控释氮肥对水稻的增产效应及提高肥料利用率的研究

田间试验在日本山形县鹤冈市进行 ,探讨了树脂包膜类控释氮肥基施与尿素、硫铵分次施肥对单季稻的增产效应 ;应用15N示踪法研究了不同施肥处理水稻的吸氮模式及肥料利用率。结果表明 ,移栽稻以尿素与控释氮肥 (LPS-100)按 1∶1混合基施产量最高 ,分别比尿素和硫铵分次施肥增产23.6%和9.2% ;直播稻以LP-100基施产量最高 ,分别增产 9.2%和4.0% ;控释肥基施 ,水稻自移栽 (或直播 )至幼穗分化期吸氮量明显高于尿素或硫铵分次施肥。15N示踪研究表明 ,最高分蘖前水稻从尿素和硫铵基肥中吸收的氮素只占基肥氮总吸收量的 33%～ 45% ,水稻从基肥中吸收氮素可延续至抽穗期 ,而从LP-100中吸氮可持续至收获期。15N示踪法测得的氮素总回收率 ,以尿素处理最高 ,硫铵和LP-100接近 ;差减法测得的氮素总回收率以LP-100为最高 ,尿素 /LPS-100、尿素、硫铵三者接近 ;基肥的氮素回收率以LP-100硫铵 尿素。尿素 /LPS-100和LP-100一次基施 ,氮素生理效率和农学效率明显高于尿素和硫铵 ,是高产的主要原因     

优化施氮下稻-麦轮作体系氮肥氨挥发损失研究

采用密闭室连续通气法研究了优化施氮下湖北稻-麦轮作体系农田氨挥发损失。结果表明,肥料氮素氨挥发损失量随施肥量增加而增加。施肥处理小麦季氨挥发损失量为N 11.37~17.05 kg/hm2,肥料氮氨挥发损失率为4.75%5~.43%,氨挥发峰值大约发生在施肥后的第35~d,肥料氨挥发过程持续71~0 d;水稻季氨挥发损失量为N32.506~2.82 kg/hm2,肥料氮氨挥发损失率为8.24%1~9.38%,氨挥发峰值大约发生在施肥后的第23~d,氨挥发过程持续57~d。水稻季和小麦季氨挥发之间差异显著,整个稻-麦轮作体系氨挥发主要发生在水稻季,约占整个轮作体系的74.08%7~8.65%。同习惯施氮相比,基于作物阶段氮素吸收增加追肥比例和施肥次数的优化施氮能有效减少肥料氮的氨挥发损失。     

土壤水湿状况和肥料碳氮比对稻田肥料氮素转化的影响

本文应用¹⁵N示踪法,测定并探讨了土壤中三种水分状况及四种不同C/N值肥料对肥料氮素转化的影响,试验结果表明:土壤水分和肥料C/N值均对水稻产量有较大的影响,相比之下,土壤水分的影响似更大.水稻对肥料氮的吸收利用率,淹水栽植高于旱植,氮素固定在旱地条件下作用加强,淹水并有一定渗漏的土壤上肥料氮的损失最大,示踪结果说明从土壤渗漏液中淋失的氮素80%以上为土壤固有氮素,相对而言肥料氮的损失较低.试验还表明肥料中碳氮值与肥料氮的吸收利用率之间呈负相关,与肥料残留率呈正相关.此外,本试验还测定了土壤水湿状况和肥料碳氮值在土壤氮素转化中的作用,讨论了当土壤氮素矿化和固定作用相等时,有机肥的碳氮临界值及其实用意义.     

15N-绿肥和15N-硫铵对土壤有机无机复合体中碳氮的影响

应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了硫铵和绿肥对土壤碳、氮的影响。结果表明,它们能增加土壤重组碳、氮和紧结态碳、氮,重组中的¹⁵N集中于紧结态腐殖质中,碳、氮的累积量都是施绿肥比施硫铵的为多。各施肥处理的松结态碳、氮在稻季累积,麦季释放,紧结态氮有一部分释放。氮素的下降幅度是松结态氮大于紧结态氮,绿肥处理大于硫铵处理,¹⁵N量大于全氮量。     

深浅施肥的肥料氮在碳酸盐土壤中的转化

利用15_N示踪技术,采用不同追施方法研究碳铵、硫铵、尿素在碳酸盐土壤中的转化表明:在种植作物条件下,肥料氮施入土壤后所发生的矿物固定与生物固定具有负相关关系.由于施用方法不同,肥料氮的矿物固定和损失不同,深施氮素矿物固定与损失呈显著负相关(r=—0.8359)。肥料氮在土壤中转化固定有助于减弱氮素的损失。后茬作物对残留氮的利用与生物固定态氮的多少关系不大。但与矿物固定和无机氮总量之和有密切关系。     

盆栽和田间条件下土壤15N标记肥料氮的转化

利用¹⁵N在盆栽条件下研究了铵的矿物固定作用对肥料氮在三种土壤中转化的影响.结果表明,红壤性水稻土不固定肥料铵,但在白土和夹沙土中,56-77%的肥料氮被土壤矿物所固定,这些“新固定”的固定态铵的有效性很高,其中90%以上在30-50天内即被水稻所吸收,或者为微生物所利用转变为生物固定态氮.生物固定态氮对当季作物的有效性远较“新固定”的固定态铵的低.田间微区试验的结果还表明,甚至第二、三季作物吸收的残留肥料氮中,20-86%的氮也系来自固定态铵.作者认为,对具有较强固铵能力的土壤来说,只有了解铵的矿物固定作用,才能正确了解肥料氮的其它转化过程.     

不同氮肥对水稻根圈微生物生物量及硝化-反硝化细菌的影响

本文采用自行设计根箱,研究了不同形态N肥(硫铵、尿素)施用条件下,植稻模拟生态系统中水稻苗期根圈微生物生物量C、N和亚硝酸细菌及反硝化细菌的动态变化。结果表明:不同N肥处理的水稻根圈土壤中微生物生物量C和N均高于非根圈土壤,而尿素处理又高于硫铵。两组N肥处理的水稻根圈土壤中亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌数量也比非根圈土壤高。硫铵处理的根圈亚硝酸细菌数量在施肥后第7天达到高峰;反硝化细菌数量有随时间呈递增现象。而尿素处理的根圈亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌均在第11天出现数量高峰。说明水稻根圈有明显的根圈效应,亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌的存在,是引起土壤硝化、反硝化气态N损失的潜在动力;对N的生物有效性而言,施用尿素比硫铵具有明显滞后期,有利于土壤N素对植物生长的持续供应,减少N素损失和环境污染。     

太湖地区稻田不同轮作制度下的氮肥减量研究

通过设置不同轮作制度及施氮量, 研究其对稻季的田面水氮素含量、氮素径流损失、产量及土壤养分的影响, 结果表明: 在江苏宜兴地区, 冬季种植紫云英或黑麦草替代小麦种植, 从而减少稻季化学氮肥的施用是可行的。紫云英或黑麦草参与轮作还田, 提高了土壤的供氮水平, 促进了水稻对氮素的吸收利用, 产量显著提高, 且冬季种植无需施用氮肥, 减少了冬季旱地土壤的氮素损失, 降低了环境负荷; 在总施氮量相等的情况下, 提高肥料中有机肥比例可以降低稻田田面水中的总氮含量, 降低了因田面水外排导致的氮素径流损失,且绿肥种植成本低, 尤其是紫云英对无机氮肥的替代性强, 可以有效降低稻季的施肥成本。在江苏宜兴地区,如适当地将传统的小麦?水稻轮作制度改为紫云英?水稻轮作制度, 并在稻季减少120 kg·hm?2 的纯氮投入, 则可兼顾经济效益、产量效益和环境效益。     

几种绿肥和硫铵的氮素平衡账及其残留氮的有效性

肥料氮的去向和残留氮的转化方面的知识是拟定合理施肥制度的必要根据。为了解不同肥料对土壤氮素肥力的影响,我们于1981年起,以¹⁵N标记的硫铵、紫云英、田菁和绿萍为供试物料,通过连续两年的田间微区试验,研究了这些肥料的残留氮的数量和有效性。     

旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性

氮素是作物生长最重要的必需元素之一。合理施用氮肥能促进作物生长并提高产量,但是,过多施用氮肥则抑制作物生长并导致大量的肥料氮残留在土壤中,这部分氮素不但会引起土壤养分不平衡,而且为生态环境带来潜在威胁,因此,研究残留氮的动向及作物有效性可为合理施用化肥氮、高效利用土壤残留氮素和减少残留氮素的损失提供依据。应用~(15)N示踪技术,通过4年定位试验,研究了黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作过程中土壤残留肥料氮的变化及作物吸收利用。在冬小麦和夏玉米轮作的第一个周期,为了制造高肥料氮残留背景,于冬小麦播种前向微区施入240 kg hm~(-2)的~(15)N标记氮素;在夏玉米拔节期,为了研究氮肥施入对残留肥料氮的影响,设置0和120 kg hm~(-2)两个氮水平,以普通尿素施入微区。在第2至第4个轮作周期内,为了分析残留肥料氮的动向及其对作物的有效性,微区内不施任何肥料。结果发现,冬小麦播种前施用的~(15)N标记氮肥于收获期在0~200 cm土壤剖面中均有残留,但大部分累积在0~40 cm土层中,累积总量达到200.9 kg hm~(-2),占当季施入量的83.7%。在随后的夏玉米生长季残留的肥料氮迅速减少,之后随生长季的后移缓慢减少,然后保持相对稳定。经过4年的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作,0~300 cm土壤剖面仍残留大量的~(15)N肥料,后季不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的残留量分别为47.1 kg hm~(-2)和54.0 kg hm~(-2)。可见,有一部分肥料氮被固定在土壤有机质中。作物对残留氮的回收量逐年减少,且因后季追施氮肥与否而异,4年中作物对肥料氮的总利用率不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的分别为46.9%和50.4%,其中在第1个轮作周期中,小麦和玉米的总利用率分别41.6%和42.0%,后3年利用率分别仅有5.3%和8.4%;4年中残留~(15)N的损失率分别达38.1%和29.7%,其损失主要发生在第1个轮作周期的夏玉米生长季节。说明,在旱地土壤上,氮肥的残留是不可避免的,残留肥料氮的有效性较低,只有少量被作物逐年吸收,一部分以有机形态残留在土壤剖面中,另一部分发生了无效损失。后季追施氮肥可促进作物对土壤残留肥料氮的吸收且增加肥料氮在土壤中的保留,减少残留肥料氮的无效损失,但是以自身的大量损失为代价的。     

CONTROLLED-RELEASE UREA FOR RICE PRODUCTION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS

Controlled-release urea (CRU) and its placement method in rice production were investigated during 2007 and 2008 seasons. Controlled-release urea was applied at 62.5, 125, and 187.5 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1, and the urea was 187.5 kg N ha^?1. All the CRU treatments were applied to the nursery beds once, and they were brought into the paddy field during transplanting, while the urea treatment was split into three applications from the plowing to the harvest. The results showed that rice seedlings with CRUs germinated and grow well and there was no salt damage at the nursery stage. The CRU treatment with 125 kg N ha^?1 had 33% less N than urea treatment (187.50 kg N ha^?1), but it produced significantly higher grain and straw yields, higher total N uptake and total apparent N uptake efficiency. In addition, all the CRU treatments effectively decreased floodwater ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N and nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-N concentrations, pH, and N runoff.     

稻田土壤中氮素淋失的研究

本文应用稻田大型原状土柱渗漏计，研究了双季稻田土壤中氮素随渗漏水流淋失的形态、数量、季节性变化以及若干农化因子的影响。明确了稻田中氮素淋失的基本形态是硝态氮（ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ），估算出双季稻田中氮素淋失总量可接近３０ｋｇＮ／ｈａ，同时肯定了农田施用氮肥对地下水体环境可能的ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ污染，建议双季稻田中每季水稻的氮肥用量宜控制在１５０ｋｇＮ／ｈａ；本文还证实氮肥用量对氮素淋失有明显影响，不同氮肥品     

氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和镉吸收的影响研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了Cd污染土壤上,不同氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和Cd吸收的影响。结果表明,与磷钾配施的4个氮肥处理中,施用尿素处理水稻产量最高,其次为施(NH4)2SO4和NH4Cl处理,施NH4NO3处理水稻产量最低。与施(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和尿素处理相比,施NH4Cl处理可显著增加水稻对Cd的吸收,并促进Cd由秸秆向籽粒的转移;而其他3种氮肥对水稻秸秆和籽粒中Cd含量的影响效应相当。适量尿素[0.2g(N)·kg-1]处理能显著降低水稻籽粒Cd含量,而不施尿素和高量尿素处理都显著提高了水稻籽粒中的Cd含量。研究表明,在Cd污染的水稻土上,采用抗Cd污染的水稻品种和优化肥、水管理措施,可使稻米中Cd含量低于国家无公害大米的限量指标。     

土壤-根系微区养分状况的研究 Ⅵ.不同形态肥料氮素在根际的迁移规律

本文研究了不同形态氮肥施用后,氮素在作物根际的分布规律,及其与作物种类、土壤水分条件的关系.在淹水条件下的水稻根际土壤中,(NH₄)₂SO₄和(NH₂)₂CO荨NH₄⁺-N肥,其亏缺率随离根面距离增加呈指数相关的减小.而旱作条件下的玉米、大麦、黑麦草等作物根际NH₄⁺-N肥料在离根面1-3毫米内存在相对累积,然后再出现亏缺梯度.试验证明,NH₄⁺-N在旱作根际的相对累积,部分来源于根系分泌物.然而,NO₃^--N肥即使在淋失量较大的情况下,无论在淹水水稻还是旱作根际土壤中均未测出亏缺,仅存在累积.     

稻草还田与施氮水平对土壤氮素供应和水稻产量的影响

比较研究了3年定位试验后稻草还田和施N水平对红壤双季稻作系统土壤供N能力、水稻吸N特征和水稻生产的影响。结果表明:头年晚稻草秋季还田对来年早稻土壤NH4+-N和作物吸N量的提高具有促进作用,而早稻新鲜稻草还田使晚稻土壤NH4+-N和作物吸N量均略低于移走稻草处理。稻草还田处理3年后,土壤可矿化N与移走稻草处理相比提高了35.4%~53.9%,且水稻各生育期干物质生产量均高于移走稻草处理,稻谷增产率达4.0%~4.7%。施用N肥可以显著增加土壤NH4+-N和可矿化N含量,且随着N肥用量的增加,水稻植株的累积吸N量和系统生产力(地上干物质量和产量)均显著的增加,建议N(全年施N量185 kg hm-2)和习惯N(全年施N量265 kg hm-2)处理相对于无N处理的增产率分别为35.2%和45.3%,而N肥的吸收利用效率分别为27%和25%,农学产量效益分别为每公斤纯N增产谷粒12.7 kg和11.4 kg。     

不同铵态氮水平对水稻根际固氮活性的影响

本试验观察了在杭州生态条件下土壤中不同NH₄⁺-N水平对水稻根际固氮活性的影响。试验的结果表明:1.NH₄⁺-N肥在一定时间内对水稻根际固氮活性具有明显的抑制效应,施用量越大,其抑制作用越严重。土壤速效氮浓度与水稻根际固氮活性之间呈高度(或中度)负相关,不同生育期两者的相关系数r值在-0.4288—0.9945之间。2.土壤速效氮对水稻土柱固氮活性抑制的起始浓度为20ppm。3.NH₄⁺-N对水稻根际固氮活性的抑制时间随施用量而不同,低氮区在20天左右,中氮区和高氮区在25—30天左右。此后施氮区对水稻根际固氮活性具有促进作用。     

Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.     

Efficiency of nitrogen-15-labelled fertilizers for rice and rye-grass cultivated in an Ultisol of Brazilian Amazonia

 The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of two N fertilizers, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and urea, for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) cultivated in an Ultisol of central Amazonia using ¹⁵N as a tracer. Rice was cultivated in the field, while rye-grass was grown in a phytotron. Fertilization with (NH₄)₂SO₄ caused a 16% increase in the yield of rice grains and urea a 36% increase. In both crops total N uptake and N use efficiency of the fertilizers were higher for urea than for (NH₄)₂SO₄. The low values for N derived from fertilizer showed that the fertilizers contributed little to the total N absorbed by the plants. The "priming effect" or positive added N interaction (ANI) between the fertilizer N and soil organic N was observed, especially with urea. Immobilization by soil microorganisms was greater in the presence of urea, while losses were always higher with the (NH₄)₂SO₄ treatments. These losses were significant, and their reduction should allow more efficient use of this N fertilizer. It is possible that the N use efficiency was higher for urea due to a pH increase, caused by urea hydrolysis, which in turn may have favoured the activity of nitrifying bacteria in this extremely acid soil. Received: 6 April 1999     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and nitrogen and water use efficiencies of winter wheat (durum and bread) varieties grown under conditions found in Central Anatolia

In order to evaluate the influence of different N rates on percent N derived from fertilizer (%Ndff) at different growth stages, on yields and the percent N use efficiency (%NUE) values of two winter wheat varieties (durum and bread), field experiments on fallow were carried out at four different locations in Central Anatolia, in the 1991–1992 and 1992–1993 growing seasons. At each site the rates of N (0, 40, 80 and 120?kg N/ha) were applied as ammonium sulphate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] using a Latin Square experimental design with four replicates. The total amounts of N fertilizer were applied once after seedling emergence at all experimental sites. Labelled (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ fertilizer was applied to sub-plots from which %Ndff values were determined at tillering, booting, grain filling, and harvest stages. Yield sub-plots received unlabelled (NH₄)₂SO₄ from which total dry matter (seed and straw) and N yields were determined. Also the %NUE values were calculated by the ¹⁵N and "difference" methods at the harvest stage. Stored soil moisture at 0–90?cm depth, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency values were calculated as well. The results obtained showed that (1) Gerek-79 variety used both the applied N fertilizer and the available soil moisture more efficiently, (2) the percent NUE values obtained overall were generally less than 20 for both varieties and (3) with the ¹⁵N method, less variable %NUE values were obtained in comparison to the difference method.     

Effect of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on nitrification and immobilization of NH<Subscript>4</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript>-N

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to demonstrate that reduced availability of CO₂ may be an important factor limiting nitrification. Soil samples amended with wheat straw (0%, 0.1% and 0.2%) and (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ (200 mg N kg^–1 soil, 2.213 atom% ¹⁵N excess) were incubated at 30±2°C for 20 days with or without the arrangement for trapping CO₂ resulting from the decomposition of organic matter. Nitrification (as determined by the disappearance of NH₄⁺ and accumulation of NO₃^–) was found to be highly sensitive to available CO₂ decreasing significantly when CO₂ was trapped in alkali solution and increasing substantially when the amount of CO₂ in the soil atmosphere increased due to the decomposition of added wheat straw. The co-efficient of correlation between NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^–-N content of soil was highly significant (r =0.99). During incubation, 0.1–78% of the applied NH₄⁺ was recovered as NO₃^– at different incubation intervals. Amendment of soil with wheat straw significantly increased NH₄⁺ immobilization. From 1.6% to 4.5% of the applied N was unaccounted for and was due to N losses. The results of the study suggest that decreased availability of CO₂ will limit the process of nitrification during soil incubations involving trapping of CO₂ (in closed vessels) or its removal from the stream of air passing over the incubated soil (in open-ended systems).