我国40个小麦品种抗叶锈性研究

 选用11个具不同毒性基因组合的叶锈菌致病类型推导分析了1998~1999年度国家小麦区域试验40个品种所携带的抗叶锈病基因状况。在供试的39个已知抗叶锈基因(或基因组合)中,推导出Lr1、Lr2c、Lr3bg、Lr10、Lr13、Lr14a、Lr16、Lr23、Lr26、Lr32等10个抗叶锈基因,分布在24个品种中,有11个品种携带未知抗叶锈基因,5个品种不具有苗期抗叶锈基因。选用BBB、DHS、PGT和PHT等4个叶锈菌致病类型并设置5/10℃、15/20℃、25/30℃(黑暗/光照)3种不同的温度条件,研究了40个供试品种的抗性稳定性。结果表明,在这些品种中有15个品种的侵染型表现稳定或较稳定,3个品种表现为高温抗性,2个品种表现低温抗性,其余20个品种存在明显的品种、菌系和温度三者的相互作用;利用6个叶锈菌混合优势小种在田间进行成株期抗叶锈性鉴定结果表明,在40个供试品种中有21个品种具有良好的抗性,其中,至少有6个品种表现为慢锈性,有4个品种表现为明显的成株抗性,有4个品种可能携带成株抗性基因Lr34。文中还对几个主要抗叶锈基因的抗性特点及其利用价值等进行了讨论。     

二倍体及四倍体中抗叶锈病基因在双二倍体中的表达与抑制

 通过杂交将近缘植物中的抗病基因导入普通小麦是抗病育种的常用方法。在利用二倍体和四倍体杂交合成双二倍体小麦过程中, 二倍体或四倍体携带的抗叶锈病基因在双二倍体中大多数情况下可以完全表达或部分表达其固有的抗病性, 但部分抗叶锈病基因则不能表达。四倍体波斯小麦Ps5、Ps8和野生二粒小麦D s3含有相同的抗叶锈病基因LrPs (暂定名), 在双二倍体Am1、Am2、Am3、Am5和Am7中可以表达其抗病性, 但在Am4中不能表达;二倍体粗山羊草Ae37含有Lr41和未知基因, 但Lr41在双二倍体Am2中不能表达;四倍体硬粒小麦Dr147携带Lr23和未知基因, 在双二倍体Am6中不能充分表达。抑制基因的存在是导致抗病基因不能表达或部分表达的主要原因之-。抑制基因位于AB染色体组或D染色体组上, 其抑制作用对抗病基因和病菌致病类型具有专化性, 还可能受温度等环境条件和寄主遗传背景等因素的影响。遗传分析结果表明, 在常温下, 双二倍体Am1、Am2、Am3和Am5对叶锈菌致病类型DGS/HB的抗病性均由1对相同的隐性抗病基因LrPs (暂定名)控制, 与它们具有共同的四倍体亲本Ps5有关。Am4不具有苗期抗叶锈病基因, 但含有来自粗山羊草A e39的1对隐性抑制基因SuLrPs (暂定名), 可抑制Am1、Am2、Am3和Am5中隐性抗叶锈病基因的表达。对抗病抑制基因存在原因和遗传分析验证方法等进行了讨论。     

玉米黄花叶病毒在河南省小麦玉米上的分布及其CP序列分析

<正>0 引言河南省是我国玉米小麦的种植大省,玉米和小麦的种植面积常年保持在3 800千公顷和5 670千公顷以上。玉米黄花叶病毒(maize yellow mosaic virus, MaYMV)是2016年在我国云南省玉米上首次发现的一种新病毒^[1],属于马铃薯卷叶病毒属(polerovirus),能够引起玉米植株叶片黄化、花叶、红叶等症状^[6],之后该病毒在亚洲^[1-2]、非洲^[3-4]、南美洲^[5]等地区禾本科作物上均有发现,     

1个小麦NBS类抗病基因同源cDNA序列的克隆与鉴定

 利用cDNA末端快速扩增技术对小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr35中所获得的抗病基因同源片段S2A2 5'端和3'末端序列进行扩增,并根据拼接序列设计特异性引物,进行全长基因的扩增,获得了1个通读的NBS类抗病同源基因S2A2 cDNA序列,该序列全长为3476 bp,编码866个氨基酸序列。经BLASTp比较,该片段含有NB-ARC保守结构域和多个LRR结构域,与已知植物抗病基因I2C-1、L6、RPS2等相应区域相一致。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在小麦叶片中为低丰度组成型表达。本研究在TcLr35小麦中成功获得了抗病同源基因,这为最终克隆小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr35奠定了基础。     

蘋果花叶病試驗初报

 苹果花叶病的分布广泛。据国外报导,在苏联^[55]、保加利亚^[20]、法国^[16]、英国^[63]、荷兰^[16]、瑞士^[15]、比利时^[58]、瑞典^[36]、挪威^[56]、意大利^[30]、南斯拉夫^[61]、美国^[13]、南非联邦^[38]、新西兰^[10]、印度^[12]以及德国、丹麦、澳大利亚等处均有此病的分布。     

黑龙江省83份小麦品种抗秆锈病基因的分子检测

 为了明确黑龙江省小麦品种(系)对中国秆锈菌的抗性水平和了解抗秆锈病基因在该区域的分布情况,本研究选用中国小麦秆锈菌流行小种21C3CTHQM、34MKGQM和34C3RTGQM对从该区域征集到的83份主要小麦品种(系)进行了苗期抗秆锈病的评价,并利用与抗秆锈病基因Sr2、Sr24、Sr25、Sr26、Sr31和Sr38紧密连锁的分子标记分别进行了分子检测,结合苗期表型及系谱,推测这些品种(系)可能含有的抗病基因。结果表明,83份小麦品种(系)对供试秆锈菌小种均表现抗性,对21C3CTHQM、34MKGQM和34C3RTGQM表现免疫或近免疫的分别为57、53和60份,各占供试材料数量的68.68%、63.85%和72.29%,其他剩余材料对3个供试秆锈菌小种表现中抗或高抗。分子标记分析表明,83份主要小麦品种(系)中有12份可能含有Sr2;克旱3号可能含有Sr25;6份小麦品种可能含有Sr31;19份小麦品种可能含有Sr38;没有检测出含有Sr24和Sr26的品种。因此,黑龙江省小麦品种对中国小麦秆锈病抗性水平相对较高,含有抗秆锈病基因Sr2以及对我国小麦秆锈病表现良好抗性的基因Sr31和Sr38,可能含有其他未知抗秆锈病基因,这些优良抗源材料可作为未来小麦生产育种的种质资源。     

普通小麦品种陕旱8675中抗条锈病基因的分子定位

 利用SSR标记技术对小麦品种陕旱8675的抗条锈病基因进行了分子标记定位。通过对290对微卫星引物的筛选,发现Xwmc170和Xcfa20432对引物在抗亲、感亲、抗池和感池之间均有多态。群体分析结果表明,Xwmc170和Xcfa2043与陕旱8675中抗病基因相连锁,遗传距离分别为9.8 cM和15.0 cM,基因和标记之间的顺序为着丝点-Xcfa2043-Xwmc170-YrSh,间隔距离分别为19.05、5.2和9.8 cM。根据作图的结果,将陕旱8675中所含有的抗病基因定位于2A染色体长臂上,根据该基因的作图位置与抗谱分析,认为该基因可能是1个新的抗条锈基因,暂定名为YrSh。     

来自波斯小麦Ps5的一对隐性抗叶锈病基因的染色体定位

为了筛选小麦抗叶锈病资源和发掘新的抗叶锈病基因,对由抗病波斯小麦Ps5与感病粗山羊草Ae38合成的双二倍体Am3进行了单体分析。将中国春单体和二体分别与Am3杂交,测定杂交F1植株的染色体条数以及F1、F2群体对叶锈病的抗/感病性。结果表明:在18℃条件下,Am3对小麦叶锈菌致病类型DHS/GD的抗病性由1对隐性抗病基因控制,该基因来自四倍体亲本波斯小麦Ps5,具有剂量效应,位于5A染色体上。     

陕西省115个小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因的分子检测

 为掌握陕西省主栽与后备小麦品种对我国条锈菌的抗性水平,明确其抗锈基因分布,本研究选用条锈菌流行小种CYR32和新毒性小种V26对115份陕西省主栽和后备小麦品种(系)进行苗期抗病性鉴定,并分别利用抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr9(1B/1R)、Yr10、Yr18和Yr26的紧密连锁分子标记对这115份材料进行了分子检测。结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)中,抗CYR32的有61份,占53.04%;抗V26的有84份,占73.04%;对2个小种均抗病的有50份,占43.48%。分子检测发现115份材料均不含有Yr10;可能携带Yr9基因的有41份,占35.65%;可能含有Yr5、Yr18和Yr26的材料分别为3份、3份和2份,占2.61%、2.61%和1.74%。因此,当前陕西省主栽与后备小麦品种(系)对CYR32和V26的抗性整体水平还有待进一步提高,Yr9分布频率较高,而Yr5、Yr10、Yr18和Yr26分布频率较低,建议在以后小麦育种中减少Yr9的使用,加强利用Yr5和Yr18与其他有效基因聚合培育持久抗条锈病品种。     

偃麦草属E染色体组特异SCAR标记对Lr19的特异性和稳定性研究

 小麦抗叶锈基因Lr19来源于长穗偃麦草,表现优良的抗叶锈性,国内外发现对Lr19有毒性的小麦叶锈菌菌株的报道较少。本研究以TcLr19和Thatcher亲本以及TcLr19×Thatcher F₂代单株构建的分离群体为材料,建立了与Lr19共分离的稳定的SCAR分子标记,命名为Y₁₉SCAR₉₈₂。对49个小麦抗叶锈近等基因系材料的稳定性检测结果表明,其重复性好且为Lr19特异的分子标记。对120个小麦品种检测的结果表明,该标记可有效应用于小麦抗叶锈分子辅助选择育种。     

重视有害蚜虫研究,确保作物安全

<正>蚜虫隶属半翅目蚜虫总科,是世界上分布最广的微小昆虫之一。世界已知4 700余种,中国分布约1 100种[1-2]。蚜虫种类多、繁殖快、世代重叠,还存在孤雌生殖与两性生殖世代交替等独特生物学现象。许多蚜虫种类是非常重要的农作物害虫,其刺吸式口器可吸食植物汁液,造成植物生长不良,其唾液也对植物有毒害作用[3-4]。受蚜虫为害的植物具有多种不同症状,如生长率降低、产生叶斑、泛黄、发     

高原人体生理适应学理论在进藏旅游中的应用

青藏铁路的贯通运行,带来了国内外进藏旅游热.然而,青藏高原毕竟是世界屋脊,高海拔带来的低氧及其引发的高原疾病依然威胁着游客的身体健康.健康高原旅行是当前游客进藏旅游的基本前提,通过综合国内外高原医学工作者对高原医学生理学的研究成果,提出阶梯进藏旅游的方法.旨在对越来越多的短期赴西藏高原旅行的人群以正确的健康指导,从而减...     

白刺花(Sophoraviciifolia)适应土壤干旱的生理学机制

用盆栽的方法人工控制土壤干旱条件,研究白刺花天然实生幼苗适应土壤干旱的生理学机制。结果表明:随土壤含水量的减少,白刺花叶水势在胁迫前期下降缓慢,随胁迫时间的延长,水势大幅度下降。白刺花通过在叶片内积累大量渗透保护性物质可溶性糖和K ,增加细胞的保水力,维持细胞生长所需膨压。白刺花游离脯氨酸含量变化与水分关系不大,可溶性蛋白质含量随土壤含水量减少而下降,可能是水分胁迫下受伤害的表现。随土壤水分含量的减少,白刺花SOD的活性明显升高,POD活性不高但随胁迫时间延长其活性较稳定,CAT活性下降但幅度不大,且CAT活性变化趋势与POD活性相反,说明三个保护酶能够相互配合协同作用,降低膜脂过氧化程度,减少水分胁迫造成的伤害,提高质膜稳定性,维持细胞膜的完整性,表现出很强的抗旱适应性。     

稻瘟病菌对三环唑抗药性测定方法的建立

研究了稻瘟病菌对三环唑抗药性的测定方法,确定了保绿培养基的成分,建立了抗药性测定的标准化模型。4叶I心期将稻苗在三环唑系列浓度药液中浸根处理36 h,剪取稻苗叶段插于100 μg/mL苯并咪唑+0.5％水琼脂保绿培养基上,用孢子含量为10⁵个/mL的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液喷雾接种,保湿培养8 d后调查结果,计算EC₅₀值。该测定方法与小苗测定相比较结果更加稳定且灵敏度高,重复性好。     

Heritability of Ulmus minor resistance to Dutch elm disease and its relationship to vessel size,but not to xylem vulnerability to drought

Dutch elm disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease that causes the occlusion and cavitation of xylem vessels. Therefore, it is hypothesized that those elms that are less vulnerable to cavitation by drought might be more resistant to DED. To test this hypothesis, the relationship between xylem vulnerability to cavitation and susceptibility to DED was examined in progenies of crosses between susceptible and resistant individuals of Ulmus minor. Hydraulic conductivity and xylem vulnerability curves were evaluated and anatomical features such as vessel size, length and grouping were measured. Next, elms were inoculated with Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi, the cause of DED, and pre‐dawn and midday water potentials, stomatal conductance and wilting percentages were assessed. Progenies of R × R crosses showed significantly lower mean wilting percentages (30–50%) than the progeny of S × S crosses (75%). Fifty percent conductivity loss was reached at c. ?1 MPa, pointing out a high vulnerability of this species to drought‐induced cavitation. Crown wilting percentage as a result of inoculation and xylem vulnerability to cavitation by water stress did not show any significant correlation. Nevertheless, significant differences in theoretical hydraulic conductivity and vessel size parameters (diameter, length and size distributions) were found among the tested progenies. Susceptible trees had significantly wider and longer vessels. Xylem structure of resistant elms seems to restrict pathogen spread rather than prevent cavitation.     

Contribution of Fimbrial and Afimbrial Adhesins of Xylella fastidiosa to Attachment to Surfaces and Virulence to Grape

ABSTRACT The role of fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins of Xylella fastidiosa in biofilm formation was assessed by visualization of cell aggregates of mutant strains after incubation on glass surfaces. FimA- or FimF- fimbrial mutants adhered as solitary cells at a slightly lesser frequency to glass surfaces than the parental strain; however, cell aggregates were not formed, unlike the wild-type strain. Conversely, whereas the XadA- and HxfB- nonfimbrial mutants also exhibited a much lower frequency of adherence to glass surfaces than the wild-type strain, most of the cells retained on the surfaces were in cell aggregates of different sizes, much like that of the parental strain. Neither fimbrial or afimbrial mutants formed a mature biofilm on the sides of flasks of broth cultures, unlike the dense biofilm formed by the wild-type strain. Although FimA- and FimF- mutants did not form cell aggregates on glass surfaces when incubated as individual strains, aggregates of a FimA- or FimF- mutant were observed when co-incubated with either a XadA- mutant or HxfB- mutant, respectively. These results are consistent with a model in which the fimbrial adhesins FimA and FimF are involved preferentially in cell-to-cell aggregate formation whereas the afimbrial adhesions XadA and HxfB preferentially contribute to initial cell binding to surfaces, whereupon further cell aggregation can occur. In each of five separate experiments, FimA, FimF, XadA, and HxfB mutants of X. fastidiosa all were less virulent to grape than the corresponding wild-type strain. Fimbrial and afimbrial mutants might produce a reduced biofilm within vessels of grape and, hence, be deficient in various cell-density-dependent traits required for movement through the plant and, thus, virulence.     

Note to chew on: insect damage to musical instruments

Insects have a diverse range of ecologies that leaves many pre‐adapted to exploiting manufactured products as food sources, including musical instruments. To review what is known and to make recommendations for preventing and managing insect damage to musical instruments, we conducted a systematic search and a narrative review of the area. Of 339 papers, only eight peer‐reviewed publications met the inclusion criteria, and all were on xylophagous insects causing damage to wooden instruments. To supplement this material, we report a case of damage to the key pads (composed of felt enclosed in fish buoyancy bladder skin) of a clarinet by carpet beetles (Anthrenus verbasci (Dermestidae)), the first reported case of non‐woody damage and the first instance of insect damage rendering an instrument unplayable. To avoid such damage, regular inspection of instruments is recommended, and rapid treatment of any insect infestations in the immediate environment that could extend to affecting stored instruments. Instruments themselves can be extremely expensive, and if insects are still present these should only be treated by an expert; instrument cases can be more easily dealt with by heat treatment (black plastic bag in the sun) or application of a residual insecticide. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

A grower-friendly method to transfer predacious mites to commercial orchards

The establishment of predacious mites in commercial orchards may be accelerated by the transfer of pruned wood in winter and summer from donor orchards to release orchards. Following winter pruning, 3-year-old and older wood is collected and transported as soon as possible in bundles to a release orchard for distribution. If the release orchard is composed of dwarf trees, then one or two bundles of 5 kg each are placed vertically at the base of the trunk of every tree in the block (0.5 to 1 ha); if the trees are of standard size, then four or five bundles used. Following summer pruning, annual shoots and suckers are distributed immediately in a release orchard composed of dwarf trees by placing 12–15 branches on the foliage of fruit-bearing branches; if the release orchard is composed of standard trees, then 50 branches are used. The pruned wood should have 20–25 leaves and not less than one predator per leaf. The release orchard should have a light infestation (two or three mites per leaf) of pest tetranychids. These phytophagous mites would serve as food and help establish the predators. The release orchard grower should develop a pest management program based on the same groups of pesticides used in the donor orchard. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2005.