水稻秸秆肥料^15N标记的不均匀性研究

在盆栽条件下研究了水稻秸肥料＾１５Ｎ标记的不均匀性及其对示踪试验结果的影响问题。结果表明，以基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥三种方法进行＾１５Ｎ标记的秸秆，其茎叶及其化学组成间＾１５Ｎ原子百分超都存在不同程度的差异。秸秆肥料示踪试验的结果，受供试秸秆肥＾１５Ｎ标记不均匀性影响，很可能出现偏高或偏低的情况。     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草气体交换和δ13C、δ15N的组成影响

采用盆栽方法研究接种两种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices,Glomus claroidum 对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的气体交换和稳定性同位素组成的影响,对羊草生长第45、60和75天的测定结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌能提高植株的含磷量、叶片的气孔导度和光合速率,降低植株δ15N值,但对羊草的内在水分利用效率和δ13C的组成未产生显著影响;植株生长的不同时期对其气体交换和稳定性同位素δ13C、δ15N均产生显著影响;时间和接种的相互作用显著影响植株的光合速率、δ13C和δ15N;羊草气孔导度和光合速率的提高归因于菌根真菌改善植株磷营养和增加根系碳分配所致;而植株内在水分利用效率和δ13C无显著性差异是因为气孔导度和光合速率总是发生同方向变化造成的;菌根植物具有较低δ15N是源于茵根真菌吸收N,并富集15N,转运给植株贫化的15N所致.试验结果为认识草原植物的碳水平衡和N循环提供了新的思路和借鉴.     

主枝开张角度对盆栽红富士苹果 13C和 15N分配、利用的影响

以3年生盆栽红富士苹果 (Malus domestica Borkh.cv. Red Fuji)/平邑甜茶 (Malus hupehensis)为试材,研究了主枝开张角度对盆栽红富士苹果对13C分配及15N-尿素分配、利用的影响。结果表明,根系13C分配率随主枝开张角度的增大而减少,在秋梢生长期对照、枝条水平和枝条下垂3处理根系的13C分配率分别为46.39%、36.39%和26.73%;而叶片13C分配率则随主枝开张角度的加大而增大,3处理叶片的13C分配率分别为30.15%、42.40%和54.97%。主枝开张角度降低了植株15N利用率,在秋梢生长期差异显著。对照、枝条水平和枝条下垂3处理植株15N利用率分别为5.29%、3.87%和4.05%,对照显著高于开张角度处理。在春梢旺长期和秋梢生长期,主枝开张角度处理新梢的15N分配率显著降低,叶片15N分配率有所升高;春梢停长期,主枝开张角度处理地上部多年生枝干与新梢的15N分配率显著低于对照。     

氮肥管理对 15N标记水稻秸秆氮吸收利用的影响

利用15N同位素示踪技术,通过盆栽模拟试验揭示氮肥管理方式对水稻秸秆氮吸收利用的影响,设置基肥氮素在插秧前施入和基肥氮素与秸秆同时施入(调节C/N)两个处理,试验结果表明,秸秆中的氮素可以作为下茬作物生长的有效氮源;基肥氮素与秸秆同时施入(调节C/N)处理秸秆氮的利用率显著高于基肥氮素在插秧前施入,水稻从~(15)N秸秆标记物中摄取氮的比例(Ndf_S)明显低于土壤肥料中氮(Ndf_(S+F));水稻地上植株对秸秆氮的综合利用率为6.51%～7.99%,其中,茎叶秸秆氮利用率为1.40%～1.75%,穗利用率为5.11%～5.25%。在秸秆还田的条件下,基肥氮素与秸秆同时施入,可以显著提高水稻对秸秆氮素的吸收能力。     

制炭温度对玉米和小麦生物质炭理化性质的影响

通过缓慢高温裂解方式生产不同温度的小麦和玉米生物质炭,并对其性质进行分析.结果显示,生物质炭性质受裂解温度和生物质种类的影响而表现出差异.当裂解温度从300℃升高到500℃时,小麦生物质炭产率从44.3％降低到38.4％,其生物质炭碳含量从617.9 g/kg升高到674.0 g/kg;玉米生物质炭产率从42.8％(300℃)降低到29.7％(500℃),其生物质炭碳含量从574.8 g/kg(300℃)升高到651.1 g/kg(500℃).生物质炭pH、灰分含量、全磷含量等也随制炭温度升高而升高,小麦生物质炭pH从7.59(300℃)上升到10.51(500℃),灰分含量从186.1 g/kg(300℃)升高到268.2 g/kg(500℃),全磷含量从0.70 g/kg(300℃)升高到1.10 g/kg(500℃);玉米生物质炭pH从9.35(300℃)升高到10.12(500℃),全磷含量从2.34 g/kg(300℃)升高到4.37 g/kg(500℃).说明制炭温度和生物质种类对生物质炭理化性质具有决定性作用.     

不同负载量对苹果~(13)C和~(15)N分配、利用的影响

【目的】利用稳定性同位素13C和15N示踪技术,研究了不同负载量对苹果13C和15N分配、利用的影响,从营养吸收的角度阐明负载量对苹果生长发育影响的机理,为疏果及提高氮肥利用率提供依据。【方法】以5年生垄栽王林/SH38/八棱海棠苹果为试材,于3月27日挖环状沟施肥,每株施入15N-尿素10 g,同时施N 110.33 g、P2O5143.15 g、K2O 151.26 g。在坐果后,立即进行疏果处理,试验设3个处理为对照(不疏果)、2/3负载量(疏掉其中1/3的果实)和1/3负载量(疏掉其中2/3的果实);于果实成熟期(9月6日)对已处理的植株进行整株13C标记处理。标记72 h后破坏性采样,测定13C和15N丰度。13C丰度用DELTA V Advantage同位素比率质谱仪测定,15N丰度用ZHT-03质谱计测定。【结果】与对照(不疏果)相比,2/3负载量和1/3负载量处理,果实平均单果重分别增加了17.68%和48.57%,根冠比分别增加了7.69%和15.38%,而其平均单株产量却显著降低,分别为对照的50.18%和78.60%;3处理单位干截面积平均产量分别为0.83 kg/cm2、0.54 kg/cm2和0.33 kg/cm2,三者之间差异显著;负载量增加促进叶片制造的13C同化物向果实中转移,减少了向根系的运输,对照、2/3负载量和1/3负载量处理的果实13C分配率分别为39.81%、29.25%和16.46%,根系13C分配率则分别为16.79%、19.98%和24.64%;负载量增加显著降低了植株15N的利用率,对照、2/3负载量和1/3负载量3个处理的植株15N利用率分别为8.51%、10.11%和13.23%。3个处理各器官的氮原子百分超(Ndff)值均表现为果实当年生枝根系叶片多年生枝中心干,不同处理间Ndff值的差异主要表现在果实和根系,果实的Ndff值随着负载量的增加而增大,对照的Ndff值达到2.76%,分别为2/3负载量和1/3负载量处理的1.17倍和1.31倍,而根系则表现出相反的趋势;15N分配率与13C分配率表现出相同的趋势,15N分配率较高的器官,13C分配率也处于较高水平。【结论】负载量增加可促进叶片制造的13C同化物向果实中转移,减少向根系的运输,对15N的吸收利用降低。当单位干截面积产量为0.54 kg/cm2时,能有效协调树体的碳、氮营养分配,对王林苹果的生产效果最佳。     

生物质炭对水稻土中脱氢酶活性和铁还原过程的影响

为探究添加生物质炭对淹水稻田体系脱氢酶活性及土水界面铁还原过程的影响,选择2种不同地区水稻土,采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养试验方法,分析添加不同粒径生物质炭后泥浆培养体系中脱氢酶活性、pH以及Fe(Ⅱ)浓度的变化。结果表明:生物质炭能够提高水稻土厌氧培养体系的脱氢酶活性,促进微生物铁还原进程。脱氢酶活性和铁还原能力随着生物质炭粒径的减小而增大。未添加生物质炭的处理中,2种水稻土脱氢酶活性最大分别为3.13,2.60μg/(ml·g·min),Fe(Ⅱ)累积量最高分别为8.07,7.44mg/g;通过添加生物质炭,2种水稻土培养体系脱氢酶活性最大分别达4.35,4.18μg/(ml·g·min)、Fe(Ⅱ)累积量最高分别为9.01,8.18mg/g。典范对应分析显示,水稻土初始pH与最大铁还原潜势及达到最大铁还原速率对应的时间呈极显著相关,表明生物质炭对铁还原过程的影响因土壤性质不同而存在差异;脱氢酶活性、Fe(Ⅱ)累积量之间呈现极显著的相关关系,两者在培养过程中相互促进。     

生物质炭对土壤-水稻系统中Cd迁移累积的影响

探究生物质炭添加对Cd污染土壤中Cd形态、植株对Cd的吸收分配及土壤肥力的影响,为污染稻田粮食安全提供科学依据。在湖南省长沙市Cd污染稻田进行田间定位试验,设置5个生物质炭添加量处理(0,10,20,30,40t/hm^2),分析生物质炭对Cd在土壤中形态转化和水稻器官中分配的影响。结果表明:生物质炭通过将土壤中酸溶态Cd钝化为可还原态Cd以减少在水稻器官中的累积,钝化量随着生物质炭增加而增加,土壤酸溶态Cd较CK降低3.83%～19.08%;且茎对根和糙米对茎的转运系数随生物质炭的添加分别降低4.23%～9.30%和1.39%～8.33%;土壤酸溶态Cd含量直接影响糙米中Cd含量,且受土壤pH和土壤有机碳的调控。Cd污染稻田添加生物质炭可以提高土壤肥力,降低土壤Cd生物有效性,20t/hm^2生物质炭添加量可以作为研究区周边Cd污染稻田修复的参考标准。     

稻草及其制备的生物质炭对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

向土壤中添加生物质炭已被认为是改善土壤质量,增加碳吸存的有效措施。通过模拟实验,利用同位素δ13C标记技术,研究稻草及其制备的生物质炭添加对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响。结果表明：稻草和生物质炭对土壤团聚体中新形成碳和原有机碳的影响截然不同。培养112 d,来自稻草或生物质炭的新碳主要进入到中团聚体（50 ~ 250 μm）中,比例为70.3% ~ 75.3%。与对照土壤相比,稻草添加显著促进了大团聚体（250 ~ 2 000 μm）原有机碳的分解（p <0.05）,但对中团聚体和微团聚体（<50 μm）原有机碳的影响并不明显,而生物质炭添加（SB250和SB350）则对大团聚体和中团聚体原有机碳没有显著影响,但SB250处理（土壤中加入250℃热解制备的生物质炭）显著抑制了微团聚体原有机碳的分解（p <0.05）,而SB350处理（土壤中加入350℃热解制备的生物质炭）的则无影响。对于同一粒级团聚体,稻草与生物质炭处理的区别,主要体现在新碳分配上,而对原有机碳的影响并不显著。     

Effects of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on physicochemical properties of different biochar types

Here we selected eight types of feedstocks to assess the effects of pyrolysis temperature (300°C, 400°C, 500°C and 600°C) and residence time (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h), respectively, on the physicochemical properties. The fixed-carbon content, pH value and amount of basic functional groups in biochars increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 300°C to 600°C; the opposite trend was found in the biochar yield, adsorption capacity and amount of acidic functional groups. Increasing the residence time at low pyrolysis temperature (300°C) resulted in a gradual reduction in the biochar yield and progressive increase in the pH and iodine adsorption number of biochars. However, increasing the residence time at high pyrolysis temperature (600°C) had little effect on the biochar yield or pH, while it decreased the iodine adsorption number of biochars. Given the effects of pyrolysis conditions on the pH and iodine adsorption number of biochars, low-ash agricultural wastes (e.g. wheat straw) can be pyrolysed at 300°C, 2 h to produce biochar for improving alkaline soils; high-ash agricultural wastes (e.g. sweet potato vine) and forest litter (e.g. fresh leaves of apricot tree) are preferably pyrolysed at 300°C, 4 h to produce biochar for use in acidic soils.     

Natural 15N and 13C abundance in Andisols influenced by long-term fertilization management in Japan

Two field experiments were conducted on Andisols in Japan to evaluate the changes in the natural ¹⁵N and ¹³C abundance in the soil profile and to determine whether the values of δ¹⁵N could be used as an indicator of fertilizer sources or fertilizer fate. The 6-year experiment conducted at the National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) consisted of the following treatments: application of swine compost (COMPOST), slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRNF), readily available nitrogen fertilizer (RANF), and absence of fertilization (CONTROL). Experimental plots located at the Nippon Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) received cattle compost at different rates for 12 years; a forest soil at this site was sampled for comparison. Swine compost application led to a considerable change in the δ¹⁵N distribution pattern in the soil profile, with the highest δ¹⁵N values recorded in the top 20 cm layers of the COMPOST plot, decreasing in the sequence of CONTROL >- RANF > SRNF, mainly due to the relatively high δ¹⁵N value of swine compost and its subsequent decomposition. In contrast, SRNF application resulted in the lowest δ¹⁵N values in soil, indicating the presence of negligible nitrogen losses relative to input and low nitrogen cycling rates. Values of δ¹⁵N increased with compost application rates at NARI. In the leachate collected at 1-m depth, the δ¹⁵N values decreased in the sequence of COMPOST > RANF ≥ CONTROL > SRNF. The δ¹³C values in soil peaked in the 40–60 cm layers for all the fertilizers. The δ¹³C value was lowest in forest soil due to the presence of plant residues in soil organic matter. These results indicated that the δ¹⁵N values in the upper soil layers or leachate may enable to detect pollution sources of organic or inorganic nitrogen qualitatively in Andisols.     

Uptake of carbon and nitrogen through roots of rice and corn plants,grown in soils treated with 13C and 15N dual-labeled cattle manure compost

Nitrogen and carbon dynamics in paddy and upland soils for rice cultivation and in upland soil for corn cultivation was investigated by using ¹³C and ¹⁵N dual-labeled cattle manure compost (CMC). In a soil with low fertility, paddy and upland rice took up carbon and nitrogen from the CMC at rates ranging from 0.685 to 1.051% of C and 17.6–34.6% of N applied. The ¹³C concentration was much higher in the roots than in the plant top, whereas the ¹⁵N concentration differed slightly between them, indicating that organic carbon taken up preferentially accumulated in roots. The ¹³C recovery in the plant top tended to be higher in upland soil than in paddy soil, whereas ¹⁵N applied was recovered at the same level in both paddy and upland soils. In the experiment with organic farming soil, paddy rice took up C and N from the CMC along with plant growth and the final recovery rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N were 2.16 and 17.2% of C and N applied. In the corn experiment, a very large amount of carbon from the CMC was absorbed, accounting for at least 7 times value for rice. The final uptake rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N reached about 13 and 10% of C and N applied, respectively. Carbon emission from the CMC sharply increased by 2 weeks after transplanting and the nitrogen emission was very low. It is concluded that rice and corn can take up an appreciable level of carbon and nitrogen from the CMC through roots.     

Stem labeling results in different patterns of 14C rhizorespiration and 15N distribution in plants compared to natural assimilation pathways

To investigate C and N rhizodeposition, plants can be ¹³C‐¹⁵N double‐labeled with glucose and urea using a stem‐feeding method (wick method). However, it is unclear how the ¹³C applied as glucose is released into the soil as rhizorespiration in comparison with the ¹³C applied as CO₂ using a natural uptake pathway. In the present study, we therefore compared the short‐term fate of ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N in white lupine and pea plants applied either by the wick method or the natural pathways of C and N assimilation. Plants were pulse‐labeled in ¹⁴CO₂‐enriched atmosphere and ¹⁵N urea was applied to the roots (atmosphere–soil) following the natural assimilation pathways, or plants were simultaneously labeled with ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N by applying a ¹⁴C glucose–¹⁵N urea solution into the stem using the wick method. Plant development, soil microbial biomass, total rhizorespiration, and distribution of N in plants were not affected by the labeling method used but by plant species. However, the ¹⁵N : N ratio in plant parts was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the labeling method, indicating more homogeneous ¹⁵N enrichment of plants labeled via root uptake. After ¹⁴CO₂ atmosphere labeling of plants, the cumulated ¹⁴CO₂ release from roots and soil showed the common saturation dynamics. In contrast, after ¹⁴C‐glucose labeling by the wick method, the cumulated ¹⁴CO₂ release increased linearly. These results show that ¹⁴C applied as glucose using the wick method is not rapidly transferred to the roots as compared to a short‐term ¹⁴CO₂ pulse. This is partly due to a slower ¹⁴C uptake and partly due to slow distribution within the plant. Consequently, ¹⁴C‐glucose application by the wick method is no pulse‐labeling approach. However, the advantages of the wick method for ¹³C‐¹⁵N double labeling for estimating rhizodeposition especially under field conditions requires further methodological research.     

Changes in the soil C and N contents,C decomposition and N mineralization potentials in a rice paddy after long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic matter

A long-term experiment on combined inorganic fertilizers and organic matter in paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation began in May 1982 in Yamagata, northeastern Japan. In 2012, after the 31^st harvest, soil samples were collected from five fertilizer treatments [(1) PK, (2) NPK, (3) NPK + 6 Mg ha^?1 rice straw (RS), (4) NPK + 10 Mg ha^?1 rice straw compost (CM1), and (5) NPK + 30 Mg ha^?1 rice straw compost (CM3)], at five soil depths (0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20 and 20–25 cm), to assess the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content and carbon (C) decomposition potential, total nitrogen (TN) content and nitrogen (N) mineralization potential resulting from long-term organic matter addition. The C decomposition potential was assessed based on the methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced, while the N mineralization potential was determined from the potassium chloride (KCl)-extractable ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of anaerobic incubation at 30°C in the laboratory. Compared to NPK treatment, SOC in the total 0–25 cm layer increased by 67.3, 21.0 and10.8%, and TN increased by 64.2, 19.7 and 10.6%, in CM3, RS and CM1, respectively, and SOC and TN showed a slight reduction in the PK treatment by 5.2 and 5.7%, respectively. Applying rice straw compost (10 Mg ha^?1) instead of rice straw (6 Mg ha^?1) to rice paddies reduced methane production by about 19% after the soils were measured under 8 weeks of anaerobic incubation at 30°C. Soil carbon decomposition potential (Co) and nitrogen mineralization potential (No) were highly correlated with the SOC and TN contents. The mean ratio of Co/No was 4.49, lower than the mean ratio of SOC/TN (13.49) for all treatments, which indicated that the easily decomposed organic matter was from soil microbial biomass and soil proteins.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on pot‐grown wheat photosynthate partitioning within intensively farmed soil determined by 13C pulse‐labeling

Understanding rhizodeposited carbon (C) dynamics of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is important for improving soil fertility and increasing soil C stocks. However, the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on photosynthate C allocation to rhizodeposition of wheat grown in an intensively farmed alkaline soil remain elusive. In this study, pot‐grown winter wheat under N fertilization of 250 kg N ha^?1 was pulse‐labeled with ¹³CO₂ at tillering, elongation, anthesis, and grain‐filling stages. The ¹³C in shoots, roots, soil organic carbon (SOC), and rhizosphere‐respired CO₂ was measured 28 d after each ¹³C labeling. The proportion of net‐photosynthesized ¹³C recovered (shoots + roots + soil + soil respired CO₂) in the shoots increased from 58–64% at the tillering to 86–91% at the grain‐filling stage. Likewise, the proportion in the roots decreased from 21–28% to 2–3%, and that in the SOC pool increased from 1–2% to 6–7%. However, the ¹³C respired CO₂ allocated to soil peaked (17–18%) at the elongation stage and decreased to 6–8% at the grain‐filling stage. Over the entire growth season of wheat, N fertilization decreased the proportion of net photosynthate C translocated to the below‐ground pool by about 20%, but increased the total amount of fixed photosynthate C, and therefore increased the below‐ground photosynthate C input. We found that the chase period of about 4 weeks is sufficient to accurately monitor the recovery of ¹³C after pulse labeling in a wheat–soil system. We conclude that N fertilization increased the deposition of photoassimilate C into SOC pools over the entire growth season of wheat compared to the control treatment.     

基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例对双季稻产量和碳氮比的影响

试验研究了基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例对双季早、晚稻产量,干物质积累量,氮素积累量和碳氮比的影响。结果表明,当总施氮量为N 225 kg/hm2时,基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例7∶3处理的产量最高,其次为6∶4、8∶2处理,均比当地习惯施肥法（10∶0）高产。同时,当基蘖肥占总施氮量60%70%时,双季早、晚稻具有较高的干物质积累量、氮素积累量、氮素当季利用率、氮素农艺效率,群体的碳氮代谢也比较协调。早稻孕穗期叶片可用性糖（可溶性总糖＋淀粉）含量17%18%,碳氮比5055,晚稻孕穗期叶片可用性糖含量19%21%,碳氮比5060,这可能是基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例为7∶3和6∶4时双季水稻高产的生理基础。综合双季早、晚稻产量、氮素利用率及碳氮比值,穗肥施氮量占总施氮量的适宜比例为30%-40%。     

Areal variation in the relationship between natural 15N abundances of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soil

This study was performed to clarify whether areal variation exists in the relationship between natural ¹⁵N abundances (δ¹⁵N values) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soil without an applied nitrogen (N) source, and to explore possible reasons for any areal variation. We investigated the relationships between δ¹⁵N values of rice and those of unamended soil with no applied N source in two locations; Daisen and Ogata, in Akita Prefecture, Japan. The δ¹⁵N values of rice in Daisen were higher than those in Ogata from 2007 to 2009, irrespective of the cropping year. Results demonstrated areal variation in the relationship between δ¹⁵N values of rice and those of unamended soil. The variation might be attributed to variation in the δ¹⁵N of natural N input and to ammonia nitrification and subsequent denitrification. When the relationship between δ¹⁵N values of rice and those of unamended soil is used to discriminate between organic and conventional rice, the areal variation of the relationship in the target area should be taken into account, from the point of the δ¹⁵N value of natural N input and N transformation in the soil.     

Depth dynamics of soil N contents and natural abundances of 15N after 43 years of long-term fertilization and liming in sub-tropical Alfisol

The aim of this study was to understand impacts of long-term (43 years) fertilization on soil aggregation, N accumulation rates and δ¹⁵N in surface and deep layers in an Alfisol. Soil samples from seven treatments were analysed for N stocks, aggregate-associated N in 0–30 cm and the changes in δ¹⁵N in 0–90 cm depths. The treatments were: unfertilized control (control); recommended N dose (N); recommended N and phosphorus doses (NP); recommended N, P and potassium doses (NPK); 150% of recommended N, P and K doses (150% NPK); NPK + 10 Mg FYM ha^?1 (NPK + FYM) and NPK + 0.4 Mg lime ha^?1 (NPK + L). Results revealed that plots under NPK + FYM had ~39% higher total N concentrations than NPK + L in 0–30 cm soil layers. In NPK + L, macro-aggregates had 35 and 11% and microaggregates had 20 and 9% lower δ¹⁵N values than NPK + FYM in 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers, respectively. However, plots receiving NPK + FYM had ~39% greater deep soil (30–90 cm) N accumulation than NPK + L. These results would help understanding N supplying capacity by long-term fertilization and assist devising N management strategies in sub-tropical acidic Alfisols.