茎直黄芪中生物碱苦马豆素提取方法比较研究

用微波辅助法和纤维素酶法提取茎直黄芪中有效成分苦马豆素,对两种方法提取效果进行比较.结果表明,纤维素酶法和微波辅助提取法提取茎直黄芪中有效成分苦马豆素提取率分别为39.41 mg/kg和92.64 mg/kg,微波辅助提取法提取效果较好.     

苦马豆素研究最新进展

疯草(locoweed)是豆科棘豆属(Oxytropis)和黄芪属(Astragalus)有毒植物的统称,其主要毒性成分是苦马豆素,动物采食后发生慢性神经机能障碍性中毒病,每年给牧区造成巨大的经济损失。另外,苦马豆素因其具有毒性和药理活性双重作用,受到毒理学界和医学界的普遍重视。本文不仅对苦马豆素毒性及作用机制、药理活性、来源和苦马豆素生物合成通路的最新研究进展进行了综述,而且还对合成通路中可能涉及的调控酶进行了推测。同时,又对未来苦马豆素的研究进行了展望,以期为疯草中毒病的防治提供参考。     

薄层扫描测定5种疯草中苦马豆素含量

称取甘肃棘豆粉200g，变异黄芪粉200g，茎直黄芪粉171g，毛瓣棘豆粉174g，冰川棘豆粉200g，甲醇渗漉，回收甲醇，浸膏用1mol/L HCl溶解，过阳离子交换柱，洗脱液75℃水浴挥干，残留物先用甲醇溶解，回收甲醇后再用氨性氯仿溶解，回收氯仿，分别得到总生物碱214、117．5、75．4、33．1、10．5mg。甲醇溶解总生物碱与苦马豆素标准品，定量点样于硅胶板，显色后薄层扫描得出甘萧棘豆、变异黄芪、茎直黄芪、毛瓣棘豆和冰川棘豆中苦马豆素的含量分别为0．106、0．030、0．053、0．032、0．020mg/g.     

宽苞棘豆生物碱提取与毒性试验

采用醇类生物碱系统提取法,从宽苞棘豆中分离出A 、B、C、D四种组分,经薄层层析检测,并与苦马豆素标准品对照,结果表明B、C组分含有吲哚里西啶生物碱--苦马豆素,A、D组分不含有苦马豆素.将C组分按1 g/kg和2 g/kg分别家兔灌胃,结果家兔没有表现出明显的临床中毒症状和病理变化.     

野生型斜茎黄芪内生真菌分离鉴定及苦马豆素分析

为探明青海野生型斜茎黄芪(Astragalus adsurgens)是否存在产苦马豆素内生真菌,本试验采用植物组织表面消毒法对斜茎黄芪内生真菌进行分离培养,运用形态学观察和内部转录间隔区(Internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列分析鉴定分离获得的内生真菌种属,并构建系统发育树,应用薄层层析法对斜茎黄芪和优势菌发酵液中的苦马豆素进行检测。结果显示,从斜茎黄芪中共分离出26株菌株,分属于5纲、5目、7科、7属,4株未定属。其中由根中分离的链格孢菌属(Alternaria sp.)是斜茎黄芪的优势菌属,分离率为23.08%。从薄层层析结果可以看出,斜茎黄芪和优势菌发酵液中均未检测到苦马豆素。上述结果表明,野生型斜茎黄芪不属于疯草类有毒植物,这为该植物的后续资源化利用提供重要理论依据。     

苦马豆素对母畜繁殖机能的影响及防控

苦马豆素主要存在于豆科棘豆属和黄芪属植物如疯草中,动物采食大量疯草会发生神经中枢紊乱,苦马豆素中毒的母畜表现不孕、流产,产死胎、畸胎等,引起繁殖能力下降,妨碍家畜繁育和品种优化,给我国草原畜牧业造成严重的经济损失,严重制约了我国西部草原牧区养殖业的持续发展。现通过对疯草主要毒性成分苦马豆素对母畜的繁殖性能指标、生殖器官组织形态学病理变化和生殖激素的影响进行综述,旨在为母畜疯草中毒引起的繁殖机能紊乱疾病提供治疗及预防思路,降低牧区养殖业经济损失,提高我国畜牧业长远发展的能力。     

疯草中毒的研究进展

疯草是黄芪属和棘豆属植物的总称,是多年生开花植物。疯草中主要有毒成分为苦马豆素(swainsonine,SW)。牛羊采食后会导致神经症状和繁殖障碍。笔者对苦马豆素的致病机理进行简要介绍,为临床上防控疯草中毒提供理论基础。     

变异黄芪有毒成分的分离与分析

从变异黄芪(Astragalus variabilis Bunge)中分离出结晶Ⅰ,经紫外、红外光谱及液相色谱分析、α-甘露糖苷酶抑制试验,并与苦马豆素(Swainsonine)标品进行了比较。确证变异黄芪所含主要有毒成分为吲哚兹定生物碱——苦马豆素,经测定其含量为0.029%。     

苦马豆素与波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌关系的研究进展

疯草是含有苦马豆素的豆科棘豆属和黄芪属有毒植物的统称,家畜过量采食会发生以神经系统机能紊乱为特征的慢性中毒病。疯草的主要毒性成分为吲哚里西啶生物碱苦马豆素,波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌在疯草中普遍存在,该属真菌与疯草中苦马豆素产生、含量及疯草毒性关系密切。文章对疯草中的苦马豆素和波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌之间的关系进行综述,旨在为动物疯草中毒病的防控提供参考。     

生物降解对疯草营养成分与苦马豆素含量影响的研究

为研究生物发酵降解对疯草营养成分与苦马豆素含量的影响,采用混合青贮技术对疯草类有毒植物变异黄芪有毒成分苦马豆素进行生物降解处理,测定降解处理前后变异黄芪营养成分及苦马豆素含量变化情况。结果表明,变异黄芪经生物降解处理后其营养成分变化较小,而苦马豆素含量平均下降了78.09%。该处理方法简单经济、毒素降解高效,适宜在我国疯草威胁区域推广。     

ATLANTO-AXIAL MALARTICULATION IN ANGORA GOATS

SUMMARY Two male Angora goats presented with ataxia and weakness of the hind limbs. Both tired easily when exercised and often stumbled and fell. In both cases, post-mortem examination revealed focal areas of gliosis and diffuse Wallerian degeneration in the spinal cord at the level of the atlanto-axial joint. There were also two areas of myelomalacia in one of the goats. In the other, the caudal articular surfaces of the atlas were unusually convex and the odontoid process of the axis was laterally compressed. It is suggested that these vertebral anomalies resulted in excessive mobility of the joint leading to the development of a compressive myelopathy.     

奶山羊甘肃棘豆中毒卵巢,胎盘的病理学研究

为阐明甘肃棘豆引起山羊流产的机理，对９只怀孕关中奶山羊，每日按１０ｇ／ｋｇ体重剂量喂给甘肃棘豆粉。孕羊于第１０－４３ｄ陆续全部流产，流产的为弱羔、死胎、畸胎或腐败胎。流产羊子宫粘膜水肿、出血或腐败；母体胎盘整片出血或呈豆腐花状。光镜观察，卵卵巢黄体细胞、卵泡细胞和胎盘滋养层细胞胞浆广泛性空泡变性。透射电镜观察，卵母细胞、黄体细胞、合体滋养细胞的核仁和线粒体空泡变性；黄体细胞和合体滋养细胞核内出现不     

Effect of concentrate supplementation levels on growth and slaughter characteristics of SEA and SEA × Norwegian goats under on-farm conditions

A 2?×?3 factorial experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of goat genotypes and different concentrate levels on growth and slaughter characteristics of Small East African × Norwegian crossbred (SEA × N) and Small East African (SEA) goats. The three concentrate levels were T0 (no access to concentrate), T66 (66 % access to ad libitum concentrate allowance) and T100 (100 % access to ad libitum concentrate allowance). Twenty-four castrated goats of each genotype (18 months old with an average weight of 16.7?±?0.54 kg) were randomly allotted into T0, T66 and T100 treatments. Daily feed intake and fortnight body weight measurements were recorded for the whole 84-day experimental period, after which the animals were slaughtered. Feed intake of T100 animals was 536 g/day, which was 183 g/day higher than that of the T66 group. Supplemented goats (T66 and T100) had significantly (P?<?0.05) higher daily gain and body condition score, and better feed conversion efficiency and dressing percentage than T0 goats. The SEA goats had higher (P?<?0.05) hot carcass weight (8.2 vs. 7.9 kg) and showed better (P?<?0.05) dressing percentage than SEA × N animals. Among supplemented goats, the cost of a 1-kg gain under T66 was Tshs 213/= cheaper than T100 (US$1?≈?Tshs 1,500). It is concluded that goats should be grazed and supplemented with 353 g concentrate/day for satisfactory fattening performance and higher economic return on investment.     

Nephrotoxicity in Goats Caused by Dosing with a Water Extract from the Stems of Narthecium Ossifragum Plants

Seven goats were given a single dose of an aqueous extract derived from 30 g (wet weight) of Narthecium ossifragum per kg liveweight. Their serum creatinine and urea concentrations increased to day 5 but then fell to normal by day 10. Serum magnesium increased to day 4 and decreased to normal by day 9. Their serum calcium concentration was lower than normal on days 4, 5 and 6. Histopathological examination of the kidneys of goats killed or found dead 2, 4, 6, 8, 11 or 16 days after dosing revealed tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis. Regeneration of the tubular epithelium and signs of interstitial fibroplast proliferation and fibrosis could be seen in animals killed on days 8, 11, 16 and 42. No signs of liver damage were observed in 3 goats dosed with the insoluble plant material from 40 g (wet weight) Narthecium ossifragum per kg liveweight. The total dose was divided into three doses, which were given intraruminally within 7 h. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, -glutamyl-transferase and glutamate dehydrogenase remained within the normal range in all 10 goats after dosing.     

Experimentally induced Cassia roemeriana poisoning in cattle and goats

The dried, ground aerial portions of the plant Cassia roemeriana were administered to each of seven calves at a dosage of 10 g/kg of body weight/day for 2 to 10.5 days and to each of six goats at a dosage of 10 g/kg/day for 5 days or 5 or 7 g/kg/day for 23 to 25 days. Experimentally induced C roemeriana poisoning in both species resulted in hepatopathic poisoning characterized by a brief survival period (3.9 to 7.9 days), moderate-to-severe hepatocellular damage, and little or no evidence of injury to skeletal muscle or resulted in myopathic poisoning characterized by a longer period of survival, mild-to-severe skeletal myopathy, and mild hepatocellular injury. The minimal dosage that induced hepatopathic poisoning (also the minimal lethal dosage) was 10 g/kg/day for 3 days in calves and for 5 days in goats. The minimal dosage that induced the myopathic syndrome (as determined by the earliest increase in serum creatine kinase activity) was 10 g/kg/day for 6 days for calves and 5 g/kg/day for 10 to 16 days for goats.     

山羊ZBP1基因多态性及与产羔性能的关联分析

【目的】试验旨在分析山羊Z-DNA结合蛋白(Z-DNA binding protein 1,ZBP1)基因3′-端非翻译区(3′-UTR)、内含子1和外显子7区域中单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点与产羔性能之间的关联性,为高繁殖力山羊分子育种提供新的遗传标记。【方法】选取麻城黑山羊、黑头羊和波尔山羊作为研究样本,采集血样提取DNA,根据转录组数据所选SNP位点在山羊ZBP1基因序列中的位置信息设计引物,利用多重单碱基延伸SNP分型技术(SNaPshot)分析所选SNP位点的遗传多样性,采用一般线性模型(GLM)对ZBP1基因SNP位点与3个品种山羊的产羔性能进行关联分析。【结果】山羊ZBP1基因中存在12个潜在的SNPs位点,其中7个SNPs位点(g.9734 A>G、g.9772 T>C、g.352 C>T、g.955 C>T、g.1880 G>A、g.2566 T>C和g.7919 G>A)具有多态性,除g.9734 A>G在麻城黑山羊群体中仅有AA和GA 2种基因型外,其余...     

Clinical and pathological observations on goats experimentally infected with Pseudomonas pseudomallei

The effects in goats of the subcutaneous injection of varying doses of Pseudomonas pseudomallei (90 to 500,000 bacilli) suspended in normal saline are described. High doses (greater than or equal to 500 bacilli) caused acute, fatal infections. Lower doses (90 to 225 bacilli) caused acute or chronic disease when infection became established. However, 11 of 18 goats injected with the lower doses of bacilli showed no sign of infection on clinical or bacteriological examination. Response to antibiotic therapy with long acting tetracycline and chloramphenicol was minimal. Goats surviving the initial phase of infection tended to overcome the disease with a corresponding increase in the number of abscesses that were sterile at necropsy. In infected goats, clinical signs included undulating fever, wasting, anorexia, paresis of the hind legs, severe mastitis and abortion. At necropsy, abscesses were found predominantly in the spleen, lungs, subcutaneous injection site and its draining lymph node.     

Suspected natural lysosomal storage disease from ingestion of pink morning glory (Ipomoea carnea) in goats in northern Argentina

This study describes an occurrence of pink morning glory (Ipomoea carnea) intoxication in goats in northern Argentina. The clinical signs displayed by the affected animals were ataxia, lethargy, emaciation, hypertonia of the neck muscles, spastic paresis in the hind legs, abnormal postural reactions and death. The clinico-pathologic examination revealed that the affected animals were anemic and their serum level of aspartate aminotransferase was significantly increased. Cytoplasmic vacuolation in the Purkinje cells and pancreatic acinar cells was observed by histological examination. The neuronal lectin binding pattern showed a strong positive reaction to WGA (Triticum vulgaris), sWGA (succinylated T. vulgaris) and LCA (Lens culinaris). Although I. carnea is common in tropical regions, this is the first report of spontaneous poisoning in goats in Argentina.     

The clinical,biochemical, haematological and pathological effects of long-term administration of Ipomoea carnea to growing goats

Ipomoea carnea has been held responsible for several poisoning episodes, mainly in goats. This plant contains swainsonine, which inhibits acid or lysosomal -mannosidase enzyme, causing cellular vacuolization. The objective of this study was to evaluate I. carnea toxicosis when four different doses of this plant were fed to growing goats. Twenty-five male goats were divided into five groups, one control group and four experimental groups that received 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 30.0 g of the plant per kg of live weight per day for 4 months. Blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical determinations and fragments from some tissues were collected for histopathological study. All the experimental goats ingested the plant throughout the trial, presenting nystagmus, muscle tremors, weakness of the hind limbs and ataxia. They also had a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from the sixth week of the experiment compared to the goats in the control group. There was a significant reduction in haemoglobin concentration in the goats treated with I. carnea. Histopathology revealed degenerative vacuolar alterations in the liver, pancreas, thyroid and kidney cells, and in the neurons of the central nervous system in the animals that received the plant. All these alterations occurred in a dose-dependent manner.     

肉碱棕榈酰转移酶基因在绵羊和山羊不同肌肉组织中的表达分析

采用实时荧光定量PCR方法比较分析了肉碱棕榈酰转移酶(carnitine palmitoyl transferase,CPT)基因在绵羊和山羊不同组织中的表达差异。研究结果表明,CPT1A mRNA在绵羊肝脏、脾脏中表达明显高于CPT1B、CPT2,CPT1B mRNA在绵羊腹外斜肌中的表达明显高于CPT1A、CPT2。CPT1A mRNA在山羊脾脏中表达明显高于CPT1B、CPT2 mRNA在山羊脾脏中的表达,CPT1B mRNA在山羊后腿股二头肌、腹外斜肌中的表达明显高于CPT1A、CPT2 mRNA在山羊后腿股二头肌中的表达。CPT1A mRNA在绵羊肝脏中的表达显著高于山羊中CPT1A mRNA的表达(P＜0.05)。CPT1A、CPT1B、CPT2基因在绵羊心脏、脾脏、腰大肌中的表达显著高于在山羊中的表达(P＜0.05),CPT1A、CPT1B、CPT2基因在山羊后腿股二头肌中的表达显著高于在绵羊中的表达(P＜0.05)。CPT1A、CPT1B、CPT2基因在绵羊、山羊各组织中的表达存在差异,可能与各基因表达模式、肌肉组织纤维类型、脂肪沉积含量不同等因素有关。