Experiences with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Finland1

In 1984 a heavy Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infestation was observed in pinewood chips imported from USA and Canada into Finland. Because there are good reasons to suppose that B. xylophilus, if spread to pine forests in North Europe, can cause significant damage, the import of coniferous wood into Finland has been prohibited since autumn 1984. In surveys B. xylophilus has not been found in roundwood or in chips imported from European countries into Finland. Neither has B. xylophilus been detected in Finnish pine trees around harbours nor in paper mills handling North American wood.     

Survival of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in wood chips1

Preliminary results are presented on elimination of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from pine wood chips by dry heat, hot water treatment and immersion in dithiocarbamate solution.     

Surveys for Phytophthora ramorum in the Czech Republic1

The State Phytosanitary Administration (SPA) of the Czech Republic has been conducting an official survey for Phytophthora ramorum since 2003. A single outbreak of P. ramorum was detected by the SPA on guelder rose (Viburnum bodnantense) in autumn 2003 during a phytosanitary inspection in an ornamental nursery made on the request of owner of the nursery as he had noticed plants of Viburnum bodnantense withering. The infested lot consisted of 15 plants, which were imported from Italy into the Czech Republic at the end of April in 2003. A post‐entry inspection was carried out at the place of destination just after arrival and no visual symptoms were seen at that time. The lot was destroyed by the owner of the nursery immediately after the sampling. A survey was carried out by the SPA in all nurseries in which host plants coming from the same origin as the infested plants had been planted. No other outbreak was found. Phytosanitary inspections were carried out in ornamental nurseries and garden centres, public parks and forestry sites. No outbreak was detected in 2004 (451 visual inspections) and 2005 (522 visual inspections). The status of Phytophthora ramorum in the Czech Republic is: absent, one isolated outbreak linked to an imported consignment was eradicated.     

Experience with fireblight in the Czech Republic1

Erwinia amylovora has been spreading in the Czech Republic since 1986 regardless of emergency phytosanitary measures which have been taken. Its spread follows the predominant wind direction (west to east). The infested area now covers two thirds of the area of the country. Wild Crataegus spp. are the most important and widespread host plants. E. amylovora is still regulated as a quarantine pest, and areas free from fireblight are subject to special phytosanitary measures.     

Preliminary survey for insects associated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal

The detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Pinus pinaster trees in Portugal in 1999 led the official services to implement exceptional and urgent control measures to prevent the spread of the pest. Because the pest is vector-transmitted, special attention was paid to the insects associated with infested trees. A survey comprising 21 species of insects, from six families, with a total of 1367 specimens, was made in order to evaluate their possible role as vectors of the nematode in Portugal. Five insect species were found to carry other Bursaphelenchus spp., but only Monochamus galloprovincialis was associated with B. xylophilus .     

Duplex PCR 快速检测松材线虫

利用duplex PCR技术对松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)与拟松材线虫(B. mucronatus)的rDNA部分核苷酸序列扩增.根据松材线虫与拟松材线虫的ITS1序列区别,设计出特异性引物,检测松材线虫的存在;在5.8S,28S保守序列区设计通用引物,检测伞滑刃线虫的存在.     

Potential for establishment of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the pine wilt disease under Nordic conditions1

Serious concern about the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and the pine wilt disease arose in 1984 when the nematode was discovered in wood chips imported for the Finnish pulp industry. It has been questioned whether this nematode could establish itself and actually damage pine trees under Nordic conditions. It seems likely that B. xylophilus could reproduce in Nordic forest lands. It is also likely that potential vector insects are present and could be functional in the establishment and epidemic development of the disease. Although temperatures in Nordic areas hardly seem conducive to pine wilt disease, other factors may contribute to disease expression. Research is needed on interactions of stress factors, particularly temperature and soil moisture, in the expression of pine wilt disease. A better understanding of these interactions would aid in evaluating the risk connected with an accidental introduction of the nematode into Nordic countries and provide a sound basis for trade regulations. At present, there are reasons to be most restrictive concerning any possible means of introduction of B. xylophilus.     

Report on the survey for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the occurrence of other Bursaphelenchus species in Hungarian coniferous forests

An ongoing official survey to detect the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a quarantine pest, started in 2003 in coniferous forests in Hungary. Based on the results of the study from 2003–11, B. xylophilus has not yet been detected in Hungary. Two other Bursaphelenchus species (B. mucronatus and B. vallesianus) were identified in samples in 2009. Details of the survey and the measurements of B. mucronatus and B. vallesianus are provided.     

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors: procedures for official control

Specific scope

This standard describes the procedures for official control with the aim of containing and eradicating Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2002‐09.
1st revision approved in 2009‐09.
2nd revision approved in 2010‐09.
3rd revision approved in 2011‐09.     

松材线虫组DNA条形码筛选

本文基于Gen Bank中登录的14种松材线虫组线虫的28S、18S和ITS部分基因DNA序列,利用遗传距离法及分子生物学方法评价其各自作为松材线虫组DNA条形码序列的适用性。结果显示,28S(拟松材线虫不分亚种)、28S(拟松材线虫分亚种)、18S和ITS的基因序列种内成对遗传距离平均值分别为0.0071、0.0030、0.0007、0.0043,种间成对遗传距离平均值分别为0.0476、0.0454、0.0052、0.1556,其中28S、18S基因序列种内及种间距离存在一定程度的重叠,ITS具有一定程度的Barcoding gap。3个基因序列构建的NJ进化树显示,28S、ITS构建的系统进化树具有较高的节点支持率,可以有效将14个松材线虫组线虫分离成独立分支,而且28S可以有效鉴别出拟松材线虫的2个亚种;基于18S基因构建的进化树不能对吉拉尼伞滑刃线虫、日本冷杉伞滑刃线虫、拟松材线虫进行有效区分。因此,28S、ITS区具有一定的遗传距离间隔以及相对较高的物种识别率,可以作为松材线虫组线虫候选条形码基因。     

Breeding for resistance to plum pox potyvirus in the Czech Republic1

Breeding for plum cultivars resistant to plum pox potyvirus (PPV) is in progress in the Czech Republic, while projects for apricot and peach have started in 1991. The aim is to create an assortment of apricot and peach cultivars for northern regions of Europe in which PPV is widely distributed.     

松材线虫检疫样品前处理机的研制

本文简要介绍了自行研制的松材线虫检疫样品前处理机的构造及其应用。该设备可以将日常检疫松材线虫的样品切割成符合检疫要求的木条,大大提高了松材线虫的检疫效率。适合在各口岸一线检疫部门广泛应用。     

可视化核酸试纸条法快速检测松材线虫

建立了快速、可视化检测松材线虫的方法,分别设计一对特异性引物和一条竞争引物,其中上、下游引物的5'端分别修饰有生物素(biotin)和荧光素(FITC);通过试验筛选并确定了竞争引物的最适比例从而避免核酸试纸条检测扩增产物的假阳性结果,实现了松材线虫的可视化检测.该技术具有操作便利、特异性强、灵敏度高,结果直观、稳定、可靠等优点,在口岸检验检疫实验室快速鉴定松材线虫方面具有良好的应用前景.     

Present problems of meteorological services for plant protection in the Czech Republic1

Agriculture in the Czech Republic and its supporting services have been influenced during the last four decades by: (1) heavy pollution of the environment; (2) structural changes in the agricultural sector, i.e. collectivization in the fifties and privatization in the nineties; (3) global climate changes. Further destruction of the environment must be avoided, and methods of integrated plant protection, including biological methods, must be used whenever possible.     

Evaluation of a Swedish steam-dryer for treatment of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in pine chips

A steam-dryer, designed and manufactured in Sweden, was evaluated for destroying Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in pine chips from southern USA. In a trial, pine chips were treated at different temperature and pressure regimes for 5 or 10min. The lowest time/temperature/pressure combination was to increase the vessel temperature from 85 to 104°C in 5 min at low pressure. Samples of pine chips were assayed for nematodes in laboratories in USA, Sweden, and Finland. No nematodes of any species were recovered from any of the treated pine-chip samples. Large and heterogeneous pieces of wood in the treated samples were also nematode-free. The apparatus was a prototype capable of handling about 400 kg h^-1. The final version would have to be able to process 100-200 th^-1.     

江西园林植物白三叶蜗牛的生物学特性及防治

本文叙述了为害江西园林植物白三叶的灰巴蜗牛和同型巴蜗牛的为害症状、形态特征及其生物学特性。并提出了有效的防治方法。     

PM 9/1(2): Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors: procedures for official control

Specific scope

This standard describes the procedures for official control with the aim of containing and eradicating Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in areas where infestation of susceptible coniferous species by B. xylophilus leads to wilt symptoms.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2002–09. Revision approved in 2009‐09.