茶树对可溶性有机和无机态氮的吸收与运转特性

【目的】 揭示亚热带茶树能否直接吸收利用分子态可溶性有机氮,探讨茶树吸收可溶性有机和无机氮后的运转特性差异。【方法】 采用13C、15N双标记甘氨酸、15N标记硫酸铵和15N标记硝酸钾为同位素示踪剂,采用茶树（黄金桂）幼苗为试验材料进行同位素示踪盆栽试验,用同位素质谱仪测定茶树植株地上和地下部的13C、15N丰度。【结果】 供试土壤施用13C、15N双标记甘氨酸态有机氮后,2 h和6 h茶苗地下部和整株中的13C增量/15N增量比值均接近于1:1的理论值;2 h和6 h茶苗地上部未检出13C增量,而72 h地上部13C增量达0.284 μmol/（g,DW）;施用铵态氮2 h、6 h和72 h茶苗地下部、地上部和整株中的15N增量均极显著高于施用硝态氮和甘氨酸态有机氮;施用铵态氮6 h茶苗地上部15N增量/地下部15N增量比率分别比硝态氮和甘氨酸态有机氮的比率高34.7%和65.0%,72 h茶苗地上部15N增量/地下15N增量比率分别比硝态氮和甘氨酸态有机氮的比率高88.6%和133.0%,差异均达极显著水平。【结论】 黄金桂茶苗具有从土壤中直接吸收利用甘氨酸分子态有机氮的能力,但吸收量不及铵态氮和硝态氮;吸收的可溶性分子态有机氮可以从茶树根系运转至地上部;不同形态氮素在茶树植株体内的迁移能力高低表现为:铵态氮>硝态氮>甘氨酸态氮,该研究结果进一步证明陆地生态系统植物直接吸收利用可溶性有机氮是普遍存在的现象。     

稳定性同位素~(13)C标记小麦植株δ~(13)C值的检测方法研究

为准确检测稳定性同位素13C标记的小麦植株δ13C值,对元素分析仪-同位素比质谱仪联用技术(EA-IRMS)测定13C标记的小麦植株各器官中δ13C值进行了研究。结果表明,该方法对蔗糖标准物质(IAEA-CH-6)、小麦粉标准物质(OAS/Isotope)和13C标记小麦植株样品测定结果的精度良好,稳定性碳同位素的标准偏差小于0.11‰。对仪器的稳定性进行了测试,标准偏差为0.02‰;同位素信号在1e-9至1e-8A范围内,总体线性为0.003‰·n A-1。测得样品δ13C值的范围为-25.25%~23.32%。试验结果为研究光合产物在小麦植株体内的运转分配提供了可靠的技术支撑。     

荒漠草原土壤有机质碳稳定同位素特征研究

应用碳稳定同位素分析方法对内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原土壤有机质及其δ13 C值垂直分布特征、表土δ13C值与建群种-短花针茅δ13 C值的相互关系进行分析,并测定土壤部分理化性质。结果显示:表土有机质含量变化范围为4.17～20.45g/kg;随深度增加,土壤有机碳(SOC)含量呈指数降低,其变化范围为17.98～1.39g/kg,而δ13C值则随剖面深度增加而明显富集,到75cm深度时δ13C值又迅速降低,变化范围为-26.38‰～-13.72‰,变幅>3‰,说明该地区气候和植被状况可能发生过剧烈变化;表土和植物δ13C值分馏程度较其它地区偏大,二者呈极显著相关(r=0.555,P<0.01),进一步说明地上植被状况是影响土壤有机质δ13 C值垂直分布特征的决定性因素。     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草气体交换和δ13C、δ15N的组成影响

采用盆栽方法研究接种两种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices,Glomus claroidum 对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的气体交换和稳定性同位素组成的影响,对羊草生长第45、60和75天的测定结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌能提高植株的含磷量、叶片的气孔导度和光合速率,降低植株δ15N值,但对羊草的内在水分利用效率和δ13C的组成未产生显著影响;植株生长的不同时期对其气体交换和稳定性同位素δ13C、δ15N均产生显著影响;时间和接种的相互作用显著影响植株的光合速率、δ13C和δ15N;羊草气孔导度和光合速率的提高归因于菌根真菌改善植株磷营养和增加根系碳分配所致;而植株内在水分利用效率和δ13C无显著性差异是因为气孔导度和光合速率总是发生同方向变化造成的;菌根植物具有较低δ15N是源于茵根真菌吸收N,并富集15N,转运给植株贫化的15N所致.试验结果为认识草原植物的碳水平衡和N循环提供了新的思路和借鉴.     

应用脉冲标记法对杉木富集~(13)C技术的初步研究

通过盆栽试验对杉木幼苗进行13C同位素标记,并对杉木不同器官光合产物的分配进行研究,为木本植物的同位素标记与光合分配研究提供参考依据。结果表明,未标记杉木针叶、枝干的δ13C值随时间呈下降趋势,根呈现先下降后上升的趋势;标记后,杉木各器官δ13C值随时间呈现明显上升,达到高点后有一定下降。光合碳分配到杉木不同器官间的Atom%13C存在差异,大致呈现出当年生针叶最大,一年生针叶最小,根、枝干居中。13C标记使杉木针叶、枝干、根的δ13C由-25.185‰、-24.689‰、-25.326‰升为116.737‰、106.800‰、124.080‰。经过13C标记可获得富集13C的木本植物材料,可为研究土壤碳组分周转提供试验材料。     

用13C脉冲标记方法研究施肥与地膜覆盖对玉米光合碳分配的影响

基于沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站不同施肥与地膜覆盖处理,采用原位¹³CO₂脉冲标记的方法示踪了¹³C在玉米-土壤系统中的转移与分配,探讨了施肥与地膜覆盖对玉米光合碳动态变化的影响。结果表明：玉米-土壤系统光合固定碳转移较快,且分配差异较大,其δ¹³C值在标记1 d表现为茎叶>根>根际土壤>土体,且同一施肥处理下传统栽培高于覆膜栽培。标记15 d玉米植株和根际土壤δ¹³C值降低,而土体δ¹³C值却略有升高。传统栽培不施肥处理对¹³C富集程度最大,其中茎叶和根δ¹³C值在标记1 d分别为1 568‰和598‰;标记15 d为178‰和147‰。玉米-土壤系统¹³C固定比例在标记1 d和15 d分别为64.01%和38.65%,且¹³C分配按茎叶、根、根际土壤、土体顺序依次降低。覆膜施有机肥处理显著提高了光合固定¹³C数量及¹³C在玉米和土壤中的分配比例,是促进¹³C同化与分配的主要方式。     

不同生育期光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中的分配

通过盆栽试验方法,采用13C脉冲标记技术和稳定同位素质谱分析技术,研究了三个生育期(返青期、分蘖期和抽穗期)光合碳在"水稻-土壤"系统中的同化率、分配比率及其在土壤中增加率的动态变化,探讨三个生育期光合碳在"水稻-土壤"系统中的运转、分配规律,为明确稻田生态系统中碳素循环过程提供理论依据。结果表明,分别在返青期、分蘖期和抽穗期进行一次13C脉冲标记(持续5 h)后,光合碳在"水稻-土壤"系统中的总同化率均随标记后天数的延长呈逐渐下降趋势,从标记后2 d至收获时,总同化率分别为75.92%~39.53%、70.01%~52.02%、86.38%~69.60%,且收获时与2 d时的同化率差异均达显著水平(p0.05),其被同化光合碳的损失率分别为47.93%、25.70%和19.43%;抽穗期光合碳同化率明显高于返青期和分蘖期,被同化光合碳的损失也明显低于返青期和分蘖期。三个生育期被同化的光合碳向水稻地上部分和地下部分(包括根和土壤)的运转呈互相消长关系,但向水稻地上部分的分配比率(平均为85.04%~73.10%)远大于向根的分配比率(平均为12.50%~22.04%)和土壤的分配比率(平均为1.70%~5.04%),且抽穗期光合碳向水稻地上部分中的分配比率大于分蘖期和返青期,向地下部分的分配比率则正好相反;此外,三个生育期被同化的光合碳在土壤中的增加率分别为0.08%~0.21%、0.09%~0.17%和0.19%~0.27%,抽穗期土壤中光合碳的增加率要大于返青期和分蘖期,且光合碳在土壤中也相对稳定。     

北京山区侧柏生态系统各组分夜间δ13C变化特征和对环境因子的响应

采用同位素光谱测定仪对北京山区侧柏人工林生长旺盛期夜间CO_2浓度和δ~(13)C进行原位观测。分析侧柏林生态系统不同组分夜间呼吸δ~(13)C的差异,探究其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:在使用Keeling plot法拟合侧柏林7—9月夜间呼吸作用释放的δ~(13)C时,利用大气稳定度作为筛选条件后,拟合精度从0.43增大到0.82,误差从0.54‰～0.99‰下降到0.50‰～0.82‰。δ~(13)C变化范围为(-28.76±0.51)‰～(-25.18‰±0.59)‰,呈现先增大后减小的趋势;地上侧柏枝条δ~(13)C_(地上)变化范围(-33.16±1.08)‰～(-26.82±0.18)‰,呈增加趋势,在7月底达到最大值,9月变化趋于平稳;地下土壤δ~(13)C_(地下)变化范围(-28.55±0.17)‰～(-21.39±0.37)‰,呈增加趋势,7月底达到最大值,变化波动最大,9月变化趋于平稳,各月δ~(13)C与时间呈二次函数关系;在生长旺盛期夜间土壤呼吸通量占生态系统呼吸通量的54.77%,δ~(13)C_(地下)比δ~(13)C_(地上)高2.06‰～7.03‰;逐步回归分析表明,夜间呼吸δ~(13)C受大气湿度影响最显著,大气湿度对各组分碳同位素值变化的贡献率均在60%以上。δ~(13)C_(地下)不受土壤温度的影响,δ~(13)C_(地上)除大气湿度外,大气温度、土壤温湿度对其影响较为均衡。通过对夜间呼吸δ~(13)C的研究,可以更全面地评估北京山区森林生态系统碳平衡,为区域森林生态系统经营提供科学依据。     

我国大米碳氮稳定同位素比率特征及溯源应用

利用元素分析仪-稳定同位素比率质谱仪检测我国由北到南6个省的10种大米的δ13C和δ15N值。结果显示,我国大米的δ13C值为-28.3‰^-26.0‰,平均值为-27.0±0.8‰,以-27.9‰^-26.3‰出现的频率较高。δ15N值为1.1‰~4.1‰,均值为2.4±1.0‰,以1.7‰~3.4‰出现的频率较高。我国南方大米的δ13C值低于北方大米,但南北方大米的δ15N均值基本相同且小于4‰,符合施化肥大米的特征。根据国内外大米的δ13C和δ15N特异性,以δ13C和δ15N为统计变量,采用Q型系统聚类方法对大米归类溯源。欧式距离<4时,日本大米的3个群集与我国大米的1个群集区分明显;欧式距离<3时,美国大米的2个群集与我国大米的1个群集区分显著。基于大米的δ13C和δ15N特性能够对其产地进行溯源。     

不同地域牛尾毛中稳定同位素指纹差异分析

利用同位素比率质谱仪测定来自黑龙江省安达市青肯泡乡和火石山乡、内蒙古太仆寺旗、河北省张家口市和三河市、山东省德州市和聊城市7个地域牛尾毛中的δ13C、δ15N和δ2H值,比较分析了不同地域来源牛尾毛中稳定同位素指纹特征差异,探讨不同地域来源牛尾毛中稳定同位素组成差异、影响因素及地域差异的范围,为牛肉及其产品同位素指纹溯源技术在实际中的应用提供指导。各区域牛尾毛中δ13C值表现为:黑龙江省安达市青肯泡乡(-14.83‰±2.12)、河北省三河市(-14.20‰±1.19)、山东省德州市(-14.16‰±2.51)和山东省聊城市(-15.78‰±1.08)>黑龙江省安达市火石山乡(-18.87‰±1.69)、内蒙古太仆寺旗(-19.29‰±2.43)和河北省张家口市(-19.83‰±1.92);δ15 N值为:黑龙江省安达市火石山乡(8.07‰±0.95)>内蒙古太仆寺旗(5.73‰±0.85)、河北省张家口市(6.65‰±1.45)>黑龙江省安达市青肯泡乡(4.60‰±0.41)、河北省三河市(4.24‰±0.75)、山东省德州市(4.18‰±0.96)和山东省聊城市(4.90‰±0.46);δ2H值为:河北省三河市(-87.78‰±1.99)、山东省德州市(-87.91‰±3.19)和山东省聊城市(-89.24‰±2.90)>河北省张家口市(-94.07‰±3.38)>黑龙江省安达市火石山乡(-97.05‰±3.41)、内蒙古太仆寺旗(-97.55‰±2.79)>黑龙江省安达市青肯泡乡(-102.25‰±2.99)。不同地域来源牛尾毛中稳定碳、氮、氢同位素指纹差异及地域差异范围取决于不同地域喂养牛的饲料组成、地域海拔和纬度的差异程度。     

Stable carbon isotope ratios of water-extractable organic carbon affected by application of rice straw and rice straw compost during a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata,Japan

ABSTRACT

Hot-water- and water-extractable organic matter were obtained from soil samples collected from a rice paddy 31 years after the start of a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata, Japan. Specifically, hot-water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (HWEOC and HWEON) were obtained by extraction at 80°C for 16 h, and water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (WEOC and WEON) were obtained by extraction at room temperature. The soil samples were collected from surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–25 cm) layers of five plots that had been treated with inorganic fertilizers alone or with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter, as follows: PK, NPK, NPK plus rice straw (RS), NPK plus rice straw compost (CM1), and NPK plus a high dose of rice straw compost (CM3). The soil/water ratio was 1:10 for both extraction temperatures. We found that the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of the bulk soils were highly correlated with the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents regardless of extraction temperature, and the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in the plots that were treated with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter than in the PK and NPK plots. The HWEOC and WEOC δ¹³C values ranged from ?28.2% to ?26.4% and were similar to the values for the applied rice straw and rice straw compost. There were no correlations between the HWEOC or WEOC δ¹³C values and the amounts of HWEOC or WEOC. The δ¹³C values of the bulk soils ranged from ?25.7% to ?23.2% and were lower for the RS and CM plots than for the PK and NPK plots. These results indicate that HWEOC and WEOC originated mainly from rice plants and the applied organic matter rather than from the indigenous soil organic matter. The significant positive correlations between the amounts of HWEOC and HWEON and the amount of available nitrogen (P < 0.001) imply that extractable organic matter can be used as an index for soil fertility in this long-term experiment. We concluded that the applied organic matter decomposed more rapidly than the indigenous soil organic matter and affected WEOC δ¹³C values and amounts.     

稻草及其制备的生物质炭对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

向土壤中添加生物质炭已被认为是改善土壤质量,增加碳吸存的有效措施。通过模拟实验,利用同位素δ13C标记技术,研究稻草及其制备的生物质炭添加对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响。结果表明：稻草和生物质炭对土壤团聚体中新形成碳和原有机碳的影响截然不同。培养112 d,来自稻草或生物质炭的新碳主要进入到中团聚体（50 ~ 250 μm）中,比例为70.3% ~ 75.3%。与对照土壤相比,稻草添加显著促进了大团聚体（250 ~ 2 000 μm）原有机碳的分解（p <0.05）,但对中团聚体和微团聚体（<50 μm）原有机碳的影响并不明显,而生物质炭添加（SB250和SB350）则对大团聚体和中团聚体原有机碳没有显著影响,但SB250处理（土壤中加入250℃热解制备的生物质炭）显著抑制了微团聚体原有机碳的分解（p <0.05）,而SB350处理（土壤中加入350℃热解制备的生物质炭）的则无影响。对于同一粒级团聚体,稻草与生物质炭处理的区别,主要体现在新碳分配上,而对原有机碳的影响并不显著。     

不同气候带水稻土有机碳δ13C及胡敏酸结构特征变化

选取位于吉林龙井、河南封丘、浙江慈溪和江西进贤的4种水稻土剖面,分析比较了不同气候带水稻土剖面和各粒级复合体的有机碳及其δ13C值的分布特征,探讨了不同水稻土胡敏酸结构和功能基团构成的差异,旨在为深入研究水稻土有机碳动态变化和运转机理提供参考依据。结果表明:不同气候带水稻土剖面中,有机碳δ13C值均随着土层深度的增加逐渐升高;样点位置愈往北,水稻土表层有机碳δ13C值愈高。各样点水稻土表层有机碳主要集中在<10μm复合体部分,其有机碳分配系数均大于50%。水稻土不同粒级复合体δ13C值随着粒级的减小不断升高,高δ13C的老碳在细粒中富集;水稻土表层<10μm复合体中有机碳的降解程度为:封丘>慈溪>进贤>龙井。各样点水稻土胡敏酸结构大致相似,封丘和龙井的水稻土胡敏酸含有较多CO基团,氧化程度较高,另外,其胡敏酸的芳化度和聚合程度也高于慈溪和进贤的水稻土。     

基于MOD13产品水稻遥感估产模型研究

中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)可以提供经过加工处理的多时相44种数据产品,其中MOD13就是经过严格算法处理后的16 d内每个像元的最佳的植被指数产品。通过杭州市郊野外大田选取适当研究区,进行产量构成要素和实际理论产量的测算,建立MOD13-VI(Vegetation Index)产品与水稻理论产量以及产量构成要素之间的相关关系,结果表明: 这种相关与地面光谱和水稻理论产量所建立的相关关系具有一致性。经过各种估产模型的比较,复合估产模型更能反映整个生育期的情况,准确度有所提高,MOD13-EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index)所建立的估算模型精度显著优于MOD13-NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index),研究表明利用各个生育期MOD13产品所建立的复合模型有助于提高水稻产量的估算精度。     

改种玉米连续3年后稻田土壤有机碳分布和13C自然丰度变化

耕作制更替下土壤有机碳的变化是阐明土地利用变化下土壤碳循环改变及其全球变化效应的重要方面。本研究选择了太湖地区毗邻的一块长期稻油轮作的稻田和一块稻田改种玉米3年的旱田，采集其剖面不同深度的土壤样品，分别测定全土和分离的土壤团聚体颗粒组中总有机碳（TOC）、土壤溶解有机碳（DOC）和微生物生物量碳（sMBC），并对选择性样本测定了有机质的δ^13 C值，分析改种玉米后水稻土有机碳储量及其同位素组成的变化。结果表明，改种玉米3年后，耕层土壤TOC明显下降，而DOC和SMBC都有增加的趋势；改种玉米后2—0．2mm粗团聚体颗粒组的TOC含量降低，而其他团聚体颗粒组TOC无显著变化。玉米地表层土壤（0—15cm）原土及各粒级团聚体的δ^13 C值均明显高于原稻田。改种玉米后进入水稻土中的源于玉米的新碳绝大部分集中在0—20cm土层，且主要富集在粗团聚体颗粒组中。计算表明，粗团聚体颗粒组中有机碳更新周期明显较短。水田转变成旱地后，耕层土壤有机碳分解加速，碳储量快速减少。这说明水稻土中物理保护的有机碳可能因耕作改变下团聚体破坏而快速分解。     

Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.     

Effects of single and successive applications of rice husk charcoal on paddy soil carbon content and rice productivity during two cropping seasons

A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate residual and cumulative effects of rice husk charcoal (RC) application on physicochemical soil properties and rice productivity in an Andosol paddy field. Three RC application rates, 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha^?1, one rice husk (RH) application rate of 20 Mg ha^?1, and a control with no application of RC or RH were laid out in the first year of the experiment. In the second year, the experimental plot was divided into halves: one with the same application rates as in the first year (successive applications) and the other without additional RC or RH (single application). Significant impacts of RC application were observed from the first year on soil bulk density, porosity, carbon (C) content, and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Soil C content was directly proportional to the amount of RC application over the 2 years showing that the C derived from RC was markedly recalcitrant in soil compared to that from RH. The increased C was present not only in the plow layer but also spread over the top 20 cm of paddy field. As compared to the control, successive RC applications at 20 Mg ha^–1 increased soil C contents by 12.7 g kg^–1 and 14.4 g kg^–1 in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers after two rice seasons, respectively. Successive RC applications significantly increased straw weight and panicle number, partly due to the increased Si uptake by rice plants. However, grain yield did not significantly differ among the treatments because RC application decreased 1000-grain weight. We speculate that the reduction in 1000-grain weight may be due to immobilization of available N at the reproductive stage under high soil C/N ratio conditions. This suggests the need for N fertilizer top-dressing to obtain the potential yield in the RC-applied fields. Furthermore, the diminishing residual effects of RC application on the rice growth and yield parameters in the second season suggest that successive, or applications at an interval of 2–3 years, would be required to maintain the higher Si deposits in plants, thereby sustaining rice productivity.