阿拉斯加的蜜蜂饲养和越冬

我1992年开始养蜂,起初经验不足,蜂群成活的不多.几年来,经过多方请教和自己的不断学习、实践,已有了一定的养蜂经验,特别是在蜂群越冬方面,我总结出一套新方法,效果不错.选择优良蜂种和利用小巢房饲养法可以在阿拉斯加成功越冬.     

《蜜蜂杂志》助我解治螨疑惑

我学养蜂几年来,一直订阅<蜜蜂杂志>.一天我看到2003年第9期湖北省宜都市廖大昆先生写的<尽量削减小蜂螨越冬基数>一文,该文引用<蜜蜂杂志>2003年第5期<小蜂螨的寄生辑要>一文中所列举的几位著名养蜂专家不约而同地认为,如果越冬群内巢脾以及缩出的空脾中,所残留极少量延期未穿的蜂蛹会藏匿有小蜂螨越冬,成为次年危害的基数.看到此处使我想起,我在养蜂过程中就遇到过类似的情况.     

谈怎样培育越冬蜂

养蜂者都知道,培育好越冬蜂对次年养蜂收入的多少起着至关重要的作用.回顾总结我38年养蜂实践和近20年各地蜂友反映的实际情况,遵循蜜蜂进化规律,谈些本人看法及具体实施方法,希望让初学者一看能懂,做起来有据可循,能在较短的时间内学会怎样培育好越冬蜂的最新技术.     

我场窖内越冬的几点经验教训

据了解,我地蜂群除疾病、(不包括春衰症)和敌害,(包括盗蜂)所引起损失以外,在90%以上是越冬损失的,很显明的得到结论:养蜂成败关键,在于越冬了。我场周恩惠同志,从1942年开始养蜂,到现在已有15年的过程。他特别重视蜂群越冬工作,对各种越冬方法都采用过。最后,根据当地情况,由他建议,从1948年起我场选用地窖越冬方式,不光设     

防巢虫几法

我自 1997年采用“半地下窖 塑料棚”的方法使蜂群越冬 ,连续 4年都收到了很好的效果。一般情况 ,3脾以上的蜂群都能安全越冬。这是适合小规模家庭养蜂的一种经济、安全的越冬方法 ,在寒地小规模养蜂的朋友不妨试一试。我的具体做法如下 :1　场地选择和挖窖方法选择平坦、尽量     

“半地下窖+塑料棚”式寒地蜜蜂越冬法

我自1997年采用“半地下窖+塑料棚”的方法使蜂群越冬，连续4年都收到了很好的效果。一般情况，3脾以上的蜂群都能安全越冬。这是适合小规模家庭养蜂的一种经济、安全的越冬方法，在寒地小规模养蜂的朋友不妨试一试。我的具体做法如下：……     

蜜蜂安全越冬的基本措施

在我国北方,蜂群越冬是养蜂技术中的关键环节之一,越冬效果的好坏,直接关系着下一年的养蜂经济效益。因此,养蜂要重视安全越冬的基本措施。 第一、要培养出健康、强壮的越冬适     

定地养蜂春繁管理法

我是一名业余养蜂爱好者 ,在热心朋友的鼓励和帮助下 ,走上了庭院养蜂之路 ,虽经过多年的探索和实践 ,但始终未摆脱“春买蜂、夏发蜂、冬死蜂”的被动局面。挫折和失败并未使我心灰意冷 ,从 1 995年订阅了《中国养蜂》以来 ,受益匪浅。在《中国养蜂》的指导和帮助下 ,我加强了蜂群越冬及春繁科学管理 ,使自己庭院养蜂有了长足发展 ,收到了明显经济效益。在此我愿与广大的养蜂爱好者交流我养蜂实践体会。一、早春蜂群的调整蜂群经过漫长的越冬期 ,巢内的蜂数死亡率达30 %～ 35% ,要想获得刺槐蜜的较好产量 ,早春管理是关键 ,因为锦葫地区早春…     

学习、实践使我逐步学会了养蜂

养蜂是农村家庭的一项好副业。我在1985年秋天购了两箱意蜂,属中等群势。我处地处乌苏里江流域,气候非常寒冷,对初学养蜂者来说,蜂群越冬是个大难题。如何保证蜂群安全越冬?我没有经验。后来我找到了一本已出版多年的旧法养蜂书,书上介绍了用柴草切碎和树叶埋藏的保温办法。当     

坚持庭院养蜂十五年──同老年养蜂爱好者谈体会

坚持庭院养蜂十五年──同老年养蜂爱好者谈体会辽宁建平县军队离退休干部休养所（１２２４００）叶俊（续第５期）一年之中，养蜂人最担心是蜂群越冬，我也是一样。自我养蜂第２年开始，曾先后在越冬期全部死蜂３次、被烧两次，又死又伤的次数则更多，真可谓教训极其深刻...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。