海产蟹类血卵涡鞭虫间接荧光抗体快速检测技术

以寄生于三疣梭子蟹血淋巴中的血卵涡鞭虫虫体为抗原,制备了多克隆血清抗体.抗体经健康梭子蟹血淋巴吸附处理后,间接ELISA检测效价达7 680.应用该抗体建立了血卵涡鞭虫的间接荧光抗体检测技术(IFAT).采用常规显微镜检、PCR及IFAT 3种方法对采集的养殖青蟹、梭子蟹及海捕梭子蟹等18个样本进行了检测.检测结果显示:常规显微镜检阳性检出率为33.3%,而IFAT及PCR检测阳性率77.8%,符合率达100%;阳性虫体被染上黄绿色荧光,而正常梭子蟹血细胞则未被染色;可检测到血卵涡鞭虫不同生活阶段的营养体、腰鞭孢子及合孢体阶段.为血卵涡鞭虫的流行病学调查及生活史研究提供了简便实用的方法.     

血卵涡鞭虫单克隆抗体的制备与初步应用

用血卵涡鞭虫可溶性抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,经常规融合、间接ELISA方法筛选,将所得阳性克隆再经3次亚克隆后,共获得3株针对血卵涡鞭虫的单克隆抗体(2B₂、3G₄、4G₇),单克隆抗体亚类鉴定表明,三者为IgG类抗体。用筛选的杂交瘤细胞株制备小鼠腹水抗体,其细胞上清及腹水效价分别为5.12×10^-4和8.00×10^-4。进一步利用单克隆抗体建立间接荧光抗体方法对单抗特异性进行鉴定,阳性虫体被染上黄绿色荧光,而正常梭子蟹血淋巴则未被染色。用单克隆抗体和多克隆兔抗血清以羊抗鼠HRP-IgG为酶标抗体,建立了检测血卵涡鞭虫的双抗体夹心ELISA方法,该方法对血卵涡鞭虫阳性标本检测符合率为100%。结果表明,制备的单克隆抗体效价高、特异性好,可用于血卵涡鞭虫的早期临床诊断。     

应用PCR方法检测患“黄水病”锯缘青蟹中的血卵涡鞭虫

"黄水病"是目前锯缘青蟹养殖过程中的主要疾病之一,病蟹主要症状表现为肌肉白浊,体液呈土黄色或浊白色牛奶状。因该病流行范围广、发病率和死亡率高,给青蟹养殖业主造成巨大经济损失,严重地影响了青蟹养殖的健康发展。本研究从病蟹体液中发现大量疑似血卵涡鞭虫的寄生原虫,应用已建立的梭子蟹血卵涡鞭虫病的PCR检测方法对患"黄水病"青蟹进行检测。结果从患病青蟹组织的DNA中扩增出产物大小为585bp的特异性目的片段,经序列分析比较,与三疣梭子蟹上发现的血卵涡鞭虫的序列同源,同源性达99.7%。综合病原流行病学调查、组织病理学、电镜观察等分析结果,初步确定血卵涡鞭虫是引起养殖青蟹"黄水病"的重要病原。     

三疣梭子蟹 Portunus trituberculatus (Miers) 血卵涡鞭虫病诊断与综合防治措施

血卵涡鞭虫是导致海产甲壳类疾病的主要寄生虫病原之一，国内迄今尚未见相关报道。本文根据作者近年来对海水养殖梭子蟹血卵涡鞭虫病的研究结果．就该病在养殖梭子蟹当中的流行情况及诊断方法进行介绍，并提出了相应的综合防治措施，旨在为我国海水养殖接类血卵涡鞭虫病害的研究与防治提供参考。     

血卵涡鞭虫的发生及流行研究进展

血卵涡鞭虫(Hematodinium)是一类危害海水甲壳类动物的致病性寄生甲藻，自1931年以来感染超过40多种甲壳类动物，导致了一些经济类甲壳动物的大量死亡。为有助于加强对血卵涡鞭虫的防控，从季节、环境、宿主类型和传播模式方面，总结了血卵涡鞭虫流行和发生的原因。     

环介导恒温扩增技术检测血卵涡鞭虫

血卵涡鞭虫病是海水甲壳类的重要寄生虫病,其流行范围广、死亡率高、危害非常严重。本研究根据GenBank中已登录的血卵涡鞭虫(Hematodinium sp.)ITS1序列设计了1套引物,该引物可识别目标基因中6个不同区段。以此套引物建立了一种基于环介导恒温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)的血卵涡鞕虫病诊断方法。特异性试验结果表明,该套引物对血卵涡鞕虫检测具有较高的特异性,能有效检出血卵涡鞕虫。敏感度试验结果表明,该LAMP技术的灵敏度比常规PCR技术高4个数量级。分别运用LAMP和常规PCR技术对25份临床疑似病例进行检测,LAMP方法共检出感染病例25份,常规PCR检出感染病例23份。该技术能在65℃恒温条件下45～60min完成目的DNA的扩增,可直接通过肉眼观察反应产物中是否产生白色沉淀或经SYBRGreenI染色后通过颜色变化、扩增产物的琼脂糖凝胶电泳来定性判断结果,这将为血卵涡鞕虫病的临床诊断提供一种更加简便、快速、实用的方法。     

双重PCR检测携带有t1和tdh基因的副溶血弧菌毒力菌株

在常规PCR技术的基础上优化条件 ,建立并完善双重PCR技术 ,并通过检测阳性对照和待检样品 ,进一步确定其检测的可行性。结果表明在常规PCR方法中为阳性的样品 ,包括阳性对照以及待检样品 ,在双重PCR方法中也呈现阳性 ,为阴性的样品在本方法中则也呈现阴性 ;能在血平板中出现溶血圈的在本法中也被印证含有tdh基因。由此证实本方法确实能对tl和tdh两种基因同时进行检测 ,成功地证明了同时检测tl和tdh两种基因的双重PCR方法的可行性。该法不但具有常规PCR的优点 ,而且还能节省耗材和时间 ,可用于检测水产食品以及临床样品中的副溶血弧菌的毒力菌株     

双重PCR检测携带有tl和tdh基因的副溶血弧菌毒力菌株

在常规PCR技术的基础上优化条件,建立并完善双重PCR技术,并通过检测阳性对照和待检样品,进一步确定其检测的可行性.结果表明在常规PCR方法中为阳性的样品,包括阳性对照以及待检样品,在双重PCR方法中也呈现阳性,为阴性的样品在本方法中则也呈现阴性;能在血平板中出现溶血圈的在本法中也被印证含有tdh基因.由此证实本方法确实能对tl和tdh两种基因同时进行检测,成功地证明了同时检测tl和tdh两种基因的双重PCR方法的可行性.该法不但具有常规PCR的优点,而且还能节省耗材和时间,可用于检测水产食品以及临床样品中的副溶血弧菌的毒力菌株.     

养殖三疣梭子蟹十足目虹彩病毒1的检出及组织病理学分析

为探究浙江省舟山市某养殖池塘中三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)暴发疾病的病因, 应用组织病理学、 分子生物学和荧光原位杂交等技术手段, 对患病三疣梭子蟹组织进行检验。研究发现, 患病三疣梭子蟹的临床症状主要表现为食欲下降, 行动迟缓, 鳃水肿; 光学显微镜下观察鳃及血淋巴液未发现寄生虫, 肝胰腺等组织中也未分离到致病菌; 采用 PCR 方法对病蟹进行血卵涡鞭虫(hematodinium)、白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)、青蟹双顺反子病毒(mud crab discistrovirus-1, MCDV-1)以及青蟹呼肠孤病毒(Scylla serrata reovirus, SSRV) 蟹类常见病原 PCR 检测, 结果均为阴性; 病蟹的肝胰腺、心脏、鳃等组织的病理切片中可观察到明显的细胞病变和嗜酸性包涵体; 超薄切片电镜观察显示: 病蟹的肝胰腺、心脏和鳃组织中均存在六边形病毒颗粒, 粒子直径 150 nm 左右, 与已报道的十足目虹彩病毒 1 (decapoda iridescent virus 1, DIV1)形态特征相似。采用特异性套式 PCR 检测方法对患病蟹组织样品进行 DIV1 病原检测, 所有样本均扩增出 457 bp 和 129 bp 大小的目的片段。进一步根据 GenBank 中 DIV1 的主要衣壳蛋白(major capsid protein, MCP)表达基因和三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)表达基因序列设计特异性引物, 均能从病蟹样品中扩增出预期大小的 MCP 和 ATPase 基因开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)区全长。将扩增获得的 MCP 和 ATPase 基因 ORF 区全长进行测序和同源序列比对分析, 进化树分析结果表明其与十足目虹彩病毒属(Decapodiridovirus)病毒的 MCP 和 ATPase 基因序列自然聚为一支, 判定导致此次三疣梭子蟹发病病原为 DIV1。根据原位杂交探针设计原则, 以 DIV1 的 MCP 和 ATPase 基因的保守区域为靶位点分别设计探针, 通过荧光原位杂交获得了病毒粒子在病蟹肝胰腺、心脏、肌肉和鳃组织的分布情况, 与电镜切片观察和套式 PCR 检测结果相符。研究结果可为海水养殖三疣梭子蟹十足目虹彩病毒 1 病诊断与防控提供参考。     

津冀地区养殖三疣梭子蟹大量死亡的病原和病理分析

2014年7月,津冀沿海地区池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)暴发疾病,导致大量死亡。患病梭子蟹有两种不同表现症状:一种症状为停止摄食,空胃、空肠,行动迟缓;肌肉白浊、不透明,最后乳化呈牙膏状;该病死亡率达60%~70%,称之为"肌肉白浊病"。另一种症状为壳软,停止摄食,行动迟缓;肌肉变白浊、水样变化、萎缩;体腔液及组织坏死液化后从组织中大量渗出,不凝固;死亡率可达90%以上,称之为"牛奶病"。通过疾病流行特征、组织病理、病原超微结构等分析,初步判断肌肉白浊病由一种微孢子虫感染而致,虫体大小(1544±250)nm,呈椭球形,极丝圈数8~9圈,具孢壁[厚(130±22)nm],纤毛(长120~500 nm)、极体[(726±200)nm]、极管、固定盘、质膜、核等结构;牛奶病则是由一种血卵涡鞭虫(Hematodinium sp.)感染而致,虫体大小8~10μm,卵圆形,体表多皱褶、凸起,由细胞壁、多核、纤毛等组成。两种患病蟹的肌肉组织病变明显不同:患肌肉白浊病的蟹肌纤维断裂、溃散、浆质化,肌束减少并被团状集聚的寄生虫充斥、占据。电镜观察显示肌纤维细胞破碎、融合,出现大量空泡结构;肌纤维细胞的线粒体、内质网等细胞器解体、消失。患牛奶病的蟹肌束间隙变大,大量血卵涡鞭虫或充斥在间隙中或附着在肌纤维上,导致肌纤维断裂、离散解体,甚至溶解性坏死,组织呈水样变化。电镜观察也证实这两种寄生虫可同时感染三疣梭子蟹个体的同一组织;当肌纤维细胞破碎融合后,两种寄生虫均能寄生在融合后的胞浆中。从发病史来看,肌肉白浊病和牛奶病的发生有蔓延趋势,死亡率趋向更高,已逐步成为三疣梭子蟹养殖的重要疾病。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.