干旱区绿洲土壤Cd／Pb复合污染下重金属形态转化与生物有效性

采用盆栽试验及连续浸提形态分级方法,研究了Cd和Pb在土壤中的形态分布规律及其对油菜的生物有效性的影响。结果表明,当土壤受外源Cd/Pb污染后,重金属的形态分布特征发生了变化,以可交换态（EXC）响应最大,Cd、Pb的赋存形态分别以碳酸盐结合态（CAB）、铁锰氧化态（FMO）和碳酸盐结合态（CAB）为主;一定浓度范围内的Cd/Pb复合胁迫能促进油菜的生长,油菜根系和茎叶的Cd、Pb含量均随着Cd/Pb复合胁迫水平的升高而持续增加。茎叶中的Cd含量远远高于根系,Pb含量反之。油菜可将更多的Cd从根系转移至茎叶,而将更多的Pb滞留在根系中;对油菜根系吸收Cd最重要的形态为可交换态（EXC）和碳酸盐结合态（CAB）,而对茎叶吸收Cd以及油菜吸收Pb贡献最大的则为碳酸盐结合态（CAB）。     

褐煤基改良剂对石灰性土壤复合体铅赋存形态的影响

为了解褐煤基材料对土壤复合体铅形态的影响和污染退化修复机制,将褐煤以及褐煤基改性材料,混入铅污染的土壤中培养4个月,提取其中的土壤复合体,测定各组复合体中的各形态铅.结果表明:施用褐煤基有机材料后,水稳性复合体增加.1)6种铅化学形态在各复合体中分布状况不同.各改良剂处理的离子交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态铅在复合体中分布的大小顺序均为:G0＞G1＞G2,各处理从G0到G1,交换态铅质量分数下降了8.74％ ～ 32.22％,从G1到G2各处理下降了2.73％ ～ 26.74％;弱有机态和强有机态、残渣态铅分布顺序为:G0＜G1、G2.2)施用有机材料均引起了3组复合体中交换态铅质量分数的下降,各处理交换态铅质量分数平均下降了2.73％ ～32.22％;普遍提高了弱有机态和强有机态铅质量分数,弱有机态铅最高提高51.23％,强有机态铅最高提高67.65％,对残渣态铅没有显著影响.3)所有改性材料改性后均提高了G2组中的交换态铅,普遍降低强有机态铅质量分数,碳酸盐态铅质量分数未有显著变化.因此,施用褐煤基有机改良剂,促进了水稳性复合体的形成,降低了复合体中交换态铅质量分数,对土壤铅起到了钝化作用.褐煤有机材料对交换态和有机态铅影响较大,对铁锰氧化物态、碳酸盐态和残渣态影响较小.     

化学和黏土矿物钝化剂对牛粪秸秆堆肥磷形态转化的影响

盲目施用粪肥导致农田土壤磷素(P)积累和产生的面源污染等环境风险已引起人们的重视。该文通过在牛粪秸秆堆肥过程中,添加质量分数2.5%的化学物质或黏土矿物2类磷素钝化剂,研究其对磷素形态转化的影响。结果显示,和对照相比,添加氧化钙、氧化镁、硫酸亚铁和明矾可明显降低堆肥产品中磷素的活性,水溶性磷(water extract phosphorus,WEP)占总磷(totalphosphorus,TP)百分比分别为:38.0%、60.2%、58.8%、28.9%;添加蛭石和沸石使堆肥产品中WEP占TP百分比分别下降11.7%、17.3%。第35天堆肥样品的Hedley磷分组结果显示,添加氧化钙和氧化镁主要促进了H_2O-Pi向更稳定态的NaHCO_3-Pi、HCl-P(Pi和Po)、残余态-P转化;添加硫酸亚铁和明矾主要促进了H_2O-Pi向更稳定态的NaOH-P(Pi和Po)、残余态-P转化。添加黏土矿物钝化剂均略微促进了不稳定态磷H_2O-Pi和NaHCO_3-Pi向稳定态磷HCl-Pi转化。堆肥结束时添加MgO明显提高了堆体的pH值,其他处理均对pH值影响较小。综合来看硫酸亚铁、明矾、沸石和蛭石依次为较好的磷素钝化材料。     

Contributions of Organic Nitrogen Forms to Mineralized Nitrogen during Incubation Experiments of the Soils on the Loess Plateau

Interval leaching long‐term water‐logged incubation and interval leaching long‐term aerobic incubation were carried out to study the changes of different soil organic nitrogen (N) forms and their contributions to mineralized N during N‐mineralization process on 10 kinds of farmland soils with markedly different physical and chemical properties on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the N‐mineralization capability and capacity using the two incubation methods were evidently different. After 217 days, cumulative mineralized N, the decreased amounts of total acid‐hydrolyzable N, acid‐hydrolyzable ammonia N, and acid‐hydrolyzable amino acid N in the water‐logged incubation were about twice those in the aerobic incubation. Soluble organic N leached in the aerobic incubation was four times that in the water‐logged incubation, which implied that organic N in the aerobic incubation mineralized more thoroughly than that in the water‐logged incubation. The correlation analysis of the changes of soil organic N forms with crop N uptake showed that the reduced amount of total acid‐hydrolyzable N in the water‐logged incubation was closely associated with total N uptake by two successive‐season crops (winter wheat and summer maize), and the decreased amounts of total acid‐hydrolyzable N and amino acid N in the aerobic incubation were highly significantly related to the N uptake of both the first season crop (winter wheat) and successive‐season maize. Multiple regression analysis, path analysis, and partial correlation analysis of the changes of soil organic N forms with mineralized N indicated that ammonia N was a main contribution to mineralized N in the water‐logged incubation, whereas both acid‐hydrolyzable amino acid and ammonia N were main contributions to mineralized N in the aerobic incubation. These results suggested that acid‐hydrolyzable ammonia was the primary contribution to mineralized N during N mineralization process with the two incubation methods.     

土壤调理剂对酸性土壤中铅赋存形态及其钝化效果的影响

为明确不同土壤调理剂对酸性土壤中铅（Pb）赋存形态及其钝化效果的影响,本研究以受Pb污染弱酸性耕地土壤为材料,采用盆栽实验,添加石灰粉、白云石粉、牡蛎壳粉、泥炭土、硅钙镁钾肥等5种调理剂,监测了试验后60 d土壤中5种赋存形态Pb含量与土壤pH的变化,分析其钝化土壤中Pb污染的效果。结果显示,土壤中5种赋存形态Pb以可还原态、残渣态Pb为主,其后依次为弱酸提取态、可氧化态和水溶态Pb。添加石灰粉、白云石粉、牡蛎壳粉、泥炭土、硅钙镁钾肥试验后60 d,与CK相比,土壤pH分别提高了1.81、1.49、1.17、0.48和0.60个单位（P<0.05）;水溶态分布系数分别显著降低了92.5%、92.5%、90.0%、57.5%和37.5%,弱酸提取态Pb分布系数分别降低了87.2%、73.7%、77.3%、26.7%和44.9%,可氧化态Pb分布系数分别提高了7.63%、7.90%、17.2%、40.1%和31.9%;而可还原态和残渣态Pb分布系数除了泥炭土与CK差异不显著外,其它处理均有不同程度的提高。土壤pH与其钝化效果具有抛物线型变化关系,相关系数（r）为0.9735（P<0.01）。 5种调理剂具有降低土壤中有效态Pb,并提高潜在有效态和不可利用态Pb的作用;钝化土壤中Pb污染的效果分别为87.2%、73.6%、77.3%、26.7%和44.9%。应用这5种调理剂及适宜施用量,钝化修复酸性土壤中Pb污染是一种有效可行的安全利用技术措施,值得在进一步大田试验验证后进行示范推广。     

Sensitivity of Nitrogen Mineralization Indicators to Crop and Soil Management

Abstract

Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization indicators are useful only if they are sensitive to management practices. The precision of measurement and the sensitivity of the following indicators to crop sequence, tillage, and liming effects were compared: (i) mineral N production during a 24‐day incubation under aerobic conditions, (ii) ammonium (NH₄)‐N production under waterlogged conditions, (iii and iv) hot potassium chloride (KCl)–extractable and hydrolyzable NH₄‐N (the latter obtained by subtracting initial NH₄‐N from extracted NH₄‐N), and (v) protease activity. The coefficients of variation decreased in this order: protease activity>KCl‐hydrolyzable NH₄‐N>aerobic incubation>KCl‐extractable NH₄‐N=anaerobic incubation. Most of the test results obtained using the indicators were correlated with each other. Mineralizable N measured by aerobic and anaerobic incubation was sensitive to tillage, liming, and crop sequences, especially when using soil 5‐cm deep. Hot KCl‐extractable NH₄‐N was influenced by tillage but not liming, and less sensitive than the incubation procedures to crop sequence. The protease assay produced no significant test. It was concluded that anaerobic incubation can provide a relatively sensitive assessment of management effects on soil mineralizable N.     

Von der toten organischen Substanz zum Humus

From dead organic residues to humus Humification of plant residues results by biochemical transformation, but even less humified residues can be stabilized by sorption, complexation with metal oxides or spatial sequestration on the surfaces or inside the inorganic particle fraction or in aggregates. Mean residence times of physically or chemically stabilized residues are similar. The polysaccharides in plant residues are enzymatically hydrolyzed into metabolizable sugars. Cleavage of linkages in lignin by oxidative enzymes occurs in the side chains, aromatic rings and methoxyl groups and results in a more dispersed and more hydrophilic structure with additional carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. It easily can form complexes with metal ions or oxides. Treatment of soil organic matter by pyrolysis or CuO-oxidation releases phenols which are structurally related to lignin. Their quantity and quality gives rise to information about the degree of humification.     

湿地磷的生物地球化学特性

综述了湿地磷的生物地球化学特性,包括湿地土壤中磷的存在形态与磷的固定,湿地淹水对磷固定的影响,持久性淹水土壤中磷的行为,淹水和干旱转换条件下磷的反应,湿地在水体磷去除过程中的作用等。     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤镉赋存形态特征及茶叶有效性

通过对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园土壤和茶叶进行采样,采用连续提取法将茶园土壤Cd分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机束缚态和残渣态,探讨了茶园土壤Cd的5种化学形态组成特征及其与土壤理化性质和茶叶Cd积累的关系。结果表明:(1)茶区土壤中镉的化学形态分布受到土壤pH值和有机质含量的影响,土壤中Cd的5种化学形态分布的规律为:残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机束缚态;茶区土壤可交换态Cd和残渣态Cd与土壤中的pH值呈极显著负相关性关系,而有机结合态Cd与土壤pH值呈显著正相关关系;有机质含量与氧化物结合态Cd和有机束缚态Cd呈显著正相关关系,而与可交换态Cd和残渣态Cd呈显著负相关关系。(2)茶叶中Cd含量在0.30~0.98mg/kg,平均含量为0.65mg/kg;茶叶中的Cd含量与土壤中可交换态Cd有显著正相关关系,而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系。因此,可以通过调节茶园土壤pH值,影响土壤中Cd的化学形态分布,最终达到降低茶叶中Cd含量,提高茶叶品质的目的。     

Distribution of Boron Forms in Relation to Soil Characteristics,Chemical Fertilizers,and Amendments in an Acid Alfisol of Northwestern Himalayas

Different forms of boron (B) were studied under long-term effect of chemical fertilizers and amendments in an acidic Alfisol of northwestern Himalayas. Residual B was dominant, comprising 71.5% of total B. Different B fractions correlated among themselves, showing interdependency of pools of B. On an average, all pools except for organically bound B exhibited depletion. Application of recommended doses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) with farmyard manure (FYM) in general showed less depletion in comparison to other treatments with the exception of liming treatment in oxide-bound B. Soil reaction (pH) had a significant positive relationship with most fractions. Except for residual and total B, significant positive relationships with other fractions of B with cation exchange capacity (CEC) were observed. Available B had a significant positive relationship with nonspecifically and specifically adsorbed B, indicating their importance in replenishing available B in soil. Imbalanced use of fertilizers had the most deleterious effects on soil properties.     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤不同形态铅含量及其影响因素

通过对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园土壤和茶叶进行采样,采用连续提取法将茶园土壤Pb分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态、有机束缚态和残渣态,探讨茶园土壤Pb的5种化学形态分布与土壤理化性质、茶叶Pb含量的相关性关系。结果发现,土壤中Pb的5种化学形态分布的规律为残渣态〉铁锰氧化态〉交换态〉有机束缚态〉碳酸盐态。土壤有机质与可交换态Pb含量呈显著负相关,与碳酸盐结合态Pb呈极其显著负相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Pb呈显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Pb和有机束缚态Pb呈极其显著正相关。茶区12个茶园土壤样品的Pb生物有效性系数范围在0.029～0.113,平均值为0.061;Pb可迁移性系数范围在0.021～0.078,平均值为0.044。凤凰山茶叶Pb含量的范围在1.39～1.82 mg/kg之间,平均为1.56 mg/kg。茶叶中的Pb含量与土壤氧化物结合态Pb、有机束缚态Pb呈显著正相关,与土壤有机质呈极其显著正相关。     

土壤外源铅的稳定化特征及其对土壤性质的响应

为探明土壤理化性质对外源铅（Pb）稳定化过程的影响,选取11种理化性质差异较大的土壤样品,分别加入500mg·kg-1Pb和500mg·kg-1Pb＋1.0mg·kg-1镉（Cd）后进行360d的室内培养,利用5个动力学模型对Pb稳定化过程进行模拟,并进一步分析了有效Pb变化的特征及其关键影响因素。结果表明,在Pb单一和Pb-Cd复合污染下,所有土壤有效Pb浓度在初始的15d内都迅速下降,随后变化减缓,60d后基本达到平衡。外源Cd对Pb浓度变化的影响非常小。5个动力学模型中以二级动力学方程模拟结果最好,所得的稳定化平衡浓度Ce2和表观速率常数k2能够较好地表征Pb的衰减和稳定过程。相关和逐步回归分析表明,提高土壤pH、阳离子交换量和有机质含量能够显著加快Pb的稳定化速率、降低Pb的平衡浓度,并以pH对Pb稳定化速率和平衡浓度的直接影响最大。     

有机肥氮替代化肥氮和土壤改良剂对盐碱地棉花产量和土壤养分的影响

为探讨有机肥氮替代化肥氮对南疆盐碱地棉花产量及土壤养分状况的影响,在南疆漫灌条件下,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(A)和有机肥氮替代15％(B)、30％(C)和45％(D)的化肥氮处理,对棉花产量和土壤肥力的变化进行了田间试验研究.结果表明,不同有机肥氮替代化肥氮处理中,有机肥氮替代15％化肥氮的增产效果明显,尤其是在...     

耐盐菌联合化学复合改良剂协同改良

为探究生物和化学方法联用对黄河三角洲地区盐碱土的改良效果,首先进行粉煤灰的改性和土著耐盐菌的筛选,选取其中2株耐盐菌(BY-4、BY-8)与化学复合改良剂(改性粉煤灰+脱硫石膏+腐殖酸(FSZ))通过联合配施的方法开展室内土柱淋溶试验,研究渗滤液和土壤中盐基阳离子、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、土壤钠吸附比(SAR)以及土壤有机质等的变化规律。结果表明：BY-4和BY-8除具有明显的耐盐和产吲哚乙酸能力,还分别具有较高的溶磷与解钾能力;与对照(CK)处理相比,添加化学复合改良剂(FSZ)能显著促进水溶性Na⁺的淋洗,降低土壤中水溶性Na⁺的总含量和SAR值,提高土壤中DOC和有机质含量,且耐盐菌BY-8联合化学复合改良剂的处理(FSZ8)效果最好;与CK相比,FSZ8处理下土壤水溶性Na⁺总量下降33.30%,耕层土壤SAR下降79.76%,DOC淋溶损失下降34.60%,耕层土壤有机质含量上升79.47%。研究结果有助于理解耐盐菌在改良盐碱土壤中的作用,并可为生物和化学复合改良剂的研发和利用提供理论和数据参考。     

Comparison of Chemical Methods of Assessing Potentially Available Organic Nitrogen from Organic Residues Applied to a Sandy Soil

Abstract

More than 90% of the nitrogen (N) in soils is bond as organic N compounds. The available N can be estimated on the mineral N released during time‐consuming incubations of soil. Several chemical methods have been developed as substitutes for incubations. On the other hand, there has been an increase in waste production. Residues could potentially offset the need for mineral fertilizers, being both an economic and environmental benefit. Thus, the development of a routine method for prediction of N supply both from soil organic matter (SOM) and the application of organic residues is of great interest. An incubation experiment was performed in a Cambic Arenosol to evaluate different chemical methods. Air‐dried soil was mixed with increasing amounts of composted solid municipal waste, secondary pulp‐mill sludge, hornmeal, poultry manure, the solid phase from pig slurry, and composted pig manure. Samples were incubated for 244 days under a controlled environment. Among the chemical extractants studied, hot 2 M potassium chloride (KCl) and hot 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) showed promise in indicating values of N₀ (potentially available nitrogen), and these simple methods are suitable for use in routine laboratory conditions.     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤铜、铬化学形态分布及茶叶有效性研究

采用连续化学提取法对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园共60份土壤样品中Cu和Cr的5种化学形态分布和茶叶有效性进行研究。结果发现,土壤中Cu的5种化学形态的分布规律为残渣态〉有机束缚态〉铁锰氧化态〉碳酸盐态〉交换态,而Cr的化学形态分布为残渣态〉有机束缚态〉交换态〉碳酸盐态〉铁锰氧化态。可交换态Cu和有机束缚态Cu含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Cu呈极显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Cu呈极显著正相关,与有机束缚态Cu和铁锰氧化态Cu呈显著正相关。可交换态Cr含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Cr呈极显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Cr呈极显著正相关。凤凰山茶叶Cu含量的范围在41.20～118.93mg·kg^-1之间,平均为52.92mg·kg^-1。茶叶中Cu含量与土壤可交换态Cu、有机束缚态Cu、有机质都有显著的正相关性,而与土壤pH值有显著的负相关性。茶叶Cr含量的范围在2.73～6.29mg·kg^-1之间,平均为4.13mg·kg^-1。茶叶Cr含量与土壤有机质和pH值分布呈显著正相关和显著负相关。     

Effects of sterilization on the chemical forms of heavy metals in soils

We used sequential extraction to investigate changes in the amounts of six chemical forms of manganese, cobalt and cadmium in soil samples after chloroform fumigation. The six forms were designated as follows: exchangeable, dilute-acid-soluble, manganese-oxide-occluded, organically bound, iron-oxide-occluded and residual. For all three metals, the decreases in the amounts of manganese-oxide-occluded forms were equivalent to the sum of the increases in the amounts of exchangeable and dilute-acid-soluble forms. The amounts of the other three forms did not change significantly after fumigation. These results indicate that some of the cobalt and cadmium in the manganese oxides was converted into exchangeable and dilute-acid-soluble forms, which suggests that soil sterilization may increase the availability of these heavy metals to plants.     

不同改良材料对苏打盐碱化耕地土壤化学特性及甜菜生长的影响

[目的] 筛选出适宜内蒙古西辽河平原区苏打盐碱化耕地的土壤改良材料,为该区域盐碱地综合开发利用和农业可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法] 选取目前应用效果较好的有机硅肥、腐植酸肥和微生物菌肥3种土壤改良材料,分析其对苏打盐碱化耕地土壤pH值、碱化度、全盐含量、有机质含量及甜菜生长和产量和质量的影响。[结果] ①3种土壤改良材料均能不同程度改善苏打盐碱化耕地土壤化学性状,具体表现为能有效地降低土壤pH值、碱化度和全盐含量,提高有机质含量。不同处理和对照的土壤pH值、碱化度、全盐含量和有机质含量均表现为10—20 cm土层大于0—10 cm土层;与对照相比,3种土壤改良材料对土壤pH值、碱化度的降低幅度和对有机质的提高幅度10—20 cm土层大于0—10 cm土层,而对土壤全盐含量的降低幅度则0—10 cm土层大于10—20 cm土层;3种土壤改良材料中,以有机硅肥对土壤pH值、碱化度、全盐含量和有机质含量的改善效果最佳。②与对照相比,3种土壤改良材料均可显著提高甜菜出苗率和存活率,促进甜菜株高、叶面积指数和全株鲜重等生长指标的提高,进而提高甜菜产量和质量,其中以有机硅肥处理效果最佳;3种土壤改良材料虽然都不同程度地增加了甜菜的产值,但仅有机硅肥经济效益高于对照。③影响苏打盐碱化耕地甜菜出苗、存活、生长、产量和质量指标的主要因子是土壤pH值、碱化度、全盐含量和有机质等化学特性指标。通过施用土壤改良材料,能够对土壤化学特性起到直接调控作用,从而有效地保证甜菜生长发育,提高产量和质量。[结论] 综合考虑土壤特性、甜菜生长、产量和质量以及经济效益等指标,施用有机硅肥较其他2种材料对苏打盐碱化耕地的改良和甜菜栽培具有较好效果。     

春小麦对不同形态Se的吸收和分配

应用~(75)Se 示踪法探讨春小麦对不同形态 Se 的吸收、运转和分配规律。结果表明,春小麦对 Na_2SeO_4[Se(Ⅵ)]的吸收、运转比 Na_2SeO_3[Se(Ⅳ)]快,土施时 Se(Ⅳ)和 Se(Ⅵ)在小麦植株中的分配规律相似,施用方法对 Se 的分配有很大影响。春小麦对 Se(Ⅵ)的利用率比 Se(Ⅳ)高,土施时两者相差8倍,在喷施情况下两者相差2.4倍。施用不同形态的 Se 还影响植株中 Se 的来源。在施 Se(Ⅵ)时,植株中54%～86%的 Se 来自外源 Se,而在施用 Se(Ⅳ)时,则植株中 Se 主要来源于土壤。