.05)。结果说明,饲喂高谷物日粮对回肠上皮组织形态及回肠微生物发酵具有显著影响,对其健康可能有不利影响。     

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Cultures on Growth Performance and Immunity Function of Broilers

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of inactivated lactic acid bacteria cultures on growth performance and immunity function of broilers.A total of 300 one-day-old AA broilers with similar weight were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate (half male and half female).The control group was fed a basal diet;The antibiotic group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.01% chlortetracycline;The lactic acid bacteria cultures groups (L1, L2, L3) were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.16% lactic acid bacteria cultures L1, L2, L3, respectively.The whole experiment period was 42 days, including two phase of days 1 to 21 (starter period) and days 22 to 42 (finisher period).The results showed as follows:From 1 to 21 days of age, ADFI of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L1 was extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01), the serum content of IL-2 was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05), the indexes of spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).The indexes of spleen and thymus of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L2 were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05);ADG of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L3 was extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01);The serum content of IFN-γ of broilers in antibiotic group was significantly higher than that in lactic acid bacteria cultures groups (P<0.05).From 22 to 42 days of age, ADG of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L1 and group L2 were extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01);The serum content of IgG was significantly higher than that in antibiotic group (P<0.05), Newcastle disease antibody titers in serum and the indexes of spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius of broilers were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05);The serum content of IgA and the thymus index of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L3 were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).Therefore, supplementing inactivated lactic acid bacteria cultures in a diet could improve growth performance and immunity function of broilers to some extent.Among them, adding L3 was better during starter period for improving growth performance of broilers, while add L1 and L2 during finisher period.Adding L1 was better during starter period for improving immunity function of broilers, while add L2 during finisher period.     

Hindlimb laminar inflammatory response is similar to that present in forelimbs after carbohydrate overload in horses

Reasons for performing study: A significant proinflammatory response is known to occur in the forelimb lamina after carbohydrate administration. As the hindlimbs are often less affected by laminitis compared with the forelimbs, we assessed hindlimb inflammatory response in the early stages of carbohydrate‐induced laminitis to determine whether differences in the response existed. Objective: To determine whether a similar proinflammatory response occurs in the hindlimb laminae to that previously reported for the forelimb. Methods: Archived laminar samples from 12 horses administered 17.6 g of starch (85% corn starch, 15% wood flour)/kg bwt via nasogastric tube that were anaesthetised either after developing a temperature >38.9°C (DEV; n = 6) or at the onset of Obel grade 1 lameness (OG1; n = 6) were used in addition to 6 control horses (CON) that were anaesthetised 24 h after administration of water. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for selected proinflammatory mediators and MAC387 immunohistochemistry were performed. The data were analysed nonparametrically to compare groups. Results: Increases in laminar MAC387‐positive leucocytes and laminar messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) concentrations (P<0.05) for interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, cyclo‐oxygenase‐2, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif)ligand (CXCL)1 and CXCL8 were present in both fore‐ and hindlimb laminae from horses with OG1 lameness. Both CXCL1 and CXCL8 were also increased in forelimb and hindlimb laminae in the DEV horses. Conclusions: Administration of carbohydrate resulted in a similar inflammatory response in the hindlimb laminae to that previously reported for the forelimb laminae. These findings suggest that other factors, such as weightbearing, may play an important role in the development of laminitis after a systemic inflammatory condition develops. Potential relevance: Evidence of inflammation in the hindlimb laminae suggests that the hindfeet should be addressed in the septic horse at risk for laminitis; however, laminitis is often less severe in the hindlimbs due to other factors, such as weightbearing and hoof angle.     

Assessment of apoptosis in epidermal lamellar cells in clinically normal horses and those with laminitis

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the number, type, location, and distribution of apoptotic epidermal cells in the laminae of clinically normal horses and horses with laminitis. SAMPLE POPULATION: Formalin-fixed samples of digital lamellar tissue from 47 horses (including clinically normal horses [controls; n = 7], horses with acute [4] and chronic [7] naturally acquired laminitis, and horses with black walnut extract-induced [11] or carbohydrate overload-induced [18] laminitis). PROCEDURE: Blocks of paraffin-embedded lamellar tissues were stained for DNA fragmentation with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique. Differential immunohistochemical staining for caspases 3 and 14 were used to confirm apoptosis. RESULTS: The number of TUNEL-positive epidermal cells per 0.1 mm of primary laminae was significantly greater in the acute laminitis group than in the other groups. In the acute laminitis group, there were 17 and 1,025 times as many TUNEL-positive basal layer cells and keratinocytes, respectively, compared with the control group. Apoptosis of TUNEL-positive basal layer cells was confirmed by results of caspase 3 immunohistochemical staining. The TUNEL-positive keratinocytes did not stain for caspases 3 or 14. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The large number of apoptotic basal layer cells detected in the lamellar tissue of horses with acute naturally acquired laminitis suggests that apoptosis may be important in the development of acute laminitis. The role of the large number of TUNEL-positive keratinocytes detected in the interface of primary and secondary epidermal laminae of horses with acute laminitis remains to be elucidated.     

The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital

Endocrinopathic causes of laminitis may be a common underlying causative pathogenesis in first-opinion or field cases presenting with laminitis, as opposed to laminitis produced in inflammatory research models. This study aimed to determine whether evidence of an underlying endocrinopathy was present in horses presented for laminitis to a first-opinion/referral veterinary teaching hospital. A second aim was to compare the signalment of horses and ponies with laminitis with the equine hospital population during the same period. All horses presenting for laminitis at Helsinki University Equine Teaching Hospital, Finland, over a 16-month period were examined for an underlying endocrinopathy. Horses presenting for laminitis were compared with the hospitalized population over the same period. There were 36 horses presented for laminitis, and evidence of endocrinopathy was present in 89%. Of the horses showing an underlying endocrinopathy, one-third had a diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and two-thirds showed basal hyperinsulinemia indicative of insulin resistance, without evidence of hirsutism. Phenotypic indicators of obesity were present in 95% of horses with basal hyperinsulinemia without hirsutism. Compared with the hospital population during the same period, horses with laminitis associated with an underlying endocrinopathy were significantly older and more likely to be pony breeds. Our data support that endocrine testing should be performed on all cases of laminitis that do not have a clear inflammatory or gastrointestinal origin.     

西藏乡土乳酸菌和商品乳酸菌制剂对箭筈豌豆青贮发酵品质的改善效果

为评价西藏乡土乳酸菌和商品乳酸菌制剂对箭筈豌豆青贮发酵品质的改善效果，试验设对照组（C，无添加）、商品乳酸菌制剂添加组（G）、乡土乳酸菌添加组（分别添加西藏乡土乳酸菌HG24、LMG4、LOG5），共5个处理组，每组3个重复。在青贮第60天打开实验室青贮窖取样，测定青贮饲料发酵品质、营养价值和微生物数量。结果表明，与对照组相比，各添加组均具有较高的乳酸含量和乳酸菌数，较低的pH值、氨态氮/总氮和微量的丁酸含量，发酵品质良好；LMG4组和LOG5组的乳酸含量、乳酸/乙酸值显著高于其他组（P〈0.05），而pH值、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸含量、氨态氮/总氮值显著低于其他组（P〈0.05）；HG24组乳酸含量、乳酸/乙酸值显著高于对照组和商品乳酸菌制剂添加组（P〈0.05），pH值、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸含量、氨态氮/总氮值显著低于对照组和商品乳酸菌制剂添加组（P〈0.05）。综上所述，箭筈豌豆青贮发酵品质改善效果为：LMG4组、LOG5组〉HG24组〉商品乳酸菌制剂组〉对照组。     

不同青贮方法对全株玉米型日粮发酵品质的影响

文章旨在探讨用不同添加剂对全株玉米型日粮化学成分、pH和发酵品质的影响.试验将常用的肉牛全混合日粮分成16份,每份1?kg,随机分为4组,每组4份,对照组不添加任何添加剂进行普通发酵,处理1组添加20?g/kg糖蜜,处理2组添加3?g/kg丙酸,处理3组为联合发酵组(20?g/kg糖蜜+3?g/kg丙酸),青贮6周后,...     

Electroacupuncture in the treatment of chronic lameness in horses and ponies: a controlled clinical trial.

Electroacupuncture was used to treat lameness in horses and ponies with chronic laminitis (n = 10) or navicular disease (n = 10). A clinical trial was conducted with random allocation of equal numbers of animals to control and treatment groups. Acupuncture was performed three times per week for four consecutive weeks. The degree of lameness was assessed by 1) a grading scheme, 2) measurement of stride lengths and 3) analysis of weight distribution using a force plate. Although seven out of ten animals with chronic laminitis improved clinically during the trial, there were no statistically significant differences between treatment and control groups. Six out of ten horses with navicular disease improved, but there were no significant differences between treatment and control groups.     

Physiological responses of transported goats treated with ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season

The aim of the present study was to determine the physiological responses of transported Red Sokoto goats (RSG) treated with ascorbic acid (AA). Ten RSG treated orally with ascorbic acid served as experimental subjects, while seven goats treated with sterile water served as the control. The goats were transported for 8 h. The ambient temperature and relative humidity during the study period fluctuated between 21 and 38°C and 51 and 91%, respectively, which indicated that the season was thermally stressful and did not favor transportation of goats. The rectal temperature obtained in the control goats was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the value in the experimental goats after transportation. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in eosinophil counts and an increase (P < 0.01) in neutrophil counts and neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio recorded in the control goats after transportation, which suggested that the control goats were physically and emotionally stressed. The control goats lost 11.9% of their initial liveweight, while the experimental goats lost only 1.04% after transportation. Multiple stresses, including extreme meteorological factors, acted upon the transported goats and impaired their homeostatic mechanism. In conclusion, AA administration in goats reduced the adverse effects of road transportation stress.