旱地红壤与红壤性水稻土水分特性分析

对低丘红壤地区红壤性水稻土(黄筋泥田)和旱地红壤(黄筋泥)及不同利用方式下土壤的持水和供水特征进行了研究.结果表明,与红壤性水稻土相比,旱地红壤持水供水能力弱;红壤性水稻土各样品之间持水和释水能力的差异与有机质的变化相似,在红壤地区,培肥土壤有利于提高土壤抗旱能力,土壤利用方式不同改变了土壤孔隙的分布状况,使旱地红壤在低吸力段土壤的水分特征存在明显差异.     

氧化还原条件对土壤磷素固定与释放的影响

为探讨水稻土由氧化环境转为还原条件时对土壤磷素固定与释放的影响,选择18种水稻土样品进行室内模拟实验,通过测定不同条件下磷的等温吸附曲线和采用氧化铁试纸测定法进行多次提取以对比淹水前后土壤磷的累计解吸量,发现大部分供试样品的固磷能力在淹水条件下有了显著的提高,全部样品在淹水后磷的释放量都有不同程度的减少。进一步的研究表明淹水条件下土壤对磷的固定与释放的变化主要与淹水后土壤Eh的降低和pH的升高而导致的大量无定形铁的形成有关。     

稻田水分管理和秸秆还田对甲烷排放的微生物影响

为了探讨不同水分管理和秸秆还田对稻田甲烷排放的影响机理,依托中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所长沙农业环境监测研究站长期定位试验,选择长期淹水(CF)、秸秆还田+长期淹水(HS+CF)、常规灌溉(IF)、秸秆还田+常规灌溉(HS+IF)4个处理,应用限制性片段长度多态技术(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR技术在DNA和c DNA水平对比研究不同水分管理和秸秆还田影响稻田土壤甲烷排放的微生物分子机理。结果表明:长期淹水处理的甲烷排放量显著高于常规灌溉处理,秸秆还田处理对甲烷排放的影响不显著。产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构只对土壤水分管理产生响应,对秸秆还田没有响应。水分管理和秸秆还田显著影响产甲烷菌的数量,却对甲烷氧化菌数量没有影响。产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落组成和表达群落组成存在明显的分异,c DNA水平上产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌表达群落组成对水分管理的响应比DNA水平群落组成更敏感。稻田甲烷排放通量与mcr A和pmo A基因丰度和表达丰度均没有显著相关性,只与DNA水平基因丰度比值(mcr A/pmo A)呈显著正相关关系。可以看出,长期淹水处理可以通过改变土壤中产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的群落结构和数量及两者数量的比例来调控甲烷的排放量。     

水稻田中产甲烷菌数量和优势种

采用改良的亨格特(Hungate)厌氧技术,用MPN法和滚管法同时测定水稻不同生育期土壤中的产甲烷菌数量有明显差异,在混合基质中生长的产甲烷菌数量,早稻在分蘖末期数量最高,可达3.6×10¹⁰个/克干土;在H₂和CO₂生长的产甲烷菌数量,晚稻在分蘖盛期明显增高,到乳熟期可高达3.1×10¹¹个/克干土;在甲酸钠和乙酸钠基质中生长的产甲烷菌数量,晚稻在分蘖盛期较高,分别达3.7×10⁸个/克千土和1.2×10⁸个/克干土;在甲醇基质中生长的产甲烷菌数量,晚稻在各生育期差异不显著。不同深度土壤中产甲烷菌数量无显著差异。施用有机肥料在一定程度上可促进产甲烷菌数量的递增。水稻土中占优势的产甲烷菌种群为甲酸甲烷杆菌(Methanobacterium formicicum)、马氏甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina mazei)和巴氏甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina barkeri)。     

广东不同母质发育水稻土钾素的固定与释放

本文通过室内模拟和化学方法研究了广东几种不同母质发育的水稻土的钾素的固定与释放特性。结果表明,砂页岩、珠江三角洲沉积物、石灰岩和玄武岩发育的水稻土的固钾量均随钾加入量的增加而增大,但花岗岩发育的水稻土却相反;砂页岩、花岗岩和玄武岩发育的水稻土的固钾量在淹水时最高,而沉积物和石灰岩发育的水稻土则在恒湿时最高;沉积物发育的水稻土的非交换性钾累计释放量和平均释放速率显著高于其它母质发育的水稻土;施钾肥对非交换性钾释放的影响因土壤所含粘土矿物类型而异。     

异源表达Hvsusiba2水稻对稻田甲烷排放及土壤相关菌群的影响

Hvsusiba2是调控大麦淀粉合成和光合产物分配的转录因子。前期研究我们将Hvsusiba2导入粳稻(Oryza sativa L.subsp.japonica),Hvsusiba2粳稻稻田甲烷排放显著下降,胚乳淀粉含量显著提高。为进一步明确Hvsusiba2对稻田甲烷排放的影响,本研究我们将Hvsusiba2导入籼稻(O.sativa L.subsp.indica),研究异源表达Hvsusiba2籼稻全生育期甲烷排放和稻田主要甲烷菌及甲烷氧化菌变化。采用静态箱法测定Hvsusiba2水稻稻田甲烷排放通量,结果显示Hvsusiba2稻田全生育期的大部分时段甲烷排放量显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)低于对照株系。Hvsusiba2水稻甲烷减排率幅度为54.7%~3.8%,减排率最高的时期为幼穗分化期。2个Hvsusiba2水稻株系生长季累计甲烷排放量分别为5 060.16 mg?m-2和5 250.60 mg?m-2,比对照减排30.30%和27.58%。采用荧光定量PCR法检测水稻关键生长期根土6类产甲烷菌和2类甲烷氧化菌以及土壤总细菌的丰度变化。结果显示:在整个生长期内Hvsusiba2水稻根土6类产甲烷菌菌群丰度的总体趋势是前期高、后期低;甲烷古菌(Archaea,ARC)、甲烷鬃菌科(Methanosaetaceae,Mst)和甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales,MMb)3类菌群丰度的高峰出现在分蘖盛期,甲烷八叠球菌科(Methanosarcinaceae,Msc)菌群丰度的高峰出现在幼穗分化穗期,普通产甲烷菌(Methanogens,MET)和甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales,MBT)分蘖期最高。Hvsusiba2水稻产甲烷菌丰度在分蘖期、抽穗期和开花期显著或极显著地低于野生型对照。在大部分测试时间段内Hvsusiba2水稻的2类甲烷氧化菌群丰度比对照有显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)下降;Hvsusiba2水稻土壤总细菌丰度在水稻的分蘖期、抽穗期和开花期也显著低于野生型水稻。稻田中产甲烷菌的丰度依次是甲烷鬃菌科(Mst)甲烷古菌(ARC)普通产甲烷菌(MET)甲烷微菌目(MMb)≥甲烷八叠球菌科(Msc)甲烷杆菌目(MBT);2类甲烷氧化菌中Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌(MBAC)丰度极显著大于Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌(TYPEⅡ)。结合之前的研究结果,我们认为Hvsusiba2可能是通过改变水稻光合同化物分配生理,减少向土壤有机质的输送,降低土壤相关菌群的丰度达到稻田甲烷减排的。     

不同栽培措施对水稻田甲烷释放甲烷产生菌和甲烷氧化菌的影响

本文报道不同栽培措施下水稻田甲烷释放的特性和甲烷产生菌、甲烷氧化菌的数量、种类。结果表明，水稻田的甲烷释放，无论是早稻还是晚稻，成活期每天的释放量较少，随着生长逐渐增加，至分蘖期达到最高，随后又逐渐减少。长期淹水和高量氮肥或有机肥的施用可以明显地增加水稻田的甲烷释放量。产甲烷细菌的数量在干湿灌溉少氮处理的水稻田土壤中要少于其他各处理的土壤，其他各处理间无明显差异，早稻上生长前期较后期低２－３个数量     

不同耕种年限红壤性水稻土理化性质的变化特征

以江西省余江县不同种植年限的红壤性水稻土为对象,研究了土壤有机质、pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、游离氧化铁含量和氧化铁活化度随时间变化趋势;选择耕种7、22和80年的土壤剖面,研究了游离氧化铁和无定形氧化铁在剖面不同层次的分布。结果表明,耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量随着水稻种植年限的增加而增加,淹水种稻导致土壤pH升高,但主要发生在种稻的前7年,7～80年间土壤pH变化不大。土壤CEC随着种植年限的增加而增加,在17年达到最大,然后随种稻时间的进一步增加而减小。土壤游离氧化铁含量随种稻时间呈下降趋势,但种稻后土壤氧化铁的活化度高于母土旱地红壤。对7年和80年水稻土,表层土壤游离氧化铁的含量低于底层土壤,说明铁在剖面中存在淋溶迁移。7年和22年水稻土表层土壤无定形氧化铁含量高于底层土壤,但对80年水稻土,土壤无定形氧化铁随采样深度的增加而增加。     

有机肥和无机肥对水稻土产甲烷的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了二种有机肥和五种无机肥对淹水稻上产甲烷细菌数量和甲烷释放量的影响。结果表明有机肥对产甲烷菌数量和甲烷释放量均有较大的促进作用,其中以绿肥最为显著。无机肥料的施用处理中,NH4HCO3、（NH4）2SO4、CO（NH2）2和NH4Cl对水稻土产甲烷细菌数量的增加和甲烷释放量均略有促进作用,而施NaNO3处理的对甲烷释放总量有较明显的抑制作用。     

华南地区覆膜旱种稻田甲烷排放及其与土壤水分和温度的关系

采用静态箱法和田间小区试验,研究了常规稻田和覆膜旱种稻田水稻全生育期CH4的排放规律,探讨了温度和水分与稻田CH4排放的关系。结果表明:覆膜旱种稻田的甲烷排放量明显低于常规水田的排放量,常规水田的甲烷累计排放通量为20.38g/m2,覆膜旱种稻田为2.46g/m2,水稻覆膜旱种后甲烷排放量降低了88%。常规水田CH4排放峰期持续了35d,覆膜旱种稻田CH4排放峰期为25d,两者在CH4排放高峰期的排放量分别占整个生育期累计排放量的72%和97%。覆膜旱作稻田CH4排放量降低,主要表现在最大排放峰值降低和排放峰持续时间缩短。土壤温度(5cm处)和水分与水稻生育期稻田甲烷的排放有显著正相关。CH4排放通量大于1.0mg·m-2·h-1主要集中在土壤质量含水率高于36.25%的区域,在土壤质量含水率小于36.25%时,常规稻田和覆膜旱种稻田都只有少量CH4排放。     

耕种制度对西南地区冬水田甲烷排放的影响

1995年5月15日～1997年5月15日两年在田间条件下研究我国西南地区冬水田甲烷排放量及耕种制度的影响。结果表明冬水田水稻生长期甲烷排放通量在0．47～171．12mg／m2     

稻田土壤甲烷排放模型: Ⅰ. 模型的建立

With an understanding of the processes of methane production, oxidation and emission, a semi-empirical model, focused on the contributions of rice plants to the processes and also the influence of environmental factors, was developed to predict methane emission from rice paddy soils. In the present model, the amount of methane transported from the soil to the atmosphere was determined by the rates of CH₄ production and an emitted fraction. The rates of CH₄ production in irrigated rice soils were computed from the availability of methanogenic substrates that are primarily derived from rice plants and added organic matter and the influence of soil texture, soil redox potential and temperature. The fraction of methane emitted was assumed to be modulated by the rice plants and declines with rice growth and development. To make it applicable to a wider area with limited data sets, a simplified version of the model was also derived to predict methane emission in a more practical manner.     

Methanogenic bacterial populations in some lowland paddy field soils of Burkina Faso (West Africa)

In wetland ecosystems, such as rice fields, methanogenic bacteria (MB) play important roles in global carbon cycling as terminal organic decomposers and in hydrogen cycling as hydrogen consumers, leading to methane production (Jorgensen 1982). In the global atmosphere, concentration of methane has been increasing by about 1% per year (Blake and Rowland 1986; Bouwman 1989; Dlugokensky et al. 1994) and it is considered that 80% is of biological origin (Seiler 1984). The environmental impact of methane on global warming has also been confirmed (Chappellaz et al. 1990). Rice paddy fields contribute to an estimated 10% of the global methane emission (Bouwman 1989; IPCC 1992) and the intensification of paddy cultivation may contribute considerably to the gradual increase of atmospheric methane (Rasmussen and Khalil 1981). From 1970 to 1990, rice production increased by 110% in West Africa (FAO 1970, 1990), as a direct result of encroachment on new lands throughout most of West Africa (Windmeijer and Andriesse 1993; Issaka et al. 1996a, b). In Burkina Faso, about 85% of the rice cultivation areas are lowlands (Sié 1991). In recent years, many studies on methane emission from paddy fields and limited ecological studies on methanogenic populations have been conducted (Schütz et al. 1989; Asakawa and Hayano 1995; Adachi et al. 1996). However, studies on both methane emission and populations of methanogens in African paddy fields are very limited. Garcia et al. (1974) enumerated methanogenic populations in Sénégal rice soils by the most probable number (MPN) method. With the gradual increase in the land area under rice cultivation, more information is needed on methane fluxes, populations, and species of methanogens in paddy fields of West Africa. We reported here the enumeration of methanogenic populations in the soils of lowland paddy fields located in the Sudan and Guinea Savanna zones of Burkina Faso (West Africa) by the MPN method.     

上海地区水稻土氮素矿化模拟

Three types of paddy soils, derived from granite, Quaternary red clay and basalt, respectively, were selected to study the effects of Fe and Mn in paddy soils on methane production and emission through pot and incubation experiments. The results indicated that the difference of Fe and Mn in paddy soils was one of the important factors causing obvious differences in methane emission from different soil types. Soil Fe and Mn affecting methane emission from the paddy soils was likely through affecting soil Eh and forming Fe and Mn plaques on rice roots. Different rates and valences of added Fe and Mn significantly affected methane production from paddy soils. Therefore, this study enhanced understanding of processes controlling methane emission from paddy soils and may help to improve modeling and estimating regional and global methane emission from paddy soils.     

生物质炭提高稻田甲烷氧化活性

为了揭示生物质炭输入对稻田根际土壤产甲烷和甲烷氧化活性的影响,该文通过1a 的田间试验,研究了2种原料制备的生物质炭（竹炭和水稻秸秆炭）对水稻根际土壤产甲烷和甲烷氧化活性的影响。结果表明,2种生物质炭因理化性质的不同,对水稻根际土壤产甲烷活性和甲烷氧化活性的影响存在较大差别。秸秆炭的输入可以显著提高水稻苗期根际土壤产甲烷活性,而竹炭在水稻的整个生长期对根际土壤产甲烷活性均没有显著性影响。竹炭和秸秆炭不稳定易降解组分含量的差异,使其对稻田土壤产甲烷微生物产生不同程度的影响,进而导致稻田根际土壤产甲烷活性响应差别。除抽穗期竹炭处理和成熟期秸秆炭处理,尿素施加并未显著改变生物质炭对根际土壤产甲烷活性的影响趋势。在水稻整个生长期,秸秆炭和竹炭对稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性都有促进作用,但只有秸秆炭在苗期和成熟期表现出显著性的差异。尿素对苗期和抽穗期根际土壤甲烷氧化活性有促进作用。与竹炭相比,秸秆炭输入在改善土壤通气条件、提高土壤pH值和电导率EC、以及K、P元素含量等方面更为有效,同时可能是秸秆炭对水稻根际土壤甲烷氧化活性产生显著性促进作用的潜在机理。     

长期施肥对湖南稻田甲烷排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长期不同施肥处理的稻田甲烷排放进行了手动观测。结果表明，不同施肥处理的稻田甲烷排放具有一致的规律，混施有机肥的处理甲烷排放大于单施氮肥的处理，同施用稻草相比，发酵猪粪处理的甲烷排放较少。文章还对影响稻田甲烷排放的因素进行了讨论。     

Long-term submergence of non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils helps to develop the methanogenic archaeal community as revealed by pot and field experiments

The community structure of methanogenic archaea is relatively stable,i.e.,it is sustained at a high abundance with minimal changes in composition,in paddy field soils irrespective of submergence and drainage.In contrast,the abundance in non-methanogenic oxic soils is much lower than that in paddy field soils.This study aimed to describe methanogenic archaeal community development following the long-term submergence of non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils in pot and field experiments.In the pot experiment,a soil sample obtained from an upland field was incubated under submerged conditions for 275 d.Soil samples periodically collected were subjected to culture-dependent most probable number(MPN)enumeration,polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE)analysis of archaeal 16 S r RNA gene,and quantitative PCR analysis of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit gene(mcr A)of methanogenic archaea.The abundance of methanogenic archaea increased from 102 to 103 cells g-1 dry soil and 104 to 107 copies of mcr A gene g-1 dry soil after submergence.Although no methanogenic archaeon was detected prior to incubation by the DGGE analysis,members from Methanocellales,Methanosarcinaceae,and Methanosaetaceae proliferated in the soils,and the community structure was relatively stable once established.In the field experiment,the number of viable methanogenic archaea in a rice paddy field converted from meadow(reclaimed paddy field)was monitored by MPN enumeration over five annual cycles of field operations.Viability was also determined simultaneously in a paddy field where the plow layer soil from a farmer’s paddy field was dressed onto the meadow(dressed paddy field)and an upland crop field converted from the meadow(reclaimed upland field).The number of viable methanogenic archaea in the reclaimed paddy field was below the detection limit before the first cultivation of rice and in the reclaimed upland field.Then,the number gradually increased over five years and finally reached 103–104 cells g-1 dry soil,which was comparable to that in the dressed paddy field.These findings showed that the low abundance of autochthonous methanogenic archaea in the non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils steadily proliferated,and the community structure was developed following repeated and long-term submergence.These results suggest that habitats suitable for methanogenic archaea were established in soil following repeated and long-term submergence.     

Effects of rice‐straw and phosphorus application on production and emission of methane from tropical rice soil

Rice‐straw amendment increased methane production by 3‐fold over that of unamended control. Application of P as single superphosphate at 100 μg (g soil)^–1 inhibited methane (CH₄) production distinctly in flooded alluvial rice soil, in the absence more than in the presence of rice straw. CH₄ emission from rice plants (cv. IR72) from alluvial soil treated with single superphosphate as basal application, in the presence and absence of rice straw, and held under non‐flooded and flooded conditions showed distinct variations. CH₄ emission from non‐flooded soil amended with rice straw was high and almost similar to that of flooded soil without rice‐straw amendment. The cumulative CH₄ efflux was highest (1041 mg pot^–1) in rice‐straw‐amended flooded soil. Appreciable methanogenic reactions in rice‐straw‐amended soils were evident under both flooded and non‐flooded conditions. Rice‐straw application substantially altered the balance between total aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms even in non‐flooded soil. The mitigating effects of single‐superphosphate application or low‐moisture regime on CH₄ production and emission were almost nullified due to enhanced activities of methanogenic archaea in the presence of rice straw.