酒泉市林业苗圃杂草危害规律及除草剂防治应用研究

2017年4月,在酒泉市林业苗圃基地针对不同种类苗木,从杂草的种类调查入手,分析杂草的危害及群落构成,通过药剂筛选试验,筛选出适合本地区不同防治时期和防治对象的化学药剂。结果表明,在萌芽前对一两年苗圃中的杂草可选用甲戊·乙草胺进行防除,对多年生苗圃,乙氧氟草醚防除效果最佳。在生长季防除禾本科杂草高效氟吡甲禾灵防效最高,2甲·氯氟吡对阔叶杂草的防除效果最高,在生产上可将2种不同防除对象的药剂混合使用。     

苯噻酰草胺与乙氧氟草醚混剂配方室内筛选试验

乙氧氟草醚是林业苗圃常规触杀型除草剂,对大部分1年生阔叶及禾本科杂草有良好的防效;苯噻酰草胺是酰胺类内吸性除草剂,主要防除稗草、牛毛草等1年生禾本科、莎草科杂草。由于乙氧氟草醚在杂草防除方面偏重于阔叶杂草,对高叶龄稗草等禾本科杂草防除效果稍差,且田间持效期较阔叶     

割地草乙氧氟草醚的使用

林业苗圃中杂草种类多、生长快、数量大.杉木、湿地松、南酸枣等育苗地使用割地草23.5%乳油--乙氧氟草醚进行除草,对苗木不会造成药害,还可降低费用.     

惠尔除草剂在林业苗圃上的应用

24%惠尔乳油其通用名称为乙氧氟草醚,化学名称2-氯-1-(3-2氧基-4-硝基苯氧基)-4-(三氟甲基)苯。它是一种低毒除草剂,在使用试验剂量内,对动物未见致死、致畸、致癌作用。     

五种药剂打孔滴注法防治文旦吹绵蚧的效果

吹绵蚧Icerya purchasi Maskell是萧山地区文旦Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck等芸香科植物的主要害虫。选用48%毒死蜱乳油(EC)、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC、28%噻嗪·杀扑磷EC、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂(WP)和24%螺虫乙脂水悬剂(SC)5种药剂进行打孔滴注防治文旦吹绵蚧的药效比较试验。结果表明,28%噻嗪·杀扑磷EC防治效果最佳,校正虫口减退率为80.1%,24%螺虫乙脂SC次之,校正虫口减退率为79.5%,这2种药剂防效显著高于其他药剂。从经济效益考虑,建议在生产上使用28%噻嗪·杀扑磷EC。     

4种除草剂在紫薇苗圃中的试验研究

采用24%乙氧氟草醚乳油、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油、41%草甘膦水剂、20%百草枯水剂4种除草试剂,在紫薇苗圃中进行了除草效果试验,结果表明:(1)4种除草单剂中乙氧氟草醚的除草效果最好;(2)不同浓度除草剂混用后的除草效果比单剂好,其中23.5%乙氧氟草醚乳油(1 245mL/hm2)+96%精异丙甲草胺乳油1 275mL/hm2)复配剂除草效果最佳;(3)紫薇苗圃地使用除草剂对苗木生长影响小,而且工效高,伤苗少,成本低,相对人工除草降低2 500元/hm2左右。     

乙氧氟草醚在东北森林苗圃的应用

乙氧氟草醚活性高、杀草谱广，对苗木安全，不影响下茬植物的种植；广泛适用于东北主要针叶树种和部分阔叶树种苗圃除草，可降低人工除草费用50％～70％，提高工效10倍以上，提高了苗木的产量和质量。现将我们10多年来使用乙氧氟草醚化学除草方法简介如下：     

天水市连翘苗期杂草防除试验初报

为了筛选高效、经济、安全的除草剂,解决连翘(Forsythia suspensa)生产中除草费时费工费力,我们进行了3种除草剂的除草试验。试验结果表明,41%的草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂的防效达到90.5%、8.8%精喹禾灵乳油的防效为88.5%、氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯乳油的防效为81.2%,但41%的草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对连翘苗直接产生药害,而氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯乳油对连翘苗后生长表现出轻微的抑制作用。     

几种药剂对褐梗天牛幼虫防治效果比较

采用浸泡法测定5种药剂对褐梗天牛Arhopalus rusticus(L.)幼虫的室内毒力;采用灌注法处理松树伐桩进行林间防效试验。结果表明:供试药剂对褐梗天牛幼虫室内毒杀效果最好的是4%高效氯氰菊酯乳油(EC),其次是5%阿维菌素EC、5%甲维盐微乳剂(ME)、2%噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂(CS)、10%高效氯氟氰菊酯CS;处理24 h后的致死中浓度LC₅₀依次分别为3.400×10^-5,4.500×10^-5,1.140×10^-4,4.720×10^-4,4.240×10^-3 mg/L。5种药剂以LC₉₅值为施药浓度防治林间伐桩内褐梗天牛幼虫的校正防效在88.98%～93.42%。     

绝色门诊：杨柳树苗圃地化学除草技术

第1次用药；，扦插后芽苞尚未打开前，每667平方米用24％乙氧氟草醚乳油50～80毫升，兑水50公斤，均匀喷雾于床面作土壤处理；或每667平方米用50％扑草净可湿性粉剂150毫升，兑水50公斤，均匀喷雾于床面能有效地防除1年生单、双子叶杂草；也可每667平方米用20％百草枯水剂100毫升，兑水50公斤，杀死刚刚萌动的杂草。     

割地草在214意杨育苗中的应用技术研究

通过试验与推广总结出在杨树育苗中应用割地草最适施用时期是杨树芽苞未萌动前,最经济施用浓度为0.1%喷湿土表,除草效果90%以上,结合一次中耕除草,可基本免除人工除草。     

Establishing American sycamore seedlings on land irrigated with paper mill sludge

A study was established to evaluate several management practices for improving American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) establishment on land subjected to daily paper-mill sludge spray irrigation, and where a dense herbaceous cover dominated by pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) was nearly 2 m tall. Treatments studied included: two sludge application treatments (spray vs no spray), five weed control treatments (control, hand-release, oxyfluorfen, glyphosate and atrazine, and sulfometuron methyl), and two tree shelter treatments (control vs tree shelter). Survival and growth of sycamore seedlings were evaluated after one growing season. Sludge application treatment had the greatest effect on tree survival; survival was greatest on plots that were not sprayed during the year of tree growth. Among the weed control treatments, the hand-release treatment resulted in best survival; survival was 100% when hand release was used on unsprayed plots. Tree shelters provided no benefit to tree establishment.     

Selective herbicides for establishment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus benthamii</Emphasis> plantations

Competition control is essential for successful eucalyptus plantation establishment, yet few selective herbicides have been identified. Five herbicides, flumioxazin, imazamox, imazapic, oxyfluorfen, and sulfometuron methyl, were evaluated at either pre- or post-weed emergence timing for selective weed control in the establishment of Eucalyptus benthamii, a frost-tolerant species showing promise for commercial plantations in the southeastern United States and southern Brazil. Herbicides were applied at two or three rates and compared to a non-treated control and to near-complete weed control obtained with repeated glyphosate directed sprays. Herbicides were most efficacious when applied prior to weed emergence, at 2 weeks after planting 16-week-old containerized eucalyptus seedlings. Pre-emergence imazapic treatments resulted in broad-spectrum and persistent weed control, with 77–82% bare-ground at 60 days after treatment, but both pre- and post-emergence applications of imazapic caused excessive eucalyptus injury at the highest rate tested. Imazapic, sulfometuron, and imazamox were most effective for grass control. Both timings of flumioxazin were effective for forb control at the early assessment. All pre-emergence treatments enhanced stem volume compared to the non-treated control, but post-emergence treatments did not, suggesting the need for early weed control to facilitate E. benthamii growth. Pre-emergence applications of medium and high sulfometuron, low imazapic, high imazamox, and high oxyfluorfen rates increased stem volume four-fold to six-fold compared to the non-treated control. Repeated glyphosate directed sprays increased stem volume nearly three-fold compared to the control. These results confirm one early report of flumioxazin effectiveness and identify imazamox and imazapic as new selective herbicides for eucalyptus culture.     

应用喷烟技术防治竹小斑蛾试验

近年来,由于竹林不合理的经营措施和气候变化的影响,竹小斑蛾已由毛竹林的次生害虫上升为主要食叶害虫。为了探索高效、环保、经济的防治方法,采用喷烟技术试验研究了1.2%烟碱?苦参碱乳油、1%苦参碱可溶性液剂和1.8%阿维菌素乳油的防治效果。结果表明:3种药剂在施药后3 d的防治效果均可达85%以上,对于4龄以前的竹小斑蛾可达控灾的效果,可以作为防治竹小斑蛾幼虫的高效经济药剂。     

3%苯氧威乳油防治马尾松毛虫效果简报

应用3%苯氧威乳油防治马尾松毛虫,取得显著防治效果。     

30%“飞达”除草剂在苗圃上的应用试验

应用10%草甘膦水剂、30%"飞达"可溶性粉剂、20%克无踪水剂3种化学除草剂在优质绿化苗木培育中进行对比试验,试验结果表明,30%"飞达"可溶性粉剂是一种经济有效的化学除草剂,可大面积推广。     

新植林地化学除草应用技术研究

通过对七台河市龙山林场、铁山林场退耕地、人工林皆伐迹地幼林地杂草种类及发生规律调查,以割地草(果尔)、拿捕净、农达、撒益林颗粒剂等几种主要除草剂的应用试验,结果表明,新植幼林地化学除草效果好,成本低,对改变林业传统耕作方式,促进现代林业发展具有重要意义,同时提出了化学除草切实可行的技术方案和配套措施。     

3 种药剂对松树疫木伐桩内松褐天牛的触杀活性

选取5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、10%联苯菊酯乳油、70%马拉硫磷乳油3种新型药剂,以稀释25倍和50倍体积的药液喷施马尾松(Pinus massoniana)伐桩以防治松褐天牛(Monochamus alternatus).结果表明:施药5 d后不同处理之间松褐天牛校正死亡率无显著差异,死亡率最高仅为(21.9 ±5.6)%;施药10和15 d后,不同处理之间的校正死亡率差异显著;施药10 d后,70%马拉硫磷和10%联苯菊酯25倍药液的防治效果最好,校正死亡率分别为(54.4±3.0)%和(57.0± 4.3)%;施药15 d后,经10%联苯菊酯25倍药液处理的松褐天牛校正死亡率最高,为(82.6±4.0)%,其次为70%马拉硫磷乳油25倍药液,死亡率为(72.9±3.0)%.综合价格成本等因素,70%马拉硫磷乳油和10%联苯菊酯成本较低,可应用于松材线虫疫区疫木伐桩内松褐天牛的防治.     

Pre-emergence herbicides affect seedling emergence of tropical forest tree species

Testing techniques to reduce weed infestation is a crucial step in developing direct tree seeding systems. The use of pre-emergence herbicides may be an alternative to manual weeding techniques, but so far, information on how they affect the seeds of native tree species is scarce. We established a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effects of four pre-emergence herbicides (atrazine, diuron, isoxaflutole and oxyfluorfen) on weed suppression and seedling emergence and early growth of seven tropical forest tree species (Annona coriacea Mart., Citharexylum myrianthum Cham., Cordia ecalyculata Vell., Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Psidium guajava L., Pterogyne nitens Tul. and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of a single dose of each pre-emergence herbicide and a control. Throughout the 60 days after sowing we evaluated weed cover and seedling emergence and early growth of tree species. Overall, our results suggest that all tested herbicides reduced weed cover; however, they also negatively affected tree species seedling emergence. Of the four herbicides tested, atrazine and diuron showed the greatest effects on tree seedling emergence, oxyfluorfen was least aggressive towards native species and isoxaflutole was most effective in weed control. Native tree species varied in their responses to herbicides, indicating that future experiments should increase the number of species tested as well as investigate how seed traits can affect the species responses to different herbicides.     

干旱半干旱区苗圃地化学除草试验

通过采用10%草甘膦水剂在针叶树苗圃地进行化学除草试验,结果表明,使用10%草甘膦水剂对针叶树苗圃地进行化学除草,最佳施药剂量为22.5 kg.hm-2,比人工除草用工量减少66.7%,成本降低64.4%;在同一剂量下施药,针叶树林地比阔叶林地除草效果高5.4%;6月15日—7月15日是杂草茎叶处理的最佳时期;全年施药2次即可达到斩草除根的理想效果。