大型喷杆喷雾机钟摆式主被动悬架自适应鲁棒控制研究

针对大型喷雾机喷杆钟摆式主被动悬架系统存在的参数不确定性和随机干扰导致控制精度低、稳定性差的问题,对基于模型补偿的自适应鲁棒控制算法进行研究。建立了钟摆式主被动悬架的非线性动力学模型和调节机构几何方程,基于模型设计了自适应鲁棒控制器,综合悬架系统和电液位置伺服系统模型中存在的参数不确定性,同时兼顾系统未补偿的摩擦力和外部扰动等不确定非线性因素,通过理论分析和试验证明,在同时存在模型参数不确定和不确定非线性的情况下,设计的控制器可以保证系统输出跟踪控制的暂态性能和稳态精度。以单出杆液压作动器驱动的28m大型喷杆主被动悬架为例,借助建立的大型喷杆悬架半实物仿真平台进行了控制算法的试验验证,并使用Stewart六自由度运动平台模拟底盘的运动干扰,与反馈线性化控制器、鲁棒反馈控制器、PID控制器进行了试验对比,结果表明,设计的基于模型补偿的自适应鲁棒控制器最大跟踪误差0.148°,而反馈线性化控制器最大跟踪误差0.201°,鲁棒反馈控制器最大跟踪误差0.51°,PID控制器最大跟踪误差0.48°。设计的控制器在同时存在参数不确定性和扰动的情况下,使用较小的反馈增益能够保证渐进跟踪性能和稳态跟踪精度。     

拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计与硬件在环试验

针对电液耦合转向方案转向特性尚不明晰、转向数据采集和记录困难等问题,提出一种硬件在环拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计方案。平台参数设计过程主要考虑功率损耗,为了满足电液耦合转向系统的性能要求,进行精度设计与量程设计。通过总体参数设计,得到电动助力、液压助力和阻力加载系统的参数计算模型,并基于AMESim建立电液耦合转向系统的控制与机械模型仿真进行了参数优化。通过基于dSPACE以及PXI的硬件在环控制方案,进行了各类转向工况试验验证,验证结果表明：阻力加载模拟系统能根据不同的地面条件、行驶工况等参数实现动态加载,响应速度和控制精度均能实现田间阻力模拟要求;电液助力转向系统能够产生较好的平滑助力,具有良好的转向路感;控制系统能与各传感器硬件协同配合,使拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台具有良好的响应特性,能够真实还原拖拉机转向过程。     

丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂仿形控制系统研究

针对丘陵山地拖拉机作业地形复杂,传统电液悬挂控制系统地形适应性差的问题,设计了一套横向姿态可调的丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂仿形控制系统。根据丘陵山地拖拉机仿形控制作业需求,在传统悬挂结构基础上加装一个液压驱动旋转装置,设计了一种仿形悬挂机构,基于液压多点动力输出技术设计了带有负载反馈的闭心式液压控制系统,并提出了一种基于带死区的经典PID算法的控制方法。通过对阀控非对称液压缸工作原理的分析,建立了其数学模型并推导出仿形控制系统的传递函数,运用Matlab/Simulink建立了电液悬挂仿形控制系统的动力学模型并进行了仿真分析,仿真结果表明,系统在0°~11°阶跃信号的作用下,调整时间约为0.4s,几乎无超调,系统稳定后农机具横向倾角约为11.1°,稳态误差约为0.1°,仿真结果验证了该控制算法的有效性。通过对传统拖拉机的液压悬挂装置进行改装,将原来的手柄操纵式液压悬挂装置改装成带有虚拟终端的电液悬挂控制系统,搭建了仿形控制试验台并进行了室内台架试验,试验结果表明,系统调整时间约为2.2s,几乎无超调,系统稳定后农机具横向倾角约为11.2°,稳态误差约为0.2°,在系统允许误差（0.5°）范围内,试验结果验证了所设计的丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂仿形控制系统调节的快速性与稳定性,满足拖拉机等高线坡地作业需求。     

基于电动转向的教练车副转向系统研究与开发

设计了基于电动转向的教练车副转向系统。介绍了转向台的结构和主要组成部分。建立了以副转向盘的转角为输入、车辆主转向柱的转角为输出的线性系统模型。进行了主转向盘对各种输入条件下的响应试验,试验结果表明,在各种条件下,主转向盘都能很好的实现对副转向盘的跟随,即使在阶跃输入下两个转向盘之间的最大角度差仅为3°。     

中耕管理车电液比例转向系统的设计及仿真

为了提高农业中耕管理车辆工作现场转向系统的灵活性,避免因过大转弯半径对车辆造成不可逆的损坏,设计了一种具有多种转向方式的中耕管理车,包括前轮转向方式、四轮转向方式及斜走方式;对转向系统的核心采用电液比例技术,实现对转向角度的精确控制;同时,建立了电液比例系统的数学模型,并运用AMESim软件模拟系统。在常用控制算法的基础上加入PID控制算法进行优化,在K_P=5、K_I=0. 02和K_D=0的条件下,转向控制响应更好,响应信号相对接近理想状态。     

高地隙液压四轮驱动喷雾机转向防滑控制系统

建立了高地隙四轮驱动喷雾机转向过程中的线性2自由度模型,以前轮转向为例计算出了实际转向角,设计了一种以实际转速比与理论转速比差值为控制对象的转向防滑控制系统。构建了转向电液防滑系统试验装置,分别在转角为5°、10°、15°、20°、25°、30°以及转角在0°～30°连续变化时对控制系统进行了试验验证。结果表明,高地隙四轮驱动喷雾机的转向防滑控制效果良好,控制平均误差最大为2.01%,均值为1.25%。     

基于微分几何的E-ECHPS车辆转向稳定性控制

为了提高装备电控液压助力转向系统(E-ECHPS)的车辆高速紧急转向稳定性,提出了基于微分几何的线性参考模型反馈跟踪控制策略;建立了包括整车动力学模型、轮胎模型、转向系统模型和ESC模型的非线性动力学模型,通过整车试验和台架试验验证了模型的正确性;推导了系统的仿射非线性状态方程,考虑到轮胎、液压系统和ESC的非线性,运用微分几何理论对系统进行精确线性化得到输入输出伪线性系统;建立了包含转向系统的线性参考模型,为了实现对线性参考模型理想状态的跟踪,构造了反馈跟踪控制器;以方向盘转矩为输入进行了有控制和无控制下的阶跃转向仿真和单移线仿真,结果表明:施加反馈跟踪控制可以显著提高车辆在高速紧急转向工况下的操纵稳定性,为E-ECHPS系统的控制策略设计提供了理论依据。     

搅拌车电液转向的匹配及试验研究

以电液转向机的转向特性为研究对象,结合搅拌车的典型行驶工况,从随速助力和回正性能2个方面有针对性地对搅拌车的转向手力进行调校,并对转向系统的标定程序从主观和客观试验2个方面展开评价。结果表明,电液转向系统能够极大优化司机的转向感觉,提升搅拌车辆的转向性能,具有非常重要的实用价值。     

基于XFOIL的DU型风电翼型气动特性仿真分析

文章在分析国内外风电翼型研究现状及总结各种翼型特点的基础上,利用XFOIL软件绘制了荷兰DU93-W-210翼型外形图,并建立了该翼型的气动分析数值模型,计算了该翼型在0～20°攻角下的升力系数Cl、阻力系数Cd及力矩系数Cm等翼型气动参数,并绘制该翼型的升力、阻力系数曲线及力矩系数曲线.文章将得到的计算结果与风洞试验结果进行了比较,结果表明,攻角在0～10°时,XFOIL的计算结果与实验数据大体趋于一致,特别是对Cl的计算拟合度很好,误差在3％以内.当攻角增大到10°后,翼型进入失速发展区,计算结果开始产生较大误差.所以,在使用XFOIL软件对DU93-W-210翼型进行计算的时候,可以明显观察到失速点在攻角为10°左右的位置.根据实验结果,在当前运行环境下,建议应用该翼型的风力机在不超过10°攻角的范围内运行.     

无人驾驶模式下电液复合转向系统高鲁棒性控制策略

针对重型车辆电液复合转向系统（Electro hydraulic hybrid steering system,EHHS）无人驾驶模式下的转向跟踪控制问题,首先建立了考虑EHHS系统参数不确定性及外界干扰影响的转向系统完整非线性动力学模型;然后提出了一种自适应双闭环转向跟踪控制策略,外控制环设计参数自适应率,以有效适应模型参数摄动,采用改进滑模控制计算期望转向力矩,内控制环则利用PI控制转向电机电流,实现对期望转向力矩跟踪;最后利用Matlab/Simulink对EHHS系统模型以及提出的控制策略进行仿真验证。结果表明,提出的自适应控制可有效缩短EHHS系统转角跟踪阶跃响应反应时间,降低转向轮角度跟踪误差,并保证转角跟踪精度不受系统参数摄动的影响,有效提高了EHHS系统无人驾驶模式下的转向跟踪控制性能。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。