复方地克珠利可溶性粉剂抗鸡球虫病效果试验

分别以0.5、1.0和1.5mg/L复方地克珠利可溶性粉(以地克珠利有效成分计)饮水,预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染。并用地克珠利可溶性粉(1.0mg/L)饮水、地克珠利(1.0mg/kg)混饲和硫酸新霉素(50.0mg/L,以效价计)饮水为对照。结果发现,复方地克珠利可溶性粉3种浓度饮水均能有效预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染,抗球虫指数均在176.46以上,优于地克珠利混饲给药组。     

新法生产地克珠利可溶性粉

选用适当的助剂与辅料,通过直接的简单混合法,即可制得0.05%～0.5%、甚至2%的地克珠利可溶性粉.该法制得的地克珠利可溶性粉性质稳定,溶解性良好.以0.5～1 mg/L剂量地克珠利饮水给药,可有效地防治禽球虫病.     

地克珠利可溶性粉的简化制备及检测

选用适当的助剂与辅料，通过直接的简单混合法而非喷雾干燥法，即可制得0.05％～0.5％、基到2％的地克珠利可溶性粉。该法制得的地克珠利可溶性粉性质稳定，溶解性良好。以含地克珠利0.5～1mg/L(即0.5～1ppm)饮水给药，即可有效地防治禽球虫病。     

原虫净可溶性粉防治鸡球虫病的试验

应用中草药复方制剂原虫净可溶性粉对鸡球虫病进行治疗试验，试验方法包括建立球虫病鸡模型，采用不同剂量组应用原虫净可溶性粉对试验的球虫病鸡进行口服投药，观察症状，剖检变化，检查虫卵，通过抗球虫指数分析该药对鸡球虫病的治疗效果，同时设地克珠利对照组。结果显示，原虫净可溶性粉以0．5g／L的剂量对鸡球虫病的治疗效果较好，治愈率达98％。治愈率不低于地克珠利药物组。原虫净可溶性粉对鸡球虫病有显著的疗效，是抗球虫病的理想药物。     

马杜霉素铵-地克珠利溶液对防治禽球虫病效果的试验

1试验动物及分组30日龄AA快大型肉仔鸡,购自天津市畜牧兽医研究所实验动物房,平均体重1.50kg。将鸡群随机分为A、B、C、、D、E、F组,每组110只。A组为健康对照组,B组为感染对照组,C组为马杜霉素铵-地克珠利溶液高剂量组,D组为马杜霉素铵-地克珠利溶液中剂量组,E组为马杜霉素铵-地克珠利溶液低剂量组,F组为磺胺喹恶啉钠可溶性粉对照组。分组情况见表1。     

国家农业部关于兽药停药期的最新规定(二)

兽药名称执行标准停药期氧氟沙星注射液氧氟沙星溶液(酸性)氨茶碱注射液烟酸诺氟沙星可溶性粉烟酸诺氟沙星溶液盐酸二氟沙星注射液盐酸二氟沙星溶液盐酸左旋咪唑盐酸多西环素片盐酸异丙嗪注射液盐酸沙拉沙星注射液二氢吡啶土霉素片马杜霉素预混剂巴胺磷溶液四环素片甲砜霉素散甲硝唑片甲磺酸达氟沙星粉甲磺酸培氟沙星可溶性粉甲磺酸培氟沙星颗粒亚硒酸钠维生素E预混剂伊维菌素注射液吉他霉素预混剂地克珠利预混剂地美硝唑预混剂安乃近片安钠咖注射液吡喹酮片芬苯哒唑粉(苯硫苯咪唑粉剂)阿司匹林片阿莫西林可溶性粉阿维菌素注射液阿维菌素胶…     

地克珠利安全性评价及临床药效

对地克珠利原料地小鼠急性毒性，微核试验和Ａｍｅｓ试验。采用１０日龄公雏进行了地克珠利预混剂驱除艾美耳氏球虫效力试验。结果表明小鼠口服地克珠利ＬＤ５０〉１００００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，属实际无毒；微核及Ａｍｅｓ检测结果无致突变作用。     

地克珠利在溶液中稳定性的研究

地克珠利是一种高效低毒的广谱驱球虫药。本研究分别采用６０℃密闭、避光加热实验，３７℃密闭、避光加热实验，室温自然光照实验及连续加热不同酸碱度溶液实验，对地克珠利溶液的稳定性进行了考查。结果表明：地克珠利在溶液中对光、对热、对碱不稳定；地克珠利溶液制剂应在避光、阴凉处保存。     

地克珠利混悬液对鸡球虫病的疗效观察

对20 g/L地克珠利混悬液,以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡艾美耳球虫人工感染,并用地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg浓度饮水作对照.结果表明,20 g/L地克珠利混悬液以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在180以上,效果优于地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg饮水.田间试验有效率81.8%,治愈率71%,证实20 g/L地克珠利混悬液是地克珠利又一种高效预防鸡球虫病新剂型.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫分离株对4种抗球虫药敏感性检测

为了探究北京地区3种柔嫩艾美耳球虫分离株S1、B4、DZ对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶二甲氧苄啶(预混剂)、磺胺氯吡嗪钠(可溶性粉)、地克珠利(溶液)、托曲珠利(溶液)4种药物的敏感性,从鸡只12日龄时开始,将鸡只分为16组,每组6只鸡,同时开始喂药直至试验结束(攻虫后第8天)。在鸡只14日龄时人工感染球虫4万个孢子化卵囊,该试验重复3次。结果得出S1 E.tenlla对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶二甲氧苄啶、磺胺氯吡嗪钠、地克珠利、托曲珠利4种药物均具有极强的耐药性。B4E.tenlla对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶二甲氧苄啶、磺胺氯吡嗪钠、托曲珠利3种药物敏感;对地克珠利具有耐药性。DZ E.tenlla对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶二甲氧苄啶和托曲珠利两种药物敏感,对磺胺氯吡嗪钠和地克珠利具有耐药性。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein