北疆早熟优质机采棉栽培技术规程

总结了北疆早熟优质机采棉生产的种植技术,包括品种选择,土地准备,种植模式,田间水肥、化控、植保综合管理,脱叶催熟,机械收获及地膜回收等,旨在为北疆早熟优质机采棉的生产提供技术指导.     

新疆北疆植棉区机采棉品种筛选试验

通过征集在过去15年北疆棉区大面积主栽品种8份,在新疆玛纳斯试验站进行机采棉品种筛选试验,以筛选适宜北疆植棉区气候及栽培管理条件下的早熟、优质、高产的机采棉品种。结果表明:新陆早57号和新陆早62号均生育期适中、霜前花率高、株型较紧凑、第一果枝高度较高、产量水平较高、纤维品质优良,适宜作北疆植棉区的机采棉品种应用。     

兵团新湖农场机采棉农艺技术及地膜污染治理

新湖农场自2000年开始推广机采棉种植技术,通过5年的试验、示范和总结,已形成一整套机采棉农艺栽培、机械采收、治理地膜污染等技术措施。2005年本场种植机采棉1.03万hm2,机采面积0.51万hm2,全场机采棉平均子棉产量为4650kg·hm-2,现将本场机采棉农艺技术及地膜污染治理措施介绍如下。1机采棉农艺栽培技术1.1选地和整地。选择面积较大而且连片的无埂条田。土地必须平整。选择中等肥力以上的常规滴灌地,滴灌地无埂子和毛渠,机械行走采收更为平稳,从而提高采摘质量和工效。选定的地块必须于入冬前进行土地平整工作,待播。1.2选择适宜的机采棉…     

新疆北疆机采棉花铃期栽培管理及适宜气候条件分析

近年来,在全球气候不断变暖的大气候环境影响下,局部极端天气气候事件不断增加,这对新疆北疆棉花的栽培管理提出了更高的要求.通过研究发现,在棉花全生长发育期中,花铃期适宜的气候条件对提高产量和品质影响较大.分析北疆机采棉花铃期的生育特点和栽培管理技术,更加清晰地了解机采棉花铃期对适宜气候条件的具体要求,对提高机采棉的产量和...     

新疆北疆机采棉优质高效综合栽培技术规程

在继承新疆棉花传统栽培技术的基础上，将适宜机采的株行距配置方式、脱叶催熟技术等各项栽培技术措施优化组装配套，提出了新疆北疆机采棉优质高效综合栽培技术规程。本规程规范了北疆机采棉种植的生产技术，包括品种选择、种植模式、田间管理、脱叶催熟、机械采收等技术要素。     

新疆棉区机械采棉应用及其发展可行性

新疆生产建设兵团农一师一团垦区是典型的植棉农场,在1997～1999年机采棉试验示范中,立足于传统栽培配置方式的机采棉示范、立足国产加工机械改造利用、多种类采棉机机型适应性筛选,进一步摸索机采棉完整配套的应用技术,充分体现机采棉技术推广应用带来的社会效益、生态效益和经济效益.实践证明,大力推广机采棉技术是发展兵团棉花产业的必由之路.为此,一团垦区2000年制定了购置采棉机10台,全团60%的棉花面积实现机械采棉的发展目标.     

中棉113在新疆博州种植表现及优质高效栽培技术

新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州（博州）植棉区属早熟棉区，选择种植早熟优质棉花品种中棉113，可实现棉花适期集中成熟，提升棉花品质一致性与植棉效益。结合中棉113在新疆博州的种植实践，总结形成中棉113在机采棉“宽早优”种植模式下的优质高效栽培技术，为中棉113品种大面积推广应用提供技术依据。     

2019年度新疆阿克苏细绒棉棉结和短纤维率分析

测试分析了2019年度阿克苏地区抽检的130批次（机采棉57批次，手摘棉73批次）细绒棉的棉结和短纤维率，并将手摘棉和机采棉进行分类比较。手摘棉与机采棉平均每克纤维棉结数分别为194、240，平均每克籽屑棉结数分别为39、46，平均每克棉结数分别为234、286；12.7 mm短纤维率主要分布在8%～12%，手摘棉在该范围的占比为61%，机采棉仅为36.8%；16 mm短纤维率主要分布在12%～18%，手摘棉在该范围的占比为76.7%，机采棉仅为59.7%。可知，2019年度阿克苏地区手摘棉棉结数和短纤维率均优于机采棉。     

2019年度新疆阿克苏细绒棉棉结和短纤维率分析

测试分析了2019年度阿克苏地区抽检的130批次（机采棉57批次，手摘棉73批次）细绒棉的棉结和短纤维率，并将手摘棉和机采棉进行分类比较。手摘棉与机采棉平均每克纤维棉结数分别为194、240，平均每克籽屑棉结数分别为39、46，平均每克棉结数分别为234、286；12.7 mm短纤维率主要分布在8%～12%，手摘棉在该范围的占比为61%，机采棉仅为36.8%；16 mm短纤维率主要分布在12%～18%，手摘棉在该范围的占比为76.7%，机采棉仅为59.7%。可知，2019年度阿克苏地区手摘棉棉结数和短纤维率均优于机采棉。     

中棉所36在北疆棉区的表现及高产栽培技术

中棉所 36是中国农科院棉花研究所育成的早熟抗病优质棉花新品种 ,该品种 1 999年 3月和 5月分别通过天津市和全国农作物品种审定委员会审定 ,同年被评为国家“九五”攻关一等后补助。1 998～ 1 999年参加了北疆抗病品种生态引种鉴定试验和小面积生产示范试验 ,在试验中表现丰产性能好 ,高抗枯萎耐黄萎病 ,纤维内在品质好 ,经济效益高 ,深受广大棉农欢迎 ,目前在北疆农八师已建立了中棉所 36良种繁育基地和大面积生产示范 ,具有广阔的推广应用前景。1　在北疆的生物学特性和种植表现1 .1　生育特性。中棉所 36属早熟陆地棉品种 ,生育期 1 2 …     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。