食虫节肢动物在原苏联作物害虫防治中的利用概况

在原苏联,相当重视利用食虫的节肢动物来防治作物害虫,赤眼蜂属的卵寄生种类和麦蛾茧蜂是植物保护中应用最多的种类,控制面积共达1870万公顷,在保护地栽培蔬菜作物的生物防治法的发展中,食虫节肢动物尤其重要。     

害虫诱剂在检疫中的应用

一.害虫诱剂的生物学和化学基础 1.害虫诱剂的生物学 在害虫生存的环境中存在着许多种由生物产生的化合物,它们能够引起其它生物的行为或生理反应,这类物质被称为信息化合物(Semiochemic     

不同诱虫带对苹果树干越冬害虫的诱集效果和应用技术

为明确不同材料诱虫带对苹果园树干越冬害虫的诱集效果及适宜的绑扎时间、绑扎部位,本研究采用瓦楞纸、聚乙烯珍珠棉、布条等3种诱虫带进行了苹果树干越冬害虫的诱集试验。结果表明,3种诱虫带在苹果树干上共诱集到5目9科的越冬害虫,主要类群为蛾类、螨类、蝽类、象甲、叶蝉等。瓦楞纸诱虫带诱集鳞翅目蛾类幼虫和山楂叶螨的平均诱捕量分别为7.95和11.15头/株,显著高于聚乙烯珍珠棉和布条诱虫带;9月上旬绑扎的瓦楞纸诱虫带诱集数量最多,分别为8.25和12.25头/株;同时,距离苹果第一分枝处越近,诱集数量越多。在诱集茶翅蝽和大灰象甲方面,3种诱虫带之间以及不同绑扎时间和绑扎部位之间均无显著差异。因此苹果树干越冬害虫可通过绑扎瓦楞纸诱虫带诱集,绑扎适期为9月上旬,且距离苹果第一分枝越近诱集效果越好。     

棉刺盲蝽的诱虫作物——红木

本文指出红木(Bixa orcllanal可能是防治茶树和其它作物棉刺盲蝽(Hclopeltisschoutedeni Reul)的一种合适的诱虫作物。     

瓦楞纸诱虫带对梨园越冬害虫与天敌的诱集效果

为明确瓦楞纸板诱虫带对梨园越冬害虫与天敌的诱集效果,探究了瓦楞纸板类型对诱集效果的影响,并比较了该诱虫带对同一品种不同绑扎部位、相同品种不同树形以及不同品种梨树越冬害虫与天敌的诱集效果.试验结果表明,不同宽度瓦楞纸诱虫带对害虫的诱集效果无显著差异.瓦楞纸诱虫带不同绑扎部位对天敌诱集效果无显著影响,但将其扎绑至距离梨树第...     

黄色诱虫板对柑桔害虫诱杀效果初报

黄色诱虫板是利用害虫的趋黄特性,将害虫诱至黄板粘杀的一种物理防治技术,是柑桔害虫无害化综合治理技术的重要组成部分。为降低化学农药使用量,推广无公害柑桔病虫无害化防治技术,2006年我们引进黄色诱虫板100张,进行了黄板控制柑桔害虫效果试验。1材料与方法黄板由河南省汤阴佳多科工贸有限责任公司提供,规格为20×24cm。试验地点设在枝江市安福寺镇胡家咀村,试验桔园地势平坦,肥力中等,柑桔品种为温州蜜柑,树龄13年,树势中庸,株行距2.5×3m,面积1hm2。试验设黄板区1330m2和对照区800m2,两者相距15m以上。黄板区每667m2放置黄板50块,呈棋…     

不同色板诱虫试验初报

2005年9～10月,在甘蓝田应用黄色、白色、红色、绿色、紫色、灰色、黑色、蓝色、青色、粉红色10种颜色诱虫板对各种害虫的诱杀作用进行了初步试验,现将结果报道如下.     

诱集植物在农业害虫综合治理中的应用

诱集植物作为害虫综合治理的重要措施已经越来越引起关注。本文介绍了诱集植物利用的原理和历史,简述了诱集植物的优点,讨论了诱集植物在害虫治理中的应用,并展望了诱集植物的应用前景。     

IPM and Organic Agriculture for Smallholders in Africa

The markets for organic produce offer the opportunity for smallholders in Africa (and elsewhere) to increase their income through access to the price premiums paid in Europe and North America. Facing declining soil fertility, the high cost of off-farm inputs and the collapse of state or para-statal input credit schemes, organic farming offers a sustainable solution for resource-poor farming communities, quite apart from the lure of price premiums. The use of purchased inputs is already at a low level in the smallholder sector in Africa and this may allow farm produce to immediately meet organic standards. The principles of IPM can be applied to organic agriculture to achieve adequate pest and disease control with the restricted use of pesticides that is required for farm produce to meet organic standards. The paper describes some of the problems facing smallholders wishing to access organic markets and describes the IPM options available, which meet the standards of organic certification.     

Testing and improving the effectiveness of trap crops for management of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.): a laboratory‐based study

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) as a trap crop for diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella (L.)] on cauliflower [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. Lateman]. Moth behaviour on these plants and the importance of plant age and size in maintaining pest preference for trap crop plants were also investigated. RESULTS: Three times as many eggs were laid on cauliflower plants that were unprotected than on plants protected by a trap crop of white mustard. Moths remained longer on the mustard plants as a result of a doubling in the mean duration of information‐providing behaviours. Plant age had little effect on P. xylostella host preference. When plant age was constant, percentage oviposition on mustard was higher when these were larger (93%) than copresented cauliflower plants, compared with when they were smaller (68%). CONCLUSION: Trap cropping with white mustard may reduce the incidence of P. xylostella in cauliflower crops. The pest management benefits of trap crops may be maximised by using trap crop plants that are larger than the main crop plants, although relatively smaller trap crop plants may still be preferred as hosts for P. xylostella per se. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Listservers for IPM. What is available, how to subscribe and what to expect

Details of 31 different listservers of interest to workers in IPM are given in alphabetical order. This article tells you the purpose of each list, how to subscribe, and what happens once you've subscribed.     

History of IPM in California pears—50 years of pesticide use and the transition to biologically intensive IPM

During the 1960s, the California pear industry, on a per acre basis, was among the heaviest users of pesticides. Each season, multiple sprays of up to 14 active ingredients (chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates and carbamates) were typically applied for control of insects and mites. The cost of control escalated while damage from arthropod pests increased owing to greater pest resistance and more pest resurgence. The pear industry suffered classic symptoms of the ‘pesticide treadmill’. By the late 1960s, key pear industry leaders demanded action. Simultaneously, newly emerging concepts of IPM were being developed and funded. With public awareness and environmental activism on the rise in the wake of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, the stage was set for change. This paper elucidates how pear growers, university researchers and extension agents, environmentalists, government regulators, private consultants, farm chemical suppliers and others contributed to the reduction in insecticide use in California pear orchards. Today, arthropod IPM in pears is characterized as relatively low input, biologically intensive and very successful. For example, in 2008 many pear growers only applied between three and five active ingredients (mainly organically certified) per season for control of arthropods. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

诱集植物在农业害虫综合治理中的应用

综述了近年来国内外从天然产物中开发具有除草活性化合物的研究概况,着重介绍一些可能具有除草剂开发潜力的植物和微生物源化合物,并对生物除草剂的发展前景进行了展望.     

Sunflowers as a trap crop for reducing soybean losses to the stalk borer Dectes texanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Larvae of Dectes texanus LeConte cause significant losses to soybean production in the American High Plains by girdling the stalks of mature plants at their base, causing them to lodge. The authors demonstrated that cultivated sunflowers can reduce rates of D. texanus infestation in adjacent soybean fields because adult females prefer sunflower over soybean for feeding and oviposition. Since females do not avoid ovipositing in plants already containing their own eggs or those of conspecific females, sunflower plants can accumulate multiple eggs, and subsequent larval combat typically results in the survival of only one. In west central Kansas, planting one half of a center pivot irrigated field to sunflower in 2004 significantly reduced infestation of soybean plants in the other half of the field within 200 m of the crop border. Beyond 200 m from the sunflowers, the rate of soybean infestation increased significantly. Planting sunflowers in the non-irrigated corners of a center pivot irrigated soybean field in 2005 reduced D. texanus infestation of soybeans by 65% compared with a control field without adjacent sunflowers. Surrounding a 0.33 ha soybean field with six rows of sunflowers in 2006 reduced soybean infestation to < 5% of plants, compared with 96% of sunflower plants. These results reveal that sunflowers can reduce D. texanus infestation in adjacent soybeans by acting as an 'ovipositional sink'. Further research is warranted to determine the optimum crop area proportions and spatial configurations that will maximize the efficacy of a sunflower trap crop to reduce soybean losses due to D. texanus-induced lodging.     

稻瘿蚊综合防治新技术与示范

20世纪80年代后，稻瘿蚊发生危害明显回升，损失相当严重。以大田试验示范为主，系统研究了新耕作条件下稻瘿蚊综合防治，首次总结提出“喷药除草、压低虫源、抓住晚秧、做好测报、挑治本田”的综合防治新技术体系。室内外试验和大田示范表明，应用草甘膦杀死越冬寄主游草，可显著减少虫源基数；灭线磷(商品名益舒宝)、氯唑磷(商品名米乐尔)是防治稻瘿蚊的高效药剂，抗蚊青占品种高抗稻瘿蚊。此外，合理利用杀虫植物、性引诱剂和天敌等亦是防治稻瘿蚊的重要措施。在面积达12．46万hm^2的示范推广实践中，本田防治效果均达80％以上。     

桃红颈天牛综合治理技术概述

系统总结国内外有关桃红颈天牛的防治技术,从物理防治、化学防治和生物防治3个方面进行阐述,重点阐述最具生产应用价值的防治技术。最后提出以物理防治为主,生物防治为辅的综合治理措施。即在成虫羽化前用薄膜包扎法阻止天牛成虫产卵,同时设置诱饵树,集中消灭前来产卵的雌虫及其所产的卵,刺杀已孵化的低龄幼虫,8-9月释放管氏肿腿蜂来防治天牛低龄幼虫,在第2年春季注射斯氏线虫或释放花绒寄甲防治天牛幼虫和蛹。上述方法连续进行2年,每年1次,即可将桃红颈天牛的种群数量控制到较低水平。